DOCSLIB.ORG

System of Ophthalmology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
System of Ophthalmology ZOOLOGICAL GLOSSARY The figures in bold face indicate the number of a page containing an illustration in the text; those in italics indicate the number of a page showing a marginal illustration. Ablepharus. Skink: a reptile of the lizard family. AcANTHEPHYKA. Deep -sea shrimp: decapod crustacean. ACARiNA. An order of Arachnida, many of them minute and parasitic (mites, ticks). AccipiTER. Sparrow-hawk: bird-of-prey (Falconiformes). AcEREMOMo.v. Wingless, eyeless insect: Protura, 218. AcHiAS ROTHScHiLDi. Stalk-oyed fly: dipterous insect, 223. AcHOLOE. Scale-worm: free-swimming polychsete worm. Acinus. Water-beetle: coleopterous insect. AciPEXSER. Sturgeon, sterlet: chondrostean fish, 317, ACNIDARIA. Sub-phylum of non-stinging coelenterates, comprising the ctenophora. AcRiDA. Short-horn grasshopper: an orthopterous insect (Acrididse). Acrobat ES. Flying phalanger: marsupial. AciixiA. Sea-anemone: coelenterate (Anthozoa). Aedes. Mosquito: dipterous insect. ^OA. A crustacean (Isopoda). ASoLixA PRincA. Trilobite: extinct arthropod, 157 ^scH.\A. Dragonfly: insect (Odonata), 222, 225 AoAMA AOAMA. Agamid lizard: a lacertilian reptile, 359 Agaricus olearius. Limiinous fungus. the AONATHA. Class of jawless pre-fishes : the earliest vertebrates, represented today only by Cyclostomata. Ah.etulla PICTa. Painted tree snake: a colubrid snake. AiLUROPODA MELANOLEUCA. Giant panda: carnivore (Procyonidae). AiLURUs FULGENS. Panda: carnivore (Procyonidae). Alaurina prolifera. Pelagic Rhabdoccele: turbellarian worm. Albvrnus. Teleostean fish (Cyprinidse). A. LVciDus. The bleak. Alcedo. Kingfisher: Coraciiformes, 417 ALCiD.'E. The auk family of birds. Alcwpa. Free-swimming polychsete worm. Alligator. Reptile, crocodilian. Allolobophora. OHgochsete worm. Alouatta. Howling monkey: Primate (Cebidse). Alytes obstetricaas. Obstetric toad: anuran amphibian. Amblyomua pomposum. Tick: Acarina (Ixodides), 217 Amblyopsis. American cave-fish: teleostean fish. Amblyrhynchus cristatus. Marine iguanid lizard of Galapagos Islands : Reptile. Ambysioma tigrixum. N. American terrestrial salamander : vn-odelan amphibian, 346. Ameiurus. Bullhead cat-fish: siluroid teleost, 307 Amia calva. Bowfin of N. America: holostean fish, 321 AMMOCCETES. Larva of lamprey : cyclostome, 92 Ammomaxes. Desert lark: passerine bird. Ammophila. Digger wasp: insect (Hymenoptera). Amceba PROTEUS. Protozoon (Rhizopod), 179 Amphioxus (Bra.s-chiostoma). Lancelet: a protochordate (Cephalochordate), 229. Amphiporus. Nemertine worm, 189 Amphiss.e.va punctata. Legless blind subterranean lizard: Reptile. Amphitretus. Pelagic octopus; oephalopod mollusc, 203 Amphiuma. " Congo snake " or blind-eel, a salamander: urodelan amphibian, 349 756 ZOOLOGICAL GLOSSARY 757 AyABAS scAyDEXs. Climbing perch: an amphibious teleostean fish. AyABLEPS TETROPBTHALMUs. " Four-eyed " fish: a cyprinodont teleostean fish, 325 ANATID^. Family of birds, comprising swans, geese, ducks. AyAX. Dragonfly: insect (Odonata). AycALA FASciATA. Gadfly: dipterous insect (Tabanidse). Ayoi'iLLA. Common genus of eel: teleostean fish, 46 Ayoris fragjlis. Slow-worm: legless lizard, reptile, 363 Ay1 ELL A. Worm-lizard: Reptile. ANNELIDA. The phylum of segmented worms, comprising Oligochsetes, Polychsetes, Leeches. AyoDoyTA. Eyeless swan-mussel: fresh-water bivalve mollusc, 2(