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Home , Feminist history, Gender history, Gerda Lerner

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of

History/WMST 730 (graduate course) (Cross-listed with the Department of Women’s Studies)

FEMINIST AND THEORY FOR : A Theoretical and Methodological Introduction

SPRING 2018

DRAFT SYLLABUS

Instructor: Karen Hagemann

Time of the Course: Wednesday, 5:30 – 8:00 pm Location of the Course: HM 425

Office Hours: Tuesday 1-3 pm or by appointment Office: Hamilton Hall 562 Email: [email protected]

SHORT DESCRIPTION

After more than forty years of research, it is time for a critical stocktaking of the theoretical and methodological developments in the field of women's and gender history. The course will therefore acquaint students with the major development of the field since the 1970s and consider the texts of authors such as Judith Bennett, Gisela Bock, , Kathleen Canning, R.W. Connell, Natalie Z. Davis, Evelyn Brooks Higginbottam, Joan Kelly, Gerda Lerner, Joan W. Scott, Sonya O. Rose, and John Tosh, in a chronological and systematical order, to understand how and why the theoretical and methodological debates developed in a specific direction.

AIMS AND AGENDA OF THE COURSE

Recovering the lives of women from the neglect of historians was the goal of women's history from its inception. Its methodology and interests have evolved over time as it has become established as an academic discipline. From its early origins in cataloguing great women in

15 September 2017 2 history, in the 1970s it turned to recording ordinary women's expectations, aspirations and status. Then, with the rise of the , the emphasis shifted in the 1980s towards exposing the oppression of women and examining how they responded to discrimination and subordination. In more recent times women's history has moved to charting agency, recognizing women's strategies, accommodations and negotiations within a male dominated world. Although it developed out of the feminist agenda, gender history has somewhat different objectives. Recognizing that and masculinity are to some extent social constructs, it investigates how institutions are gendered and how institutions gender individuals. In a short space of time gender has become an indispensable category for historical analysis alongside class and race.

This shift of emphasis acknowledges the assertion that gender is – to follow Joan Scott - not only a constitutive element of social relationships based on perceived differences between the sexes, but also a primary way of signifying relationships of power. Moreover, gender is of crucial importance for the creation of meaning in social and political life. Far from referring only to men and women, gender constructions are used to give meaning to many other fields of the economy, society, and politics, and even everyday life. And here, too, they constitute relations of asymmetry and hierarchy. If we define gender as a socially and politically contested form of knowledge about sexual difference, which is constructed and acquires meaning only in historically variable and specific contexts, then the central importance of gender for the signification and articulation of power relations, of powerful meanings of difference in social and political life far beyond gender, is obvious.

This understanding of gender has made it possible to make men and masculinity objects of historical research. Traditionally, men – conceptualized as un-gendered – have been the main actors in the of politics, the military, and war. They were the protagonists of the “endless adventure” of political and military life that historical studies have long recounted. The rise of the historical study of masculinity over the last few years has started to make clear that constructions of masculinity are crucial for an understanding of history in general and the of politics, the military, and war in particular. But a history with a focus on masculinity can also help us to understand other fields of historical development much better if we place the history of masculinity squarely within the field of gender history.

THE READING

We will read mainly articles and book chapters. I organized our reading chronologically and systematically. After an introduction into the gendered development of history as a discipline and the historiography the first part of the course will give an overview over the development of the theoretical and methodological debates since the 1970s. In the second part we will read texts that focus on specific categories of women’s and gender history.

A brief introduction into the themes and the development of the scholarship provide: • Downs, Laura Lee. Writing Gender History. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010. • Rose, Sonya. What is Gender History? Cambridge: SAGE, 2010. 3

I recommend to read at least one of them (I personally prefer the 208-page short book by Rose), before the course, if you never had a class on women’s and gender history before.

The following books will be part of our core reading. We will read chapters of them: • Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990. • Butler, Judith, and Elizabeth Weed, eds. The Question of Gender: Joan W. Scott's Critical Feminism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. • Canning, Kathleen. Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. • Lerner, Gerda The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History. New York, 1979, 2nd edn., Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. • Scott, Joan W. Gender and the Politics of History. New York: Press, 1999. • Scott, Joan W. ed. Feminism and History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. • Scott, Joan W. The Fantasy of Feminist History. Durham: Press, 2012. • Smith, Bonnie G., ed. Women’s History in Global Perspective. Vol. 1. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004.

