Critical Point of View: a Wikipedia Reader
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A Survey of Orthographic Information in Machine Translation 3
Machine Translation Journal manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) A Survey of Orthographic Information in Machine Translation Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi1 ⋅ Priya Rani 1 ⋅ Mihael Arcan2 ⋅ John P. McCrae 1 the date of receipt and acceptance should be inserted later Abstract Machine translation is one of the applications of natural language process- ing which has been explored in different languages. Recently researchers started pay- ing attention towards machine translation for resource-poor languages and closely related languages. A widespread and underlying problem for these machine transla- tion systems is the variation in orthographic conventions which causes many issues to traditional approaches. Two languages written in two different orthographies are not easily comparable, but orthographic information can also be used to improve the machine translation system. This article offers a survey of research regarding orthog- raphy’s influence on machine translation of under-resourced languages. It introduces under-resourced languages in terms of machine translation and how orthographic in- formation can be utilised to improve machine translation. We describe previous work in this area, discussing what underlying assumptions were made, and showing how orthographic knowledge improves the performance of machine translation of under- resourced languages. We discuss different types of machine translation and demon- strate a recent trend that seeks to link orthographic information with well-established machine translation methods. Considerable attention is given to current efforts of cog- nates information at different levels of machine translation and the lessons that can Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi [email protected] Priya Rani [email protected] Mihael Arcan [email protected] John P. -
Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance
Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance Andrea Forte1, Vanessa Larco2 and Amy Bruckman1 1GVU Center, College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology {aforte, asb}@cc.gatech.edu 2Microsoft [email protected] This is a preprint version of the journal article: Forte, Andrea, Vanessa Larco and Amy Bruckman. (2009) Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance. Journal of Management Information Systems. 26(1) pp 49-72. Publisher: M.E. Sharp www.mesharpe.com/journals.asp Abstract How does “self-governance” happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with twenty individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English-language Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological architecture that supports organizational ideals of consensus building and discussion. We describe how governance on the site is becoming increasingly decentralized as the community grows and how this is predicted by theories of commons-based governance developed in offline contexts. We also briefly examine local governance structures called WikiProjects through the example of WikiProject Military History, one of the oldest and most prolific projects on the site. 1. The Mechanisms of Self-Organization Should a picture of a big, hairy tarantula appear in an encyclopedia article about arachnophobia? Does it illustrate the point, or just frighten potential readers? Reasonable people might disagree on this question. In a freely editable site like Wikipedia, anyone can add the photo, and someone else can remove it. And someone can add it back, and the process continues. -
Modeling Popularity and Reliability of Sources in Multilingual Wikipedia
information Article Modeling Popularity and Reliability of Sources in Multilingual Wikipedia Włodzimierz Lewoniewski * , Krzysztof W˛ecel and Witold Abramowicz Department of Information Systems, Pozna´nUniversity of Economics and Business, 61-875 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (K.W.); [email protected] (W.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 13 May 2020 Abstract: One of the most important factors impacting quality of content in Wikipedia is presence of reliable sources. By following references, readers can verify facts or find more details about described topic. A Wikipedia article can be edited independently in any of over 300 languages, even by anonymous users, therefore information about the same topic may be inconsistent. This also applies to use of references in different language versions of a particular article, so the same statement can have different sources. In this paper we analyzed over 40 million articles from the 55 most developed language versions of Wikipedia to extract information about over 200 million references and find the most popular and reliable sources. We presented 10 models for the assessment of the popularity and reliability of the sources based on analysis of meta information about the references in Wikipedia articles, page views and authors of the articles. Using DBpedia and Wikidata we automatically identified the alignment of the sources to a specific domain. Additionally, we analyzed the changes of popularity and reliability in time and identified growth leaders in each of the considered months. The results can be used for quality improvements of the content in different languages versions of Wikipedia. -
Strengthening and Unifying the Visual Identity of Wikimedia Projects: a Step Towards Maturity
Strengthening and unifying the visual identity of Wikimedia projects: a step towards maturity Guillaume Paumier∗ Elisabeth Bauer [[m:User:guillom]] [[m:User:Elian]] Abstract In January 2007, the Wikimedian community celebrated the sixth birthday of Wikipedia. Six years of constant evolution have now led to Wikipedia being one of the most visited websites in the world. Other projects developing free content and supported by the Wikimedia Foundation have been expanding rapidly too. The Foundation and its projects are now facing some communication issues due to the difference of scale between the human and financial resources of the Foundation and the success of its projects. In this paper, we identify critical issues in terms of visual identity and marketing. We evaluate the situation and propose several changes, including a redesign of the default website interface. Introduction The first Wikipedia project was created in January 2001. In these days, the technical infrastructure was provided by Bomis, a dot-com company. In June 2003, Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia and owner of Bomis, created the Wikimedia Foundation [1] to provide a long-term administrative and technical structure dedicated to free content. Since these days, both the projects and the Foundation have been evolving. New projects have been created. All have grown at different rates. Some have got more fame than the others. New financial, technical and communication challenges have risen. In this paper, we will first identify some of these challenges and issues in terms of global visual identity. We will then analyse logos, website layouts, projects names, trademarks so as to provide some hindsight. -
