Glossary Table of Contents

A anino shadow bahay na bato stone house; anino ng pagkalunos architectural style during abenida avenue literally, shadow of the Spanish colonial aklatan library despair; desperation period aba exclamation of surprise aniya according to him/her bahura coral reef or wonder; so! ano what bakante vacant abay wedding sponsor ano-ano what bakanteng lote vacant lot abiso notice antukin always sleepy bakas traces abot-tenga ang ngiti apelyido last name/family bakas na bakas can be seen smiling from ear to ear name bakasyunan vacation house abuhin salt and pepper apo grandchild bakla gay man [refers to hair] apo sa talampakan great- balak plan/intention agila eagle great-grandchild balak mong lutuin plan to aksiyon action apo sa tuhod great cook alagad ng batas literally, grandchild balakang hips officers of law; refers to araw at gabi day and night balangkas outline police officers araw-araw everyday balatan peel alak wine Arayat a mountain in Luzon balat-sibuyas sensitive; alalahanin remember arkitektura architecture easily hurt ale/aleng used to address an armado armed baligtarin turn older woman artista actor balikan return alikabok dust asawa husband or wife balikat shoulder alimango crab asin salt balingkinitan has a small alipin slave at and waist alon wave atake sa puso heart attack balutin wrap alon-alon wavy atay liver banal sacred alta presyon high blood ate elder sister bandang around pressure awtor author bandera flag ama father ayaw umandar would not bango fragrant ama-amahan one who acts work or start banta threat like a father to you baon money/food one amain stepfather brings from home ambag contribute B bara-bara made without amihan northeast wind care anak child baba chin barangay smallest political anak na babae daughter babae woman unit in Philippine society (literally, child that is a babalutin will wrap barongbarong shanties woman/girl) baboy pork/pig baso glass anak na lalaki son (literally, bago before basta’t as long as child that is a boy/man) bago new Batas Militar Martial Law Ang ganda ganda! So bago magluto before batayan basis beautiful! cooking batayang mga bilihin basic ang mabuti ho siguro bagong huli freshly caught commodities perhaps it would be good fermented fish or batihin beat if… shrimp batuta truncheon ang nakapatay the person bagyo storm bawal forbidden who killed [the victim] baha floods bawang garlic Ang saya saya! So happy! bahay kubo house made of bawat each anghitin stinky bamboo and nipa bayan town/country/people

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baywang waist Friday D belo veil bolo native knife bibig mouth botika drugstore dagat ocean bibisita will visit braso arms dagdagan add bida hero/heroine/ bubong roof dahan-dahan slowly protagonist budburan sprinkle dahil because bigas uncooked rice bugaw pimp dahil sa/sapagkat because bigat heaviness buhay living/alive dahilan because bigla suddenly buhok hair dahon ng saging banana biglang-bigla suddenly bukal ng lakas literally, leaves bihira rarely wellspring of strength; daigdig world bilang two meanings: source of strength dala-dala being carried “number” and “as a” bukod-tangi unique dalaga single woman bilang ng kuwarto number bukongbukong ankle dalagita young single of rooms/bedrooms; note beef soup made using woman (early teens) that kuwarto can mean “a bones with marrow dalawang beses isang araw room” or “a bedroom” bulsa pocket twice a day bilasa putrescent/decaying/ bumaba get off daliri finger not fresh bumabangon gets up daliri sa paa toe bilis speed/fast bumagsak fell daloy flow bilugan round bumalandra laid across dambuhala huge bilugan ang mukha round- bumati greeted dapat should faced bumibili buying dati former binabalak planning bumula become frothy dekada decade binabasahan to read to bunganga mouth de-lata canned someone bungang-araw prickly heat detenidong politikal binabati congratulate bunso youngest child political detainees Binabati kita sa iyong buod summary de-uling uses charcoal kasal. I congratulate you buong araw all day dibdib chest on your wedding. buong buwan all month dibuho drawing Binabati kita sa iyong buong gabi all night digmaang bayan people’s pagtatapos. I congratulate buong linggo all week war you on your graduation. buong mag-anak the whole dikdikin pound Binabati kita! family di-makabasag pinggan Congratulations! buong pangalan full name prim and proper; fragile binalaan warned buong taon full year looking binata single man buong umaga all morning dinumog was flocked binatikos criticized bus bus diputado congressman/ binatilyo young single man butlig cyst-like growth on congresswoman; also (early teens) the skin deputy binhi seedling buwanang hulugan direktor director binti leg monthly payments disenyo design binubugbog being beaten buwan-buwan every month diskuwento discount up buwis tax diyabetes diabetes binubulaga used metapho- doon na nga lamang then… rically; surprised by just there binubungkal being C dos siyentos two hundred cultivated dumaraing complains Birheng Maria Virgin rice soup with dumiretso go straight Mary chocolate dumiskarte devise a way bisikleta bicycle dumulog appealed bituka intestines duwag cowardly biyahe trip dyipni jeepney Biyernes Santo Good