I recommend to buy them used. Most of them will be available at the UNC Textbook Store. You will find all articles and book chapters for the required reading on Sakai.

ASSIGNMENTS

Class Participation and Preparation: 25 % of the final grade Two Book Reports (20 % each): 40 % of the final grade Literary Review: 35 % of the final grade

Class participation and preparation (25 % of the final grade) Preparation of and Leading a Class Discussion

Because we will train how to lead an academic discussion and stimulate an interesting exchange of ideas, students will be asked to prepare one or two class discussions (this depends on the number of students), preferably together with another student from their working group (see below). For the preparation they should prepare a presentation of the week’s reading that introduces into the discussion, and they should chair the discussion. More information you will find in the guide on Sakai.

The introductory presentation of all readings in class should not be longer than 20-25 minutes together. Students should in the introduction briefly discuss the main theme of the class, i.e. present the main problems related to this theme and its academic and historiographical context in the development of the field, and then summarize the readings by focusing on the authors’ main question(s)/interest(s), the authors’ main thesis and arguments used in support of it and any bias which the authors have. Afterwards their presentation should 4 discuss whether the texts responds to each other and to other texts that we have read earlier in the class and what the response is; and it should touch on how other scholars responded to these texts. For the discussion they should prepare some questions they would like to discuss, but it is recommended to start the discussion of the reading with a more open question about first reading impressions and afterwards go into a more detailed discussion.

It is usually advisable to split up the time for introductory presentation. Start with the presentation of the main problems related to the theme of the class and its academic and historiographical context in the development of the field, and the introduction of the first author and reading. Then have a discussion of this text. Later introduce the second and third text and discuss it.

Please keep in mind that you have to cooperate with the students who are responsible for presentations of the related books report(s). They should be systematically integrated in the class to avoid any iteration in the presentation. Please try to stay in the assigned time during class.

For the presentation in class they should prepare a handout with short bios of all authors and abstracts of all readings for the class and the main questions they would like to discuss. The short bios of the authors should have a length of 15-20 lines (including their current position, the main fields of research, and their 4-5 most important publications, and their website). The abstract should also be no longer than 15-20 lines. Please add to each reading a five keywords that summarize the text and a paragraph on the historiographical context of the reading. The handout should also include the suggestions for the schedule of the class.

The handouts must be handed latest until Sunday evening at 6 pm preceding the class by email to the instructor and the students. Students must select the reading, which they would like to prepare by signing up in the first two sessions of the course.

Two Book Reports (20 % of the final grade each)

The book report has the function to present important monographs and anthologies, which use theories and methodologies in historical practice, to the class. The proposed books thereby add an important dimension to class discussion. The book report should be approx. 1500-2000 words (6-8 pages) long and be typed, double-spaced on standard size paper with one-inch margins. The book report must be must be handed latest until Sunday evening at 6 pm preceding the class by email to the instructor and the students. Writing book reviews is part of the obligations of every professional . The book report will have to be summarizes in a clearly organized and structured way class for 5-8 minutes. Please focus on the author, the main function and aim of the book, its theoretical and methodological approach and its main thesis. You will find a guide or the book report and their oral presentation on Sakai too.

Select in addition 3 interesting reviews on the book and distribute them as PDFs with the book report.

5 Literary Review Essay (35 % of the final grade)

The review essay should focus on a subject, which grows out of the students’ research and field interests, but is related to the topic of the course and the class your prepare You should think about a topic for the essay, which is useful for the conceptual framework of your own research project and will help you to write your introduction.

To fulfill the requirements of this assignment:

1) Students must turn in a brief draft statement of their plans for the review essay and a draft of their bibliography with not more than 4-6 books (monographs and edited volumes) latest four weeks after the start of the course via email. I would like to meet with students individually to talk about the draft statement.

2) The final version of the review essay must be turned in at the end of the term by email. The essay should be about 12-15 pages long. It should review and critically discuss the selected publications, place them in the context of the research for your subject. Write the essay in a format and style that would allow a publication in a journal of women’s and gender history.

