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University of Albegta University of Albegta A Comparative Study of Contemporary Canadian and Chinese Women Writers A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Comparative Literature Edmonton, Alberta Spring 1997 The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Iicence non exclusive licence aiiowing the exc1usÏve mettant à la National Lhrary of Canada to BibIiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distriiute or seiI reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of Merthesis by any means vendre des copies de sa thèse de and in any fonn or format, malring quelque manière et sous quelque this thesis available to interested fonne que ce soit pour mettre des persons. exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intinssées. The author retains ownenhip of the L'auteur conseme la propriété du copyright in Merthesis. Neither droit d'auteur qui protège sa thèse. Ni the thesis nor substantial ewacts la thèse ni des extraits substantieis de fkom it may be printed or ohenvise celle-ci ne doivent être imprimes ou reproduced with the author's autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. To my Mother and my Wife This thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the frameworks of Western feminist theories and Chinese fednist criticism. While the former draws on a number of discursive strategiea, in particular, Marxist and ~econstru~ti~ni~t,the latter, a more recent phenomenon, still requires clarification and definition. The second and main part of the thesis is devoted to several contemporary Canadian and Chinese women writers, namely Margaret Atwood, Mavis Gallant, Joy Kogawa. Alice Munro, Wang Anyi, Zhang Jie, and Zhang Xinxin. I propose two steps of investigation. Pirst, it examines how and why the writings of Canadian and Chinese women writers differ in themes, priorities, and attitudes. I wish to investigate in what sense and to what degree the different emphases of western and Chinese feminist criticism reflect the differences in the themes, priorities, attitudes, and narrative strategies of Canadian and Chinese women's literary works. Secondly, it examines the fundamental cornmon ground in their works, focusing on the common effort of Canadian and Chinese women writers in problematizing the very nature of subj ectivity. The third part of the these focuses mainly on the results of my investigation and some further suggestions about the comparative stuàies of contemporary Canadian and Chinese women writers . Without the assistance, encouragement, and understanding of a number of people the present work could not have been completed. 1 wish to express my gratitude to the Department of Comparative biterature of the University of Alberta for its financial support during my years of graduate study. 1 wish to express my appreciation to the following professors for their thoughtful advice and valuable suggestions: Professor Peng-hsiang Chen, Professor Milan V. Dimie, Professor Laifong Leung, and Professor Nasrin Rahimieh. 1 am especially grateful to my CO-supervisors, Professor E.D. Blodgett and Professor Karl S.Y. Kao, for their years of careful instruction and critical acumen regarding this dissertation as well as my course work. For their most generous help 1 shall always remain thankful. 1 also owe a debt of gratitude to my mother and wife for their constant support and patient understanding over many years. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. Peminisms and Feminiet Literary Criticism In the West and China 1 -ER ONE. Canadian Women Writers 37 CHAPTER TWO. Chinese Women Writers 102 CHAPTER THREE. Common Efforts: the Pursuit of Self Identity in Canadian and Chinese Womenrs Works CONCLUSION 203 APPENDIX 1. Margaret Atwood and Her Literary Works 212 APPENDIX II. Mavis Gallant and Her Literary Works 215 APPENDIX 111. Joy Kogawa and Her Literary Works 217 APPENDIX IV. Alice Munro and Her Literary Works 219 APPENDIX V. Wang Anyi and Her Literary Works 221 APPENDIX VI. Zhang Jie and Her Literary Works 223 APPENDIX VII. Zhang Xinxin and Her Literary Works 225 BIBLIOGRAPfIY INTRODUCTION FSMINISMS AND E'EMINfST LITERARY CIUTICISM IN THE WEST AND CHINA Canadians and Chinese, separated by their geographical distance and ideological difference, do not know enough about each otherfs literary works, particularly those written by women. Since the 19708, Canada has witnessed a new flowering of fiction written by women. Many of these women's works describe the lives of women, and they are mainly concerned with exploration and survival, crossing boundaries, challenging limits, and glimpsing new prospects. They are characterized by the direct engagement with the cultural and social problems that women face. For Chinese women writers, the last decade is considered to be a new era. The Chinese literary acene of the post-Mao era saw the emergence of hundteds of etories with love themes, most of which problematize and challenge the traditional conception of love. More significantly, the emphases of Chinese feminist writing were more political in the sense