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habang buhay hindi mo masisisi cannot be E habambuhay forever blamed hakbang steps hindi na maabot cannot be edad age halamang gamot medicinal reached eksperimental plants hindi namamalayan experimental halang ang bituka a person without noticing; have not ekspresyonistiko with no moral compass been noticing expressionistic haluin mix hindi pa nakararating elementarya elementary hanay ranks reach embahada embassy hanggang sa balikat hindi pagtanggap not engkuwentro encounter shoulder-length accepting ensalada salad hanggang sa puwet hiniling requested eskinita alley reaching up to one’s hinimatay fainted eskuwelahan school backside [refers to hair] hinimay flaked estasyon ng pulis police hanggang sa/hangga’t hinlalaki thumb station until hintuturo index finger estatwa statue hangin wind/air hipon shrimp etnisidad ethnicity hanguin mula sa tubig hita thigh remove from water/liquid hiwa cut hanguin mula sa kawali hiwa ng baboy cut of pork G remove from the pan hiwain cut/slice harap/harapan in front of hiwain nang pahaba slice gaano kahaba how long higop gulp lengthwise gaano kalayo how far hihimitayin will faint hugis-puso heart-shaped gaano katagal how long hika asthma hukbo army galaw movement himagsikan revolution hulugan periodic payments gawa ng because himayin to dissect; analyze; humaharap facing gayatin dice/ shred also used to mean “to humangos rushed gilagid gums break up in small pieces” humapon perched gilid side hinahambalos pummeling humikab yawned giniling na karne ground hinambalos hit with humuhugot draws from meat extreme force; usually huni chirping ginugunita remembering right and left with a stick hurno oven girian facing off hinarang blocked huwag do not gisa sauté hinatak/hinila pulled gisado sautéed dish hindi no giting valor hindi inaasahan not I gradwadong pag-aaral expected graduate school hindi kaaya-aya unpleasant ibaba down gramo gram hindi kagandahan not too ibabad marinate gula-gulanit torn beautiful ibabaw above gulay vegetables hindi kailanman never ibon bird gulo commotion hindi kalakihan not too ibuhos pour gumawa made big idinaos was held gumigising wakes up hindi maidudulot cannot igiit insist gusto likes/wants be given iginapos tied gutom hunger hindi makahinga cannot iginigiit insists on breathe igisa sauté hindi matanggihan could ihain serve H not refuse ihawin grill hindi matatawaran ikinalulugod makes me haba length literally, cannot be pleased habagat south wind discounted; means ikinalulungkot makes me habang while “exemplary” sad

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ikinasa was started isang beses isang araw kalamnan muscles ilagay put once a day kalan stove ilagay sa cast put in a cast isip mind kalbo bald ilalim below iskultor sculptor kaldero pot ilang isyu certain issues iskultura sculpture kalesa horse-drawn carriage iling shaking of the head isda fish kaligtasan safety ilong nose isla island kalingkingan little finger ilubog immerse istorya story kalye street impeksiyon infection itaas up kamag-anak relative ina mother itatayo will be built kamanyang incense inaanak godchild itik duck kamatis tomato inahin stepmother itim black kamay hands ina-inahan one who acts itinalaga assigned/ kampana bells like a mother to you established kangkong water spinach inanod was carried by the itinatag formed kanin cooked rice flow of water itsura looks like kanser cancer inihagis was thrown iwan leave kantidad quantity inihanda prepared iwasan avoid kanto corner; also used grilled dish when referring to iniibig loves; used only “blocks” for the “beloved” or the K kapag if, when country kung if, when iniirog loves/adores kaagad at once kapakanan welfare; benefit iniisip thinking Kaano-ano mo si… What is kapal thickness iniligtas saved your relation to… kapamilya of the same inirarasyon rationed kabado nervous family interesante interesting kabataan youth kapanganakan date of birth inumin [accent on the kabayanihan heroism kapangyarihan power second syllable] drink kabisera town center kapatid sibling ipaabot tell; literally, reach kabiyak husband or wife kapatid na babae/lalaki ipapahanda/ipahahanda kapit-bisig linked arms sister/brother to ask someone to prepare kagila-gilalas amazing karamelo caramel something kagubatan forest karangalan honor/award ipapaluto will ask kagyat immediate Karapat-dapat ka talaga! [someone] to cook kahalagahan importance You are well deserving! ipinagkaloob na pangalan kahihintay waiting karatula sign given name/first name kahoy wood kasaganaan prosperity ipinagkaroon reason for kahoy na pamalo wood kasama comrade; literally, obtaining used to hit something/ companion ipinaglilinis to clean for someone kasamahan companion someone kailangan need kasambahay domestic ipinagluluto to cook for Kailangan kong ihanda I worker someone need to prepare… kasarian gender ipinagmamalaki boasts of Kailan kong ipaghanda kasaysayan history ipinagpaplantsa to iron for I need to prepare kasi because someone [something for someone] kasunduan agreement ipinagsasaing to cook rice kailangang tahiin has to be katamtaman medium build; for someone sewn neither big nor small ipinagtanggol defended kakapit-kuwarto adjacent katamtaman ang taas ipinalabas performed room average height ipinanganak was born kakayanan ability katapatan trustworthiness; ipinapasyal to take kakulangan lack of loyalty someone around kalahok participant katas juice iprito fry kalakaran usual ways katotohanan truth