COURSE PROGRAM

Week 1: Wednesday, January 10, 2018: Introductory Session: - Introduction of the Seminar Outline - Our own research and the importance of feminist/women’s/gender theory and methodology for our work – An introductory conversation

Week 2: Wednesday, January 17, 2018: The Gendered History of Historical Practice Required Reading: • Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). • Karen Hagemann and Sarah Summers, “Gender and Academic Culture: Women in the Historical Profession of Germany and the United States since 1945,” in Modern Germany in Transatlantic Perspective, ed. Michael Meng and Adam R. Seipp (New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2017), 95-121.

Week 3: Wednesday, January 24, 2018: The Beginning of Women’s History: Finding Women’s Past Required Reading 6

• Joan Kelly, “The Social Relations of the Sexes: Methodological Implications of Women’s History,” Signs 1, no. 1 (1976): 809-823 (Reprint in: idem., Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984), 1-18). • Natalie Zemon Davis, “’Women’s History’ in Transition: The European Case,” Feminist Studies 3, no.1 (1976): 83-103. (Reprint in: Joan W. Scott (ed.), Feminism & History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 79-104). Book Report: • Joan Kelly, Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984).

Week 4: Wednesday, January 31, 2018: Women’s History, Feminism and the Critique of Required Reading: • Gerda Lerner, “Placing Women in History: Definitions and Challenges,” Feminist Studies 3, no.1 (1975): 5-14. (Reprint in: idem., The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History (New York, 1979, reprint: Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 145-159). • Gerda Lerner, “Reconceptualizing Differences among ,” Journal of Women’s History 1, no. 3 (1990): 106-122. • Judith M. Bennett, “Feminism and History,” Gender and History 1, no. 3 (1989): 251-272. Book Reports: • Gerda Lerner, The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History (New York, 1979, reprint: Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

Week 5: Wednesday, February 7, 2018: Differentiating Women’s History: From Women to Gender Required Reading: • Gisela Bock, “Women’s History and Gender History: Aspects of an International Debate,” Gender and History 1, no.1 (1989): 7-30. • Gisela Bock, “Challenging Dichotomies: Perspectives on Women’s History,” Writing Women’s History: International Perspectives, ed. Karen Offen, Ruth Roach Pierson and Jane Rendall (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), 1-24. • Denise Riley, “Does Sex Have a History?” in Feminism & History, ed. Joan W. Scott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). 17-33. (First printed as: Chapter 1 in Denise Riley, Am I that Name: Feminism and the Category of "Women" in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988)). Book Report: • Denise Riley, Am I that Name: Feminism and the Category of “Women” in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).

7 Week 6: Wednesday, February 14, 2018: Gender as a Key Category of Historical Analysis: The Deconstructionist Approach Required Reading: • Joan W. Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” in American Historical Review 98, no. 4 (1986): 1053-1075. • Mary Poovey, “Feminism and Deconstruction,” Feminist Studies 15., no. 1 (1988): 51-65. • Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990), 3-44. Book Reports: • Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990). • Joan W. Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).

Week 7: Wednesday, February 21, 2018: The Plurality of Gender History: Critiques and Debates of the Deconstructionist Approach Required Reading: • Kathleen Canning, “Feminist History after the Linguistic Turn: Historicizing Discourse and Experience,” Signs 19, no. 2 (1994): 368-404. (Reprint in: Kathleen Canning, Gender History in Practice; Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 63-100). • Sonya Rose et al., “Women’s History / Gender History: Is Feminist History Losing its Critical Edge?” Journal of Women’s History 5, no. 1 (1993): 89-128. Book Report: • Kathleen Canning, Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).

Week 8: Wednesday, February 28, 2018: From Gender History to the History of Masculinity Required Reading: • Connell, R. W., “The Big Picture: Masculinities in Recent ,” Theory and Society 22, no. 5 (1993): 597-623. • John Tosh, “What Should Historians Do With Masculinity? Reflections On Nineteenth-Century Britain,” in idem., Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays on Gender, Family, and Empire (Harlow: Longman, 2004), 29-60. • John Tosh, “Hegemonic, Masculinity and the History of Gender,” in Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History, ed. Stefan Dudink, Josh Tosh and Karen Hagemann (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 41-60. Book Report: • Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, St. Leonards, Vic.: Allen & Unwin, 1995. 8

Week 9: Wednesday, March 7, 2018 Women’s and Gender History Today Required Reading: • AHR Forum: Revisiting “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis”’, American Historical Review 113, no. 5 (2008): 1344–1430. • Cornelia H. Dayton and Lisa Levenstein, “The Big Tent of U.S. Women’s and Gender History: A State of the Field.” The Journal of American History (Dec. 2012): 793-819. Book Reports: • Judith M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). • Scott, Joan W., The Fantasy of Feminist History (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012).

