Richard Stallman Et La Révolution Du Logiciel Libre
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Getting Started Computing at the Al Lab by Christopher C. Stacy Abstract
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLI..IGENCE LABORATORY WORKING PAPER 235 7 September 1982 Getting Started Computing at the Al Lab by Christopher C. Stacy Abstract This document describes the computing facilities at the M.I.T. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and explains how to get started using them. It is intended as an orientation document for newcomers to the lab, and will be updated by the author from time to time. A.I. Laboratory Working Papers are produced for internal circulation. and may contain information that is, for example, too preliminary or too detailed for formal publication. It is not intended that they should be considered papers to which reference can be made in the literature. a MASACHUSETS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1982 Getting Started Table of Contents Page i Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Lisp Machines 2 1.2. Timesharing 3 1.3. Other Computers 3 1.3.1. Field Engineering 3 1.3.2. Vision and Robotics 3 1.3.3. Music 4 1,3.4. Altos 4 1.4. Output Peripherals 4 1.5. Other Machines 5 1.6. Terminals 5 2. Networks 7 2.1. The ARPAnet 7 2.2. The Chaosnet 7 2.3. Services 8 2.3.1. TELNET/SUPDUP 8 2.3.2. FTP 8 2.4. Mail 9 2.4.1. Processing Mail 9 2.4.2. Ettiquette 9 2.5. Mailing Lists 10 2.5.1. BBoards 11 2.6. Finger/Inquire 11 2.7. TIPs and TACs 12 2.7.1. ARPAnet TAC 12 2.7.2. Chaosnet TIP 13 3. -
Free Software As Commons
FREE SOFTWARE AS COMMONS BETWEEN INFORMATIONAL CAPITALISM AND A NEW MODE OF PRODUCTION By Emrah Irzık Submitted to Central European University Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Professor Jakob Rigi CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2015 Statement I hereby state that the thesis contains no material accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions. The thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Emrah Irzık Budapest, November 2015 CEU eTD Collection Abstract Free Software is a particular way of organizing the production and distribution of software that offers a solid alternative to the intellectual property regime by constituting an open commons: non-proprietary, created and held in common by all. Considering that in contemporary capitalism a significant amount of wealth is created through the application of intellectual effort to existing knowledge to produce new, higher compositions of knowledge that can be privately monetized as intellectual property, the challenge that Free Software might present to capitalism is bound to have important transformational potential. This potential needs to be studied both on an empirical level, in its partial and concrete manifestations in actual projects, and investigated more theoretically, to see if Free Software can be characterized as a nascent, new mode of production. This dissertation aims to contribute to the theorization of the relation between Free Software as a commons and the tenets of informational capitalism by means of an analytical study that is supported by an ethnography of a particular instance of Free Software as a project and a community. -
Free As in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution
Free as in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution Sam Williams Second edition revisions by Richard M. Stallman i This is Free as in Freedom 2.0: Richard Stallman and the Free Soft- ware Revolution, a revision of Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. Copyright c 2002, 2010 Sam Williams Copyright c 2010 Richard M. Stallman Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License." Published by the Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin St., Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA ISBN: 9780983159216 The cover photograph of Richard Stallman is by Peter Hinely. The PDP-10 photograph in Chapter 7 is by Rodney Brooks. The photo- graph of St. IGNUcius in Chapter 8 is by Stian Eikeland. Contents Foreword by Richard M. Stallmanv Preface by Sam Williams vii 1 For Want of a Printer1 2 2001: A Hacker's Odyssey 13 3 A Portrait of the Hacker as a Young Man 25 4 Impeach God 37 5 Puddle of Freedom 59 6 The Emacs Commune 77 7 A Stark Moral Choice 89 8 St. Ignucius 109 9 The GNU General Public License 123 10 GNU/Linux 145 iii iv CONTENTS 11 Open Source 159 12 A Brief Journey through Hacker Hell 175 13 Continuing the Fight 181 Epilogue from Sam Williams: Crushing Loneliness 193 Appendix A { Hack, Hackers, and Hacking 209 Appendix B { GNU Free Documentation License 217 Foreword by Richard M. -
Critical Point of View: a Wikipedia Reader