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katutubo indigenous kung ganoon ho… if that lindol earthquake katutubong pamumuhay is so… linggo-linggo every week indigenous way of life kung kinakailangan as litson/ roasted whole katuwang assisted by needed pig known for its crispy katuwiran reason kung sakali in case skin kaukulan appropriate kung sakali man in case liwayway daybreak kawalan nothingness kura parish lola grandmother kawali pan/wok-like frying kuro-kuro opinion lolo grandfather pan kusinera female cook lubhang nagagalak very Kawawa!/Kawawa ka kusinero male cook happy naman! Poor you! [=I kutsara spoon lugami feeling sad; feeling feel bad for you!] kutsarita teaspoon of failure kawayan bamboo kutsilyo knife luma old kaya and so/therefore/since kuwadrado square-shaped lumaki grew up kayumanggi/kulay kape Kuwaresma Lent lumalala worsening, to brown-skinned kuwentista fictionist become worse; usually kilawin method of preparing referring to sickness raw food, usually fish, lumampas go past using L lumangoy swam kilay eyebrow lumapit approached kilo kilogram labag sa konstitusyon lumilikas evacuates kinagisnan grew up with; violates the constitution lumilipad flying literally, woke up to lagi always lumulutang-lutang floating kinaladkad was dragged lagnat fever lunan setting kinatawan representative lagyan ng benda put a lupaing ninuno ancestral kinatay killed and bandage land butchered lahi race luya garlic kintsay celery lalaki man kinukuha getting/taking lalawigan province kobre kama bed sheets; bed laman contents; also used to M covers mean “flesh” or “meat” kolehiyo college lamang-tiyan literally, maaabala ka pa you will be komedi comedy stomach contents; means bothered komposisyon composition one only has enough food maaalalahanin thoughtful kompositor composer to get by maabala bothered kontrabida antagonist lamok mosquito maalat salty koreograpiya choreography lang just maaliwalas bright/open/ koreograpo choreographer langit sky spacious/sunny koryente electricity lapad width maanghang spicy kotse car lapu-lapu grouper maaraw has a lot of kubling kuwarto concealed larawan painting/ sunlight rooms photographs maasim sour kudkurin/kayurin grate lasing to be drunk mababa ang kisame has kuko fingernail lasong asul blue ribbon low ceilings kulay mais blonde [refers lawin hawk mababang lugar low-lying to hair] lawiswis swishing sound place kulay brown made by bamboo mababang paaralan kulot curly lechong kawali pan-fried elementary school kulungan prison pork with crispy skin mababaw ang luha cries kumakain eats leeg neck easily kumalabog made a sound lesbiana lesbian mabagal slow kumaliwa turn left libog desire mabaho foul-smelling kumanan turn right liham letter mabait kind kung if/when likod at the back mabango fragrant