Week 10: Wednesday, March 14, 2018 Spring Break

Week 11: Wednesday, March 21, 2018: Key Categories of Gender History I: Class and Labor Required Reading: • Laura L. Frader, “Labor History after the Gender Turn: Transatlantic Cross Currents and Research Agendas,“ International Labor and Working Class History 63, no. 1 (2003): 21-31. • Kessler-Harris, Alice, “Gender and Work: Possibilities for a Global, Historical Overview,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, ed. Bonnie G. Smith, vol. 1 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 229-275. Book Reports: • Alice Kessler-Harris, Gendering Labor History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007). • Davidoff, Leonore and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).

Week 12: Wednesday, March 28, 2018: Key Categories of Gender History II: Race Required Reading: • Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, “African-American Women’s History and the Meta-Language of Race,” Signs 117, no. 2 (1992): 251-274 (Reprint in: Feminism & History, ed. Joan W. Scott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 183-208). • Gisela Bock, “Equality and Difference in National Socialist Racism,” in Beyond Equality and Differences: Citizenship, Politics, and the Female Subjectivity, ed. Gisela Bock and Susan James (London: Routledge, 1992), 89-109. (Reprint in: Feminism & History, ed. Joan W. Scott (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 267-292). 9

• Pamela Scully, “Race and Ethnicity in Women’s History in Global Perspective,” in Women’s History in Global Perspective, ed. Bonnie G. Smith, vol. 1. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 195-228. Book Report: • Faulkner, Carol and Alison M. Parker, Interconnections: Gender and Race in American History (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2012).

Week 13: Wednesday, April 4, 2018: Key Categories of Gender History III: Sexuality Required Reading: • Anna Clark, “Introduction: The Magnetic Poetry of Sex,” in Desire: A History of European Sexuality. (London: Routledge, 2001), 1-12. • Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality. New Vintage Books, 1988 (First French edn., 1976), vol. 1: Part I: “We ‘other’ Victorians," 1-14, and Part II: "The Repressive Hypothesis," 15-50. • David M. Halperin, “How To Do the History of Male ,” in Halperin, How To Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 104–137 and notes 185–195. Book Reports: • Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality. New Vintage Books, 1988 (First French edn., 1976), vol. 1. • David M. Halperin, How To Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).

Week 14: Wednesday, April 11, 2018: Key Categories of Gender History IV: The Body Required Reading: • Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter. On the Discursive Limits of “Sex” (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), chapter 1. • Kathleen Canning, “The Body as a Method: Reflections on the Place of the Body in Gender History,” in: idem., Gender History in Practice; Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006, 168-192. (Earlier version in: Leonore Davidoff, Keith McClelland and Eleni Varikas, eds., Gender and History: Retrospect and Prospect, Oxford, 2000, 499- 515). Book Report: • Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter.: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex” (London and New York: Routledge, 1993).

Week 15: Wednesday, April 18, 2018: Roundtable with Guests: Women’s and Gender History Today. What are the Challenges?

10 Week 16: Tuesday, April 25, 2018:

Last Class: Presentation of the Main Results of the Literary Reviews in Class

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

“History Practice Section: Conditions of Work for Women Historians in the Twenty-first Century,” Journal of Women’s History, 18, no. 1 (2006): 121-180. AHR Forum: Revisiting “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review 113, no. 5 (2008): 1344-1430. Bennett, Judith M. “Feminism and History,” Gender and History 1, no 3 (1989): 251-272. Bennett, Judith M. History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Blom, Ida, Karen Hagemann, and Catherine Hall, eds. Gendered Nations: Nationalisms and Gender Order in the Long Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Berg Publisher, 2000.