w ikipedia pedai p edia p Wiki CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW A Wikipedia Reader 2 CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW A Wikipedia Reader CRITICAL POINT OF VIEW 3 Critical Point of View: A Wikipedia Reader Editors: Geert Lovink and Nathaniel Tkacz Editorial Assistance: Ivy Roberts, Morgan Currie Copy-Editing: Cielo Lutino CRITICAL Design: Katja van Stiphout Cover Image: Ayumi Higuchi POINT OF VIEW Printer: Ten Klei Groep, Amsterdam Publisher: Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam 2011 A Wikipedia ISBN: 978-90-78146-13-1 Reader EDITED BY Contact GEERT LOVINK AND Institute of Network Cultures NATHANIEL TKACZ phone: +3120 5951866 INC READER #7 fax: +3120 5951840 email: [email protected] web: http://www.networkcultures.org Order a copy of this book by sending an email to: [email protected] A pdf of this publication can be downloaded freely at: http://www.networkcultures.org/publications Join the Critical Point of View mailing list at: http://www.listcultures.org Supported by: The School for Communication and Design at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (Hogeschool van Amsterdam DMCI), the Centre for Internet and Society (CIS) in Bangalore and the Kusuma Trust. Thanks to Johanna Niesyto (University of Siegen), Nishant Shah and Sunil Abraham (CIS Bangalore) Sabine Niederer and Margreet Riphagen (INC Amsterdam) for their valuable input and editorial support. Thanks to Foundation Democracy and Media, Mondriaan Foundation and the Public Library Amsterdam (Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam) for supporting the CPOV events in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Leipzig. (http://networkcultures.org/wpmu/cpov/) Special thanks to all the authors for their contributions and to Cielo Lutino, Morgan Currie and Ivy Roberts for their careful copy-editing. -
Viral Spiral Also by David Bollier
VIRAL SPIRAL ALSO BY DAVID BOLLIER Brand Name Bullies Silent Theft Aiming Higher Sophisticated Sabotage (with co-authors Thomas O. McGarity and Sidney Shapiro) The Great Hartford Circus Fire (with co-author Henry S. Cohn) Freedom from Harm (with co-author Joan Claybrook) VIRAL SPIRAL How the Commoners Built a Digital Republic of Their Own David Bollier To Norman Lear, dear friend and intrepid explorer of the frontiers of democratic practice © 2008 by David Bollier All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher. The author has made an online version of the book available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license. It can be accessed at http://www.viralspiral.cc and http://www.onthecommons.org. Requests for permission to reproduce selections from this book should be mailed to: Permissions Department, The New Press, 38 Greene Street, New York,NY 10013. Published in the United States by The New Press, New York,2008 Distributed by W.W.Norton & Company,Inc., New York ISBN 978-1-59558-396-3 (hc.) CIP data available The New Press was established in 1990 as a not-for-profit alternative to the large, commercial publishing houses currently dominating the book publishing industry. The New Press operates in the public interest rather than for private gain, and is committed to publishing, in innovative ways, works of educational, cultural, and community value that are often deemed insufficiently profitable. www.thenewpress.com A Caravan book. For more information, visit www.caravanbooks.org. Composition by dix! This book was set in Bembo Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 Part I: Harbingers of the Sharing Economy 21 1. -
Assessing the Impact of Open Access on Museum Image Use Policy
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF OPEN ACCESS ON MUSEUM IMAGE USE POLICY A thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree 3< o J io f t Master of Arts m r In Museum Studies by Ian Matthew Gill San Francisco, California May 2017 Copyright by Ian Matthew Gill 2017 198 Appendix 1: Survey Contact Script Ian Gill, Graduate Candidate Museum Studies Program San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Ave. San Francisco, CA 94132 (415) 338-2176 [email protected] November 17, 2016 «FirstName» «LastName», «Title» «Company» «Address1» «City», «State» «PostalCode» Dear «FirstName», My name is Ian Gill and I am conducting a project on the online presentation of collections information in U.S. museums, specifically as it relates to institutional image use and reproduction policies. The information gathered will be used to analyze museum practice in these areas, and situate them within the context of the burgeoning “Open Access” movement. I am hoping that I might have approximately ten minutes of your time to complete the enclosed survey. The data collected from this survey will be used for the completion of a Master of Arts degree in Museum Studies at San Francisco State University. You have been contacted because you are a registrar or information manager working with collections at an AAM-accredited Art Museum. If you agree to complete the survey, please understand that any information provided by you may appear in the final written thesis. However, note that you need not supply any information on the response that links your museum to the survey. -
Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman
Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman Introduction by Lawrence Lessig Edited by Joshua Gay GNU Press www.gnupress.org Free Software Foundation Boston, MA USA First printing, first edition. Copyright © 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ISBN 1-882114-98-1 Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place Boston, MA Tel: 1-617-542-5942 Fax: 1-617-542-2652 Email: [email protected] Web: www.gnu.org GNU Press is an imprint of the FSF. Email: [email protected] Web: www.gnupress.org Please contact the GNU Press for information regarding bulk purchases for class- room or user group use, reselling, or any other questions or comments. Original artwork by Etienne Suvasa. Cover design by Jonathan Richard. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this book provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book into another language, from the original English, with respect to the conditions on distribution of modified versions above, provided that it has been approved by the Free Software Foundation. i Short Contents Editor’s Note................................................ 1 A Note on Software .......................................... 3 Topic Guide ................................................ 7 Introduction ............................................... 11 Section One ............................................... 15 1 The GNU Project ....................................... 17 2 The GNU Manifesto ..................................... 33 3 Free Software Definition ................................. 43 4 Why Software Should Not Have Owners ..................... 47 5 What’s in a Name? ...................................... 53 6 Why “Free Software” is Better than “Open Source” ............ 57 7 Releasing Free Software if You Work at a University ........... 63 8 Selling Free Software ................................... -
Hacking the Economy and the State: Towards An
1 Toni Prug Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 2013 2 Abstract This research starts with hackers’ communities, focusing on open processes as the key to volunteer driven cooperation. While theoretically hackers’ communities allow contributions “from each according to their ability”, I argue the inequalities continuously reproduced by capitalism hinder developments towards such production by placing socially created limits on allocation, understood as “to everyone according to their needs”. My thesis is the following: workers’ struggles and political organizations have made decisive contributions to the construction of another form of wealth creation. We can see examples of this in socialist states and in the public sector in capitalist states, where production and allocated occurs primarily to meet needs. I call this the egalitarian mode of production. Two modes, two standpoints – the capitalist and the egalitarian one – struggle to expand against each other: while the public sector introduces products to meet needs directly, capital strives to privatize everything it can – using commodities and markets. For capital, commodities are necessary for the realization of surplus value. For workers, it is provision according to needs, the outcomes, and the growth of equality, where wealth is realized. Aiming towards the full development of human capacities of all, from this developmental-egalitarian perspective, I propose to broaden the category of those who work to include: future workers (children, youth, students), former workers (pensioners, the elderly), the informal (household labourers, care workers), formal unwaged workers (interns, volunteers) and those deprived of an opportunity to work (the disabled, unemployed, and undocumented migrants). -
Free Software and Proprietary Software a History of Free Software the FOSS Development Model FOSS Business Model Conclusion
Free Software and Proprietary Software A History of Free Software The FOSS development model FOSS business model Conclusion Free Software Free as in freedom Josep M. Rib´o Universitat de Lleida January 22, 2009 Josep M. Rib´o Free Software Free Software and Proprietary Software A History of Free Software The FOSS development model FOSS business model Conclusion Outline 1 Free Software and Proprietary Software 2 A History of Free Software The first years 1980s: The begining of the Free Software Movement 1990s: Linux 2000s: The present of FOSS 3 The FOSS development model The Bazaar Infrastructure for FOSS projects 4 FOSS business model A collection of FOSS business models Community projects vs. corporate projects 5 Conclusion Josep M. Rib´o Free Software Free Software and Proprietary Software A History of Free Software The FOSS development model FOSS business model Conclusion You buy a brand new car..... Congratulations!!!! But unfortunatelly, its hood is locked and the seller has not given you the key :-( If you want to fix some add-ons or if the car breaks down you have to pay a visit to the Official Service (the only ones who have the key of the hood) ... and what will happen? Josep M. Rib´o Free Software Free Software and Proprietary Software A History of Free Software The FOSS development model FOSS business model Conclusion The official service The price is guaranteed to be excessive There is no competition (monopoly) It hinders the development of a network of local garage workshops It prevents you from fixing it yourself (provided you have mechanics knowledge) In a few years there will not be any maintenance for that car forcing you to buy a new one Would you buy a product like this? Well... -
Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M
Free Software, Free Society Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman Third Edition Richard M. Stallman This is the third edition of Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1335 Copyright c 2002, 2010, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire book are permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this book from the original English into another language provided the translation has been approved by the Free Software Foundation and the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4 Cover design and photograph by Kyle Winfree. iii Table of Contents Foreword to the Third Edition ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: iv Foreword to the First Edition :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vi Preface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: x Part I: The GNU Project and Free Software 1 What Is Free Software? :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 2 The GNU Project :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 3 The Initial Announcement of the GNU Operating System ::: 26 4 Free Software Is Even More Important Now ::::::::::::::::::: 28 5 Why Schools Should Exclusively Use Free Software::::::::::: 34 6 Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software :: 36 7 Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation:::::::::::::::: -
Software Libero Pensierolibero
RICHARD STALLMAN SOFTWARE LIBERO PENSIERO LIBERO VOLUME PRIMO Raramuri Sono super-maratoneti, detengono ogni record mondiale di corsa dai 100 km in su, ma vivono nell’anonimato e nella povertà più profondi nella Sierra Madre del Messico del Nord. Sono gli indios Tarahumara, una tribù dimen- ticata dai bianchi, da essi considerati il diavolo, e dal loro stesso Dio. Si sono dati un nome poetico, Raramuri, «piedi che corrono», perché su queste lun- ghissime distanze volano come se volessero salire al cielo. Non c’è nessuno che li batta, perché per loro i piedi sono delle ali. Vivono di agricoltura e di una strana caccia, quella ai cervi, non con l’arco e le frecce ma coi piedi, la loro unica arma: sfiancano gli animali correndo loro dietro giorni e giorni, finché la preda non si abbatte esausta. Roba da leggenda... Ennio Caretto “Corriere della Sera” - 31/07/2002 Foto di copertina: Kerth Dannemiller (Corriere della Sera) Introduzione Un esperimento globale per l’affermazione della libertà Offrire al mondo programmi informatici che possano essere liberamente usati e copiati, modificati e distribuiti, gratis o a pagamento. Questa la scommessa lanciata nell’ormai lontano 1984 da Richard Matthew Stallman. Qualcosa (apparentemente) impossibile perfino a concepir- si, in un’epoca in cui informatica era (ed è) sinonimo di monopoli, pro- duzioni industriali, mega-coporation. Un approccio tanto semplice quanto rivoluzionario, il concetto stesso di software libero, che ci ripor- ta finalmente con i piedi per terra. E la cui pratica quotidiana è ispi- rata a un principio anch’esso basilare ma troppo spesso dimenticato: la libera condivisione del sapere, qui e ora, la necessità di (ri)prendere in mano la libertà individuale di creare, copiare, modificare e distribui- re qualsiasi prodotto dell’ingegno umano. -
Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software, by Sam Williams ** This Is A
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software, by Sam Williams ** This is a COPYRIGHTED Project Gutenberg eBook, Details Below ** ** Please follow the copyright guidelines in this file. ** Copyright (C) 2002 Sam Williams. This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the header without written permission. Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is important information about your specific rights and restrictions in how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** Title: Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software Author: Sam Williams Release Date: May, 2004 [EBook #5768] [Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] [This file was first posted on August 31, 2002] Edition: 10 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, FREE AS IN FREEDOM: RICHARD STALLMAN'S CRUSADE FOR FREE SOFTWARE *** This eBook was transcribed by Craig Morehouse. Copyright (C) 2002 by Sam Williams. Free As in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. By Sam Williams Available on the web at: http://www.faifzilla.org/ Produced under the Free Documentation License Table of Contents Chapter 1 For Want of a Printer Chapter 2 2001: A Hacker's Odyssey Chapter 3 A Portrait of the Hacker as a Young Man Chapter 4 Impeach God Chapter 5 Small Puddle of Freedom Chapter 6 The Emacs Commune Chapter 7 A Stark Moral Choice Chapter 8 St.