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mabigat heavy magpaeksamen to have makakarating will be able mabigat ang loob with a an examination or a test to arrive heavy heart taken makakaya what one could mabilis fast magpagaling to work on do mabilis quickly getting well makalipas ang limang mabuhay long live magpahinga to rest minuto after five minutes mabuti ang kalooban has a magpainiksiyon to get makapal ang kilay has good heart injected thick eyebrows madalas frequent magpakuha ng presyon to makapal ang mukha madasalin likes to pray ask someone to take one’s shameless madilim dark blood pressure makapal/manipis ang labi madla people; public magpaopera to get an has thick/thin lips madre nun operation makasapat will be able to madumi/marumi dirty magpasuri ng dugo to have suffice magaan light one’s blood examined makasarili selfish magaan ang kamay easily magpa-therapy to get makata poet prone to hurt another therapy makati ang balat itchy skin person magpatingin/ makinis ang balat/pino ang magaganda beautiful magpakonsulta to see/ balat smooth-skinned maganda ang tanawin has consult a doctor makunat tough, difficult to a good view magpa-x-ray have one’s chew maganda ang ugali has a x-ray taken malabnaw thin [referring good personality magsaing cook rice to soup] magapi to defeat magsaulian ng kandila part malaki huge magasgas scratched ways; cease to be friends malaki ang mata huge eyes magaspang rough skin magtapon throw malaki/maliit ang tenga magbalikan to get together magulang parent has big/small ears with magwagi to win malalakad can be reached magdamag all night mahaba long by walking magdiriwang will celebrate mahal expensive malambing affectionate magdiwang celebrate mahal na dear; also used to malambot soft/tender maghalughog search well mean “love” malamig cold for something that is mahal/minamahal loves malamig na tubig sa concealed mahigit-kumulang naghahapding sugat maghapon all afternoon approximately; literally, literally, cold water on a maghinang to join together more or less painful wound; comfort to by welding mahilig fond of assuage pain maghukay dig mahimbing sleeping malansa fishy mag-iina mother and her soundly malapad ang ilong wide children mahusay ang nose mag-init heat pagkakagawa well-made malapad ang noo wide magiting brave; heroic maiksi short forehead magkabilang-panig both maiksing pelikula short malapit near sides film malapit na malapit very magkagirian had a face off mainam good close magkakabit adjoining maingat carefully malapit sa baybayin near magkakatuluyan will end mainit hot the seashore up as a couple mainitin ang ulo hot- malapit sa palengke close magkano how much tempered to the market magkasosyo business mairerekomenda can malapit sa partners recommend pinagtatrabahuhan close magkutingting tinker maitim dark-skinned to place of work magmekaniko to be a maitim ang budhi evil malas bad luck mechanic makabago/modern modern malasa/malinamnam tasty

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malasutla ang balat skin as mapasakanila to be theirs matapang brave smooth as silk mapayapa peaceful matapat honest malawak expansive mapuno place where there matapobre looks down on malayo far are many trees the poor maligamgam tepid maputi fair matarik steep maligayang-maligaya very maraming kailangang matigas hard/tough happy kumpunihin many things matipuno ang maliit small need to be fixed pangangatawan malikot ang kamay a maraming peklat ang balat muscular person who steals things has a lot of scars on the matrapik has a lot of malinamnam tasty skin traffic malinis clean maraming tagiyawat has a matris uterus; womb maliwanag bright lot of pimples matulungin helpful malumbay sad marmol marble matunton to find malungkot sad mas mainam better may asawa married person malumbay na malumbay masahin knead may balbas has a beard very sad masamang tao bad/evil may bigote has a mustache malungkutin always sad person may daga sa dibdib afraid; malunok swallow masarap delicious worried malupit cruel masaya/maligaya/ may kulay colored hair; in malutong crispy nagagalak happy the Philippines this refers maluwang roomy; means masayang-masaya very to “lightened hair” “too loose” when used to happy may kulay ang buhok has describe clothes masigla lively colored hair mamahalin expensive masikip not roomy enough; may mga pasa has bruises mamamahayag reporter depends on the number may natapakan there was mamilipit to squirm; of people occupying a something I slipped on literally, to twist house mayabang boastful mananayaw dancer masipag industrious mayamang hapag dining mandudula playwright maskara mask table with lots of food mang-aawit singer maskulado well-muscled mayroon/may/meron has/ mangkok bowl masukal na lugar dense have manipis ang kilay has thin place; less accessed part melodrama melodrama eyebrows of a forest mestisa/mestiso fair- manok chicken masungit ill-tempered; skinned; used to refer to mantika oil surly people of mixed race manumbalik return to what masunurin obedient metal metal it once was masustansiya nutritious mga approximately manunulat writer mata eyes mga word used to indicate mapagbasag-ulo always mataas tall plurality fighting with others mataas ang kisame has mga katulong na actor mapag-isa wants to be alone high ceilings supporting actors mapagkawanggawa mataas na lugar high place mga kulay colors charitable mataas na paaralan high milagro miracle mapagkumbaba humble school minsan sa isang linggo mapagmahal loving mataba weight-challenged once a week mapagmataas arrogant matagumpay successful minura cursed mapait bitter matamis sweet misua kind of noodle soup mapalad fortunate matamis ang dila honey- moderno ang disenyo has a mapang-aping diktadurya tongued modern design oppressive dictatorship matangkad tall morena/moreno brown- mapangarapin dreamy matangos ang ilong has a skinned mapapanagot will be held high-bridged nose mukhang Biyernes Santo accountable matao has a lot of people looks sad