Bock, Gisela. “Equality and Difference in National Socialist Racism.” In Beyond Equality and Differences: Citizenship, Politics, and the Female Subjectivity, ed. Gisela Bock and Susan James, 81-101. London: Routledge, 1992. (Reprint in: Feminism & History, ed. Joan W. Scott, 267-292. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). Bock, Gisela. “Women’s History and Gender History: Aspects of an International Debate.” Gender and History 1, no.1 (1989): 7-30.

Burton, Antoinette, “’History’ is Now: and the Production of Historical ,” Women’s History Review 1, no.1 (1992): 25-38.

Burton, Antoinette. “South Asian Women, Gender, and Transnationalism.” Journal of Women's History 14., no. 4 (2003): 196-201.

Burton, Antoinette, ed., After the Imperial Turn: Thinking with and though the Nation. Durham: Duke University Pres, 2003.

Butler, Judith, and Elizabeth Weed, eds. The Question of Gender: Joan W. Scott's Critical Feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2011. Butler, Judith. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” New York: Routledge, 1993. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1990. Butler, Judith. Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge, 2004. Canning, Kathleen. “Feminist History after the Linguistic Turn: Historicizing Discourse and Experience.” Signs 19, no. 2 (1994): 368-404. (Reprint in: Kathleen Canning, Gender History in Practice; Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship, 63-100. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006).

Canning, Kathleen. “The Body as a Method: Reflections on the Place of the Body in Gender History.” In Kathleen Canning. Gender History in Practice; Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship, 168-192. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. (Earlier version in: Leonore Davidoff, Keith McClelland and Eleni Varikas, eds., Gender and History: Retrospect and Prospect, 499-513. Oxford: Blackwell 2000). 11

Canning, Kathleen. “The Relevance of Labor History at the Turn to the Twenty-first Century.” In Kathleen Canning. Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship, 123-138. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. Canning, Kathleen. Gender History in Practice: Historical Perspectives on Bodies, Class, and Citizenship. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. Clark, Anna. “The Rhetoric of Masculine Citizenship: Concepts and Representations in Modern Western Culture.” In Representing Masculinity: Male Citizenship in Modern Western Culture, ed. Stefan Dudink, Karen Hagemann, and Anna Clark, 3–24. New York, N.Y, 2007. Clark, Anna,. Desire: A History of European Sexuality. London: Routledge, 2001. Connell, R. W. “The Big Picture: Masculinities in Recent World History.” Theory and Society 22, no.5 (1993): 597-623. Connell, R. W., Gender and Power: Society, the Person and (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). Connell, R. W., Masculinities (St. Leonards, Vic.: Allen & Unwin, 1995).

Davidoff, Leonore and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Davidoff, Leonore. Keith McClelland and Eleni Varikas, eds. Gender and History: Retrospect and Prospect. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

Davis, Natalie Zemon. “’Women’s History’ in Transition: The European Case.” Feminist Studies 3, no. 1 (1976): 83-103 (Reprint in: Joan W. Scott, ed., Feminism & History, 79-104. Oxford University Press, 1996).

Davis, Natalie Zemon. Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-century Lives. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1995.

Dayton, Cornelia H. and Lisa Levenstein, “The Big Tent of U.S. Women’s and Gender History: A State of the Field.” The Journal of American History (Dec. 2012): 793-819.

Dietz, Mary G. “Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking.” In Feminism: The Public and the Private, ed. Joan Landes, 45-64. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Donaldson, Mike. “What is ?” In Theory and Society 22, no. 5 (1993): 643-657.

Downs, Laura Lee. Writing Gender History. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010. Dudink, Stefan, Karen Hagemann and Anna Clark, eds. Representing Masculinity: Citizenship in Modern Western Culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Dudink, Stefan, Karen Hagemann and John Tosh, eds. Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. Faulkner, Carol and Alison M. Parker. Interconnections: Gender and Race in American History. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2012. Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality. New Vintage Books, 1988 (First French edn., 1976), vol. 1. Frader, Laura L. and Sonya O. Rose, eds. Gender and Class in Modern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. Frader, Laura L. “Labor History after the Gender Turn: Transatlantic Cross Currents and Research Agendas.“ International Labor and Working Class History 63, no. 1 (2003): 21-31. 12