Multilingual Ranking of Wikipedia Articles with Quality and Popularity Assessment in Different Topics
computers Article Multilingual Ranking of Wikipedia Articles with Quality and Popularity Assessment in Different Topics Włodzimierz Lewoniewski * , Krzysztof W˛ecel and Witold Abramowicz Department of Information Systems, Pozna´nUniversity of Economics and Business, 61-875 Pozna´n,Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(61)-639-27-93 Received: 10 May 2019; Accepted: 13 August 2019; Published: 14 August 2019 Abstract: On Wikipedia, articles about various topics can be created and edited independently in each language version. Therefore, the quality of information about the same topic depends on the language. Any interested user can improve an article and that improvement may depend on the popularity of the article. The goal of this study is to show what topics are best represented in different language versions of Wikipedia using results of quality assessment for over 39 million articles in 55 languages. In this paper, we also analyze how popular selected topics are among readers and authors in various languages. We used two approaches to assign articles to various topics. First, we selected 27 main multilingual categories and analyzed all their connections with sub-categories based on information extracted from over 10 million categories in 55 language versions. To classify the articles to one of the 27 main categories, we took into account over 400 million links from articles to over 10 million categories and over 26 million links between categories. In the second approach, we used data from DBpedia and Wikidata. We also showed how the results of the study can be used to build local and global rankings of the Wikipedia content. -
The Culture of Wikipedia
Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia Good Faith Collaboration The Culture of Wikipedia Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. Foreword by Lawrence Lessig The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Web edition, Copyright © 2011 by Joseph Michael Reagle Jr. CC-NC-SA 3.0 Purchase at Amazon.com | Barnes and Noble | IndieBound | MIT Press Wikipedia's style of collaborative production has been lauded, lambasted, and satirized. Despite unease over its implications for the character (and quality) of knowledge, Wikipedia has brought us closer than ever to a realization of the centuries-old Author Bio & Research Blog pursuit of a universal encyclopedia. Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia is a rich ethnographic portrayal of Wikipedia's historical roots, collaborative culture, and much debated legacy. Foreword Preface to the Web Edition Praise for Good Faith Collaboration Preface Extended Table of Contents "Reagle offers a compelling case that Wikipedia's most fascinating and unprecedented aspect isn't the encyclopedia itself — rather, it's the collaborative culture that underpins it: brawling, self-reflexive, funny, serious, and full-tilt committed to the 1. Nazis and Norms project, even if it means setting aside personal differences. Reagle's position as a scholar and a member of the community 2. The Pursuit of the Universal makes him uniquely situated to describe this culture." —Cory Doctorow , Boing Boing Encyclopedia "Reagle provides ample data regarding the everyday practices and cultural norms of the community which collaborates to 3. Good Faith Collaboration produce Wikipedia. His rich research and nuanced appreciation of the complexities of cultural digital media research are 4. The Puzzle of Openness well presented. -
An Analysis of Contributions to Wikipedia from Tor
Are anonymity-seekers just like everybody else? An analysis of contributions to Wikipedia from Tor Chau Tran Kaylea Champion Andrea Forte Department of Computer Science & Engineering Department of Communication College of Computing & Informatics New York University University of Washington Drexel University New York, USA Seatle, USA Philadelphia, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Benjamin Mako Hill Rachel Greenstadt Department of Communication Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington New York University Seatle, USA New York, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—User-generated content sites routinely block contri- butions from users of privacy-enhancing proxies like Tor because of a perception that proxies are a source of vandalism, spam, and abuse. Although these blocks might be effective, collateral damage in the form of unrealized valuable contributions from anonymity seekers is invisible. One of the largest and most important user-generated content sites, Wikipedia, has attempted to block contributions from Tor users since as early as 2005. We demonstrate that these blocks have been imperfect and that thousands of attempts to edit on Wikipedia through Tor have been successful. We draw upon several data sources and analytical techniques to measure and describe the history of Tor editing on Wikipedia over time and to compare contributions from Tor users to those from other groups of Wikipedia users. Fig. 1. Screenshot of the page a user is shown when they attempt to edit the Our analysis suggests that although Tor users who slip through Wikipedia article on “Privacy” while using Tor. Wikipedia’s ban contribute content that is more likely to be reverted and to revert others, their contributions are otherwise similar in quality to those from other unregistered participants and to the initial contributions of registered users. -
SI 410 Ethics and Information Technology
Author(s): Paul Conway, PhD, 2010 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. The citation key on the following slide provides information about how you may share and adapt this material. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact [email protected] with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/privacy-and-terms-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers. Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. -
The CIA and Art