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mumu a very small amount naghihilom healing/healing nagsanay trained munisipyo municipal hall of; usually referring to nag-scuba diving went mura cheap/inexpensive wounds scuba diving museo museum naghihinagpis grieving; nagsesepilyo brushes teeth musikero musician feeling resentful nagsisibili/nagsisipagbili naghulasan dispersed buying nag-iiba-iba changing nagsisikanta/ N naging became nagsisipagkantahan naging kasapi became a singing naaawa pities; feels sad for member nagsisimula starts someone nagkaanak had a child nagsisisigaw kept on naanod was swept away by nagkabatuhan threw stones shouting water/mud at each other nagsusulat writes nabagsakan something fell nagkagulo had a nagsusulong advances on you commotion nagtago hid nabali ang buto/braso/ nagkaroon had nagtapos graduated binti bones/arm//leg got nagkaroon ng impeksiyon nagtatae diarrhea broken had an infection nagtataka wondering nabangga got hit nagkasakit had an illness nagtitinda/nagbebenta nabaril was shot nagkokompyuter uses a selling nabasag got broken computer nagtrabaho worked nabugbog were beaten up nagkumbulsiyon had nagtulungan helped each nabuntis/nagdalang-tao convulsions other got pregnant nagkuwenta computed/ nagulat was surprised nadaganan pinned down counted nagyakapan embraced each nadamay got involved naglalakad walks other nadaplisan ng bala was naglalaro plays nahawaan got infected by grazed by a bullet naglilinis cleans nahihilo dizzy nadudulot sa katawan nagliyab blazed nahuli was caught effect on the body nagluluksa mourning nahulog fell nadulas slipped nagluluto cooks nahulugan was hit by nag-aalimpuyo ang dibdib nagmamadali in a hurry something very angry nagmamaneho drives naiinis irritated nag-aalmusal eats breakfast nagmartsa marched naipit sa crossfire got nag-aaral studies nagmiminindal eats a snack caught in a crossfire nagagalit angry nagngitngit angry/feeling of naiwan was left behind naganap happened indignation nakababagot/nakakabagot nag-aral studied nagpabakuna to get boring nagbabasa reads vaccinated nakabaon buried/ nagbago changed nagpamasahe had a entrenched/immersed nagbakasyon went on massage given by nakaduduwag makes one vacation someone feel cowardly nagbibihis dresses up nagpapahinga rests nakagagalit/nakakagalit nagbibisikleta rides a nagpapraktis practices makes one angry bicycle nagpasya decided nakagapos tied wrists nagdaramdam feels hurt nagpatiwakal committed nakagat was bitten nagdilim ang paningin suicide nakahahalina enticing became really angry nagpumilit insisted nakailag was able to evade nagdududa being doubtful/ nagpupumiglas trying to nakaipon able to save skeptical break free nakakaantok makes one naghahangad aspires nagsalubungan met each sleepy naghahapunan eats dinner other nakakahiya naman I feel naghanda prepared nagsama-sama came ashamed [to ask this naghihilamos washes face together favor]