Gayle, Rubin “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality.” In Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole Vanced., 267-319. New York: Routledge, 1984. Gordon, Linda. “On ‘Difference’,” 10, no.1 (1991): 91-111. Hagemann, Karen and Jean Quataert eds. Gendering Modern German History: Rewriting Historiography. Oxford: Berghahn Books: 2007. Hagemann, Karen and Jean Quataert, “Gendering German History: Comparing and Academic Cultures in Germany and the U.S. through the Lens of Gender, Gendering Modern German History.” In Gendering Modern German History: Rewriting Historiography, ed. Idem., 3-62. Oxford: Berghahn, 2006. Hagemann, Karen and María Teresa Fernández-Aceves, eds. “Gendering Trans/national Historiographies: Similarities and Differences in Comparison.” History Practice Section of the Journal of Women's History 18, no.1 (2007): 151-213. Hagemann, Karen, Sonya Michel and Gunilla Budde, eds. Civil Society and Gender Justice: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2008. Hagemann, Karen and Sarah Summers. “Gender and Academic Culture: Women in the Historical Profession of Germany and the United States since 1945.” In Modern Germany in Transatlantic Perspective, ed. Michael Meng and Adam R. Seipp, 95-121. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2017.

Hall, Catherine. “Of Gender and Empire: Reflections on the Nineteenth Century.” In Gender and Empire, ed. Philippa Levine, 46-76. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Hall, Catherine, Keith McClelland and Jane Rendall, eds. Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Hall, Catherine. White, Male and Middle-class: Explorations in Feminism and History. New York: Routledge, 1992. Halperin, David M., How to Do the History of Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Harvey, Karen, “The History of Masculinity, circa 1650-1800,“ Journal of British Studies 44. 2 (2005): 296- 311 Higginbotham, Elizabeth. “Designing an Inclusive Curriculum: Bringing All Women into the Core.” Women’s Studies Quarterly 8., no. 1/2 (1990): 7-23. Higginbottam, Evelyn Brooks. “African-American Women’s Histroy and the Metalanguage of Race.” Signs 117, no. 2 (1992): 251-274 (Reprint in: Feminism & History, ed. Joan W. Scott, 183-208. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). Hoff, Joan. “Gender as a Postmodern Category of Paralysis” Women’s History Review 3, no. 2 (1994): 149-168. Holter, Øystein Gullvåg. “Social Theories in Researching Men and Masculinities: Direct Gender Hierarchy and Structural Inequality.“ In Handbook of Studies on Men & Masculinities, ed. Michael S Kimmel, Jeff Hearn and R. W. Connell, 15-34. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005. Hunt, Lynn. “The Challenge of Gender: Deconstruction of Categories and Reconstruction of Narratives in Gender History.” In Geschlechtergeschichte und Allgemeine Geschichte: Herausforderungen und Perspektiven, ed. Hans Medick and Anne-Charlotte Trepp, 57-98. Göttingen: Wallstein, 1998. 13

Kelly, Joan. “Did Women have a .” In Becoming Visible: Women in European History, ed. Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977). (Reprint in: idem. Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly, 19-50. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984). Kelly, Joan. “The Social Relations of the Sexes: Methodological Implications of Women’s History.” Signs 1, no. 1 (1976): 809-823 (Reprint in: idem. Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly, 1-18. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984). Kelly, Joan. Women, History, and Theory: The Essays of Joan Kelly. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1984. Kent, Susan Kingsley. Gender and History. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). Kessler-Harris, Alice. “Gender and Work: Possibilities for a Global, Historical Overview.” In Women’s History in Global Perspective, ed. Bonnie G. Smith, vol. 1: 229-275. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2004. Landes, Joan B. “The Public and the Private Sphere: A Feminist Reconsideration.” In Feminism: The Public and the Private, ed. Joan Landes, 135-164. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Landes, Joan, ed. Feminism: The Public and the Private. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Lerner, Gerda. “Placing Women in History: Definitions and Challenges,.” Feminist Studies 3, no. 3 (1975): 5-14.

Lerner, Gerda. “Reconceptualizing Differences among Woman,” Journal of Women’s History 1.3 (1990): 106-122.

Lerner, Gerda. The Creation of Patriarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Lerner, Gerda. The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History (1979), reprint: Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Levine, Philippa, ed. Gender and Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Lister, Ruth. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives. New York: New York University Press, 2003.

Nye, Robert A. “Western Masculinities in War and Peace.” American Historical Review 112, no.2 (2007): 417–438.

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