return to updates The CIA and Art by Miles Mathis Since this is a review, all images here are reproduced under the fair use doctrine of the US. The clothing photographs were taken from Urban Outfitters website, where you can purchase this clothing if it appeals to you. Some of my art readers will think I have gone offtrack over the past few years, writing less about art and more about politics. Although it is true I have done that, I wouldn't say it is offtrack. It is just further along the track than most have traveled, and further along than many wish to go. I understand that. I understand that many got off long ago, and I understand why. We all do what we have to do. But if you are still with me on this ride, we will see today that I am ontrack. I will prove it by showing how the tracks of art and politics collide. The collision we will see today isn't the normal collision we are used to, where art and politics are mashed together to create some fake relevance. We won't see art and politics colliding in order to make a sale or manufacture a market. We will go a step deeper than that: another level down the rabbithole. For when the CIA gets involved, it doesn't get involved mainly to make money. In this case, it gets involved to mess with your mind. I was led to this paper when I had the recent misfortune to visit an Urban Outfitters. -
AU Newsmakers August 29 – September 12, 2014 Prepared by University Communications for Prior Weeks, Go To
AU Newsmakers August 29 – September 12, 2014 Prepared by University Communications For prior weeks, go to http://www.american.edu/media/inthemedia.cfm Top Story SIS Experts Provide NATO Summit Analysis School of International Service dean James Goldgeier and international service professors Gordon Adams and Keith Darden along with CAS Initiative for Russian Culture director Anton Fedyashin provided pre and post NATO summit analysis and discussion as leaders gathered to determine NATO’s future. Goldgeier in an op-ed for Politico Magazine argued NATO cannot revert to its foundation as an anti-Moscow organization. Instead, Goldgeier said NATO members should forge partnerships with democracies in other parts of the world to enhance its capabilities to respond to challenges facing members and like-minded states. Goldgeier also spoke to New Republic about Ukraine and NBCNews.com about President Obama’s visit to Tallin ahead of the NATO summit. (9/2) Adams in an opinion piece for Foreign Policy’s Voice argued how proposals to increase defense spending among European NATO members is more of a symbolic substitute for policy than a solution to emerging and current threats. Adams also explains how the Obama administration has substituted spending for a defined strategy. (9/3) C-SPAN covered an event featuring Members of the Working Group on the Future of U.S.-Russia Relations that included Keith Darden, who spoke on U.S.-Russian military and strategic cooperation, arms control regulations, and security policies. (9/5) Fedyashin appeared on China Central Television America to discuss the rhetoric and realities surrounding the NATO summit and events in Ukraine providing a perspective including Russia’s reaction. -
Made in China: Implications of Authorship and Historical Studio Practices on Modern Chinese Art
This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, East Asian Studies Stanford University Made in China: Implications of Authorship and Historical Studio Practices on Modern Chinese Art by Allison Rath August 21, 2016 Advisor: Professor Richard Vinograd Department: Art History Approval Signature: ___________________________________ Date: ___________________________________ When his exhibition at the Royal Academy of the Arts opened in January 2012, David Hockney made certain that the promotional materials for the show included the phrase, “All the works here were made by the artist himself, personally.”1 Hockney’s words marked a not-so-subtle jab at the growing number of artists, including international superstars like Jeff Koons and Damien Hirst, who unabashedly allocate the majority, if not entirety, of the facture of their projects to their assistants. Though many artists might require the aid of assistants to realize monumental installations for practical reasons of size or quantity, there is a distinction to be drawn between practical use of outside aid and wholesale delegation. Debates over the amount of skill and personal involvement required on the part of the “creator” artist have become commonplace within art historical discourse and critical writing and can be traced throughout thousands of years of art history in the East and the West. Such debates have antecedents in discussions of late 20th century Conceptual art, and even deeper historical roots investigations of workshop or studio practices by artist-entrepreneurs such as Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640). While Hirst openly acknowledges that he lacks the technical skill, time, and desire to paint his own works,2 he also notes the irony of the value ascribed to them. -
Sculpture and Installation Public Sculpture and Installaion .Pages
ARTS - 3860 Section 001 Sculpture and Installation # 67191 Public Sculpture and Installation: Methods and Practice 1:25 PM - 4:25 PM, M/W Regis Center for Art E117 Andréa Stanislav, Associate Professor [email protected] Instructor’s office hour: Mondays 12:15 PM - 1:15 PM, Room #E265 Class will meet during regularly scheduled hours in the classroom. The class will also meet outside the classroom during the scheduled class time. The class may also meet other days of the week for outside events, field trips, and guest artist and curator speakers -- these events may be scheduled on a weekly basis -- and are subject to change. There will also be a public art field trip to Chicago scheduled in April. Suggested texts: • Jane Bennet, Vibrant Matter: a political ecology of things. Duke University Press, Durham and London 2010 • Brunno Latour and Peter Weibel Making Things Public -- Atmospheres of Democracy, MIT Press, 2005 • Guy Debord, La Société du Spectacle (Society of the Spectacle),1967, Rebel Press 2004 Course Description and Objective: This course is an intermediate/advanced exploration of contemporary approaches, concepts, and practices of installation art and public art. What was, is, and will be installation art and public art? What purpose do these art practices serve? Who is the public? What effect and real changes (if any) do these practices have in the public realm and the fine art academy/ world? How are public art monuments that commemorates, honors, reminds, catalogues regarded, critiqued and transformed in the present? This project-based interdisciplinary course will focus on the development of skill sets in making, designing, critical thinking and realization of: a public artwork proposal, a public art intervention project, and an installation project.