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nakakasulasok makes one naku! oh my! napagbintangan was want to vomit nalalakad ang sakayan ng falsely accused nakakataba ng puso gives bus the bus stop can be napakaagap very prompt pleasure; something one reached by walking napakaganda very good/ might say when given a nalalaman knowledge/ very beautiful compliment information napakalumbay very sad nakakita was able to see nalantad was exposed napakalungkot very sad nakakulong in jail nalilibugan lusts for napakasaya very happy nakaladkad was dragged naliligo takes a bath/shower napasigaw suddenly nakalilibang/nakakalibang nalubog sunken shouted, caused by makes one amused nalunod drowned something nakangiti smiling namaalam had said napatay the person who nakapagpaalam was able to goodbye; had passed was killed say goodbye away napatunayan was proven nakapagpigil stopped namamaga swelling naratibo narrative nakapanghihilakbot naman so likewise narekober was recovered evokes feeling of fear; namanhikan asked for a nasa ika-___ na palapag on hair-raising woman’s hand in marriage the __th floor nakapanlulumo tragic from her parents nasabuyan was thrown with nakasaad ito it is written namataan was seen liquid nakasagasa the person namatay died/passed away nasagasaan got hit or run who was responsible for namumugad nesting over by a vehicle hitting/running over [the namumuti ang mata nasaksak was stabbed victim] waiting for a long time nasalanta devastated by nakasalang put on the namumutiktik teeming nasasanay getting used to stove; also means “on the nana pus nasindak felt fear; terror line” nanalo/nagwagi won and shock nakasimangot grimacing nananaghoy feeling of Nasugatan ako. I got nakatagilid tilted lament; mourning wounded. nakatakbo was able to run nanananghalian eats lunch nasunog burned down nakatatawa/nakakatawa nananawagan calling on nasunog ang balat flesh/ makes one laugh nandidilat ang mata has skin got burned nakatutok aimed at popping eyes nasususklam/napopoot nakayod were scraped nang when feeling intense anger/ nakialam intervened nang kaunti a little hatred nakikinig listens nangagsisisayaw/ nasyonalidad nationality nakikipasada plying the nagsisipagsayawan natagpuan found tricycle or jeepney route dancing natalo lost of someone who actually nangako promised natamaan got hit owns the vehicle nanganak/nagsilang gave natamaan ng bala was hit Nakikiramay ako. My birth by a bullet condolences. nangangalahati half natanggap was accepted nakiluto asked someone the nangangamba fears natapos finished favor of cooking in his/ nanganganib in danger natatakot/nangangamba her house nangyari happened feels afraid nakinig listened naninikip ang dibdib natutulog sleeps nakipag-agawan struggled tightening of the chest natutuwa pleased for the possession of naniniwala believe Natutuwa ako para sa iyo. nakipaggitgitan jostled nanlulumo feeling I am happy for you. with devastated naulanan got rained on nakipaghiwalay broke up nanonood ng telebisyon nawala got lost with, separated from watches television nawalan ng buhay died nakisakay asked someone napabayaan was uncared nawalan ng malay lost the favor of hitching a ride for consciousness

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nawasak destroyed pabrika factory pagkakakanta the way NCR National Capital padabog showing someone sang a song Region annoyance pagkakalagay a way of nga really; truly pag-aayuno fasting putting ngipin teeth pagkahubog the way pagkakapinta the way nilaga boiled something was sculpted something was painted nililigawan is being pag-ambag contribution pagkakaprito a way of courted pagbalat/pagbabalat frying ninakawan was robbed peeling pagkakasayaw the way ninanasa desires pagbalot wrapping someone danced nipa a kind of palm tree pagbati/pagbabati beating pagkakuha as soon as I niyuping mga lata flattened pagbubuwis ng buhay received cans giving of life; martyrdom pagkalampas after you go noo forehead pagbudbod/pagbubudbod past noong Batas Militar during sprinkling pagkanta singing Martial Law (1972–1986) pagbuhos pour pagkatapos after noong panahon ng giyera pagdagdag adding pagkatapos kumain after during war time pagdama ng karalitaan eating noong panahon ng feels/understands poverty pagkatapos ng limang kolonyalismong pagdarahop poverty minuto after five minutes Amerikano during the pagdarasal praying pagkilos action American colonial period pagdarausan will hold pagkulo boiling noong panahon ng pagdating arrival paglagay/paglalagay kolonyalismong Kastila pagganap acting putting during the Spanish pagguho ng lupa landslide paglala worsening, to colonial period paghalo mixing become worse; usually noong panahon ng paghihilik snoring referring to sickness pananakop ng mga paghihilom healing/healing paglambot tenderizing Hapon during the of; usually referring to paglamig cooling Japanese Occupation wounds pagmasa/pagmamasa nunal mole paghiwa cutting/slicing kneading paghuhugas ng kasalanan pagpapadala sending washing of sins pagpapakulo boiling O pag-ihaw/pag-iihaw pagpapalambot grilling/broiling tenderizing, for example, oo yes pag-iisang dibdib wedding; meat opinyon opinion marriage pagpapalamig cooling oras na when; the time has pag-init/pag-iinit heating pagpapasingaw steaming come pagkain food pagpapaubaya orderin to order pagkakabalot a way of relinquishing ospital hospital wrapping pagprito frying pagkakabuhos a way of pagsadsad skidding pouring pagsaing/pagsasaing P pagkakaganap/pagkaka- cooking rice arte the way someone pagsama/pagsasama pa still acted out a role combining paa feet pagkakaguhit the way pagsasalaksak to put paakyatin ask someone to something was drawn down come up pagkakahalo a way of pagsayaw dancing paaralan school mixing pagsingaw steaming paaralang bayan municipal pagkakahiwa a way of pagsubaybay guidance school slicing pagsumikapan try to pabalik-balik kept going pagkaka-ihaw a way of achieve back grilling pagsuway defiance