that women writers were expressing angry feelings of injustice rampant in their social and political life and were striving to raiee women'e mpoliticala awareness of their oppression by men. This thesis explores and investigatee the different thematic concerns and narrative strategies of Canadian and Chinese women writers. More importantly, this thesis also demonstrates that although the female characters of the Canadian and Chinese women writers have different cultural backgrounds and face different social, political, and economic problems, they have much in conmion. They al1 express a strong feminist consciousness: they reject passivity, they refuse to accept victim positions that have been imposed upon them, and, above all, they are developing a strong and unquenchable desire to search for their own identity. To appreciate such literary values as embodied in Margaret Atwood (b. 1939). Mavis Gallant (b. 1922), Joy Kogawa (b. 1935) , Alice Munro (b. 1931), Wang Anyi (b. 1954), Zhang Jie (b. 19371, and Zhang Xinxin (b. 1953), Western feminist literary theories and Third World feminist criticism will be used. Western Feminist Criticism Western feminist echolarship received its impetus from the women8s movement of the late 1960s and 19708, but it participates in the more general dethroning of authority initiated by Freud, Marx and Saussure leading to "a redefinition of ideas of human nature and reality which has problematized traditional concerns of literary criticism, including established canons and ways of readingn (Greene and Kahn 2). Feminist scholars focus on diverse social constructions of femaleness and maleness in order to understand the universal phenornenon of male dominance. Simone de Beauvoir's statement that aone is not born, but rather becomes a woman ... it is civilization as a whole that produces this creaturem summarizes the thesis of her The Second Sex (De Beauvoir 301). Taking this as a point of departute, recent f eminist echolarship proceeds to ndeconstruct" the social construction of gender and the cultural paradigme that endoree it. As Greene and Kahn put it , [f] eminist scholarship both originates and 4 participates in the larger efforts of feminism to lîberate wornen from the structures that have marginalized them, and as such it seeks not only to reinterpret, but to change the worldn (2). Western feminist criticism draws on a number of discursive strategies, in particular, Marxist and Deconstructionist. Marx himself had little to say about the oppression of women. The major benefit of Marxism for wornen who cal1 themselves Marxist feminists is that it shows how to analyze a social system with a view to getting it changed. Two well-known statements by Marx have provided those feminists with a point of departure: "The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change itrWand "It is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but, on the contrary, their social being that determines their ~onsciousness.~By contradicting widely accepted doctrines, Marx was attempting to put pe0pler8 thought into reverse gear. First, philosophy ha8 been merely airy contemplation; it is time that it become engaged with the real world. Translated into a feminist point of view, Marx's first 5 statement then reads: 'We intend to change the wotld eo totally that someday the texts of masculiniat writers will be anthropological curioeitiesa (Dworkin 9) . Al1 activities therefore become instrumental to that end, including the study of literature, which is not to be undertaken eimply for "its own sake" in a belletristic or aeetheticist manner, but as a means to transforming readers who will then proceed to transform the world. Feminist criticism must be an oppositional practice based on resistance to the dominant hegemony. Secondly, it ishelieved that cultural life, social institutions, and legal systems were the creations of human and divine reason, but "Marx reverses this formulation and argues that al1 mental (ideological) systems are the products of social and economic existencem (Selden 23) . Marxism identifies capitalism (and the modes of production on which it is baaed) as the material base of class system, which ie the source of al1 oppression, and declares that the specific subjection of women will end with the general demiee of oppression which is to follow the destruction of capitalism. Marxist feminists daim that socialist feminism is their bridge to freedom. They see it as a radical, disciplined, and all-encanpaesing solution to the problems of race, sex, sexuality, and class struggle (Wong 290). They argue that only by overthrowing the economic system of capitalism can they liberate women and everybody elee who is also oppreseed. For socialism as an economic system would reorganize production, redistribute wealth, and redefine state power so that the exploiters are expropriated and workers gain hegemony. In a socialist society, they believe, male supremacy would not function, because socialism connotes a higher fom of human relations that caanot possibly exist under capitalism.
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