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pagtaguyod support pamasahe fare parang pusang hindi pagtambalin pair up pambansa national mapaanak restless either pagtatayo putting up pambugaw used to drive because of excitement or pagtitipon gathering something away tension pagtotroso logging pamilya family pari priest pag-uusapan future topic of paminsan-minsan pastor pastor conversation sometimes pasigaw in a shouting pahaba lengthwise/oblong- paminta pepper manner shaped/vertically pampalasa ingredient used pataas upwards pahalang crosswise/ to add flavor patakaran procedure horizontally panaginip dream patay dead pahayag statement panahon time/period patis fish sauce pahina pages panahon ng kolonyalismo paunang bayad down pahingi ask literally colonial period payment pahiwas/pa-dayagonal pananahimik silence payat thin diagonally pananakit pain pelikula/sine film pakete package pananampalataya faith pigilan prevent pakibalik please return pananaw views pigsa boils pakibigyan please give us panatilihin let something pilat scar pakikibaka struggle remain pilikmata eyelashes pakikipagsapalaran pandak vertically pinadapa were asked to lie adventures challenged on [our] stomachs pakikitungo dealing; pang-aapi oppression pinagbalatan shell treatment pangalan name coverings pakiwari opinion pang-aliw for pleasure pinagbaunan place where paksa topic pangamba fear something was buried pakukuluan boil/simmer panganay eldest child pinagbibibili what you have palaban fighter panggatong fire wood been buying palabas outwards panggitna middle pinagbigyan gave way to; palagay opinion panghimagas dessert literally, was given palagi always pangingilin repentance pinaggagagawa what you palaging binabaha tuwing pangit not good have been doing bumabagyo always pangkaluluwa for the soul pinaghandaan prepared for flooded when there is a pango ang ilong has a flat- pinag-iisipan thinking about storm bridged nose pinagkakaabalahan palalambutin will make pangunahing tauhan main something/things that tender or soft character keeps/keep you busy palalayasin will be driven pangunahing pananim pinagkakabuhayan source away primary crop of livelihood palamigin cool pangungumusta saying pinagluluto what you have palangiti always smiling hello been cooking palapag floors/stories panig side; for example, pinagmumukha makes it palapit closer side in an issue the same; literally, makes palatandaan landmark paniniwala belief it look the same palayaw nickname pansamantala temporary pinagmumura cursed palayo farther panukala proposition pinagpapapalo was palayok pot panunumbat reproach repeatedly hit palengke market papalapit coming near pinagsamantalahan palito match papunta going towards exploited; raped pamahalaan government para/upang in order to pinaiinom/pinapainom pamahiin superstition paradahan parking lot giving someone pamamaga swelling terminal something to drink pamangkin nephew/niece paraiso paradise pinakakain/pinapakain pamantayan standards parang seems feeding someone

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pinakamataas na palapag opisina goes to office sakit sa baga lung disease highest floor pumayag agreed sakit sa matris illness pinakatuso most deceitful; pumupunta goes to related to a woman’s most cunning punahin criticized reproductive organs pinakawalan released punto de bista point of sakit sa puso heart ailment pinakinabangan benefited view saloobin feelings from puntod cemetery; grave salo-salo gathering pinaliliguan/pinapaliguan pusali swamp sama-sama together giving someone a bath puso heart samut-sari various pinamili items bought, putahe dish; dishes sandata weapon items shopped for puti white sandatahang lakas armed pinangyarihan where the putik mud forces incident happened putok ng baril gunfire sandigang bato literally, pinaputok fired puwede can; may stone that props you up; pinaputukan was fired at puwede kong ikuwento I something that you can pinarangalan was honored can narrate [to you] lean on pinasingaw steamed puwede na ako sa... I am sang-ayon agree pinausukan smoked fine with… sangkap ingredient pinipintuho loves; adores puwesto stall in a market; sangkutsado parboiled piniringan blindfolded also means “position” sangkutsahin parboil pinirito fried puwet buttocks sapat enough pinsala damage sapat na kakanyahan pinsan cousin enough ability pintor painter R sardinas sardines pinuno leaders; chiefs sariwa fresh pipigilin will stop rayuma rheumatism/ sarsa sauce pisngi cheeks arthritis sasama to go with pitsel pitcher realistiko realistic sawsawan dipping sauce platito saucer rebolusyonaryong kilusan Semana Santa Holy Week plato plate revolutionary movement semento cement porke because rebolusyonaryong puwersa sentralisado centralized post office post office revolutionary forces sibuyas onion posturang-pustura well- rekado/sangkap ingredients siglo century dressed relihiyoso religious siguro perhaps praning colloquial word restawran restaurant siko elbow meaning “not of the right simbahan church mind” sinagasaan ran over; refers presko fresh S to a vehicle hitting a preso prisoner person prito fry sa halip instead sinahugan added programa sa telebisyon sa katunayan in fact ingredients to television program sa loob ng sampung araw sinampahan charged prusisyon procession in ten days sinasangkot being prutas fruits saan-saan where implicated pugad nest sabaw broth; soup sinehan movie theater pugon fireplace; stove sabik excited sinematograpo puki vagina sagradong sagisag sacred cinematographer pulgada inch symbols singkit ang mata small or pulmonya pneumonia sahod wages slanted eyes pulot-gata honeymoon sahog other ingredients sinisingil being asked to pay pulso wrist; also “pulse” apart from the main sinisinta loves/adores pumapanig siding with ingredient sinisismo cynicism pumapasok goes to; for sakayan ng dyipni/bus sino-sino who example, pumapasok sa jeepney/bus stop sinubukan tried

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sinulsulan urged; prodded tagapangulo president/chair tiim-bagang to face sinusuyo shows affection to tagpuan setting something with willpower sipon runnynose; colds tag-ulan rainy season timbang weight sisitahin will warn; will tahong mussels tinadtad chopped reprimand taimtim na panata solemn tinangkas brought siste jest/joke/quip vow tinatanggal removing siyanse cooking utensil used takas escapees tinataya estimated for sautéing takilyera ticket seller tindahan store soberanya sovereignty takpan cover tindahan ng bulaklak sobre envelope talaba oyster flower shop soup talampakan/piye soles; foot tinidor fork STL small town lottery talon waterfalls tiniente lieutenant sugat sa dibdib heartache talukap ng mata eyelids tinipid was stingy in suka vinegar talupan peel spending suka nang suka keeps on tandaan remember tinitigan stared vomiting tangkad height, used only tinuka pecked sukbit carried over the for people tinulak pushed shoulder tangkain attempt tinulungan helped suki regular customer tanglaw light tinutukan aimed at sukli change tantiya estimate tinutukan ng baril was sulat letter taong gulang age aimed at with a gun; was suliranin problems taon-taon every year held at gunpoint sumadsad skidded taos-pusong pakikiramay tisis/t.b. tuberculosis sumakay ride my heartfelt condolences titi penis sumakay ka ride; get on tapat across from tiwalag separate sumali/lumahok joined, for tapat frank; also faithful, tiya/tiyahin/tita aunt example, an organization sincere; used in the tiyan/sikmura stomach sumasakay rides dialogue to mean “final tiyo/tiyuhin/tito uncle sumasakit/makirot painful price” torta/tortilya omelette sumisid dived tasa cup toyo sunod sa layaw pampered; tatakasan ng bait literally, tradisyonal traditional living in comfort one whose mind has transgender transgender suso breast escaped; refers to insane transeksuwal transsexual people traysikel tricycle tatay father tren train T tatlong beses isang araw tres siyentos three hundred three times a day tsikiting colloquial word for taas height tatu tattoo children taas-noo with pride tauhan staff tuhod knee tabi beside taumbayan people tuloy-tuloy continuously tadtarin chop tawad discount; forgiveness tumaas ang lagnat tagadisenyo ng entablado tema theme temperature became stage designer tenga ears higher; literally, fever tagadisenyo ng ilaw terminal ng tren train became higher lighting designer terminal tumakas escaped tagadisenyo ng kasuotan terno traditional Filipina tumambad exposed to [our] costume designer dress view; was exposed tagadisenyo ng terorista terrorist tumanggi refused produksiyon production tig-dadalawang/tig- tumaob tipped over designer dalawang piraso two tumatadyak kicking tagal length of time pieces each tumitira stay tagapag-alaga caregiver tig-iisang/tig-isang daang tumutugtog plays; for tagapagsalaysay narrator dolyar one hundred example, tumutugtog ng tagapagtatag founder dollars each gitara [plays the guitar]

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tumututol opposes ulila orphan walang pakundangan tuwid straight ulo head without any regard tuwing each/each time ulyanin forgetful walang pasok no classes tuwing ika-apat na oras umahon surfaced from the walang-awat incessantly; every four hours water literally, cannot be tuwing Lunes every umamin admitted stopped Monday umano apparently walang-takot fearless, tuwing makalawang araw uminom ng tabletas/ fearlessly every other day kapsula/gamot take tuwing umaga every tablets/capsule/medicine morning umiwas avoid Y tuwiran directly umuuwi goes home tuyo dried fish uri class yabag footsteps usok smoke yamang-dagat marine utang debt resources U uyayi lullaby yari sa/gawa sa made of yayaman din laman the ubo cough reason is that ubo nang ubo constantly W yelo ice coughing yumao died/went away ugaliin make it a habit wala does not have yupi-yupi dented; flattened ulam anything eaten with walang pagsidlan ang tuwa rice; viand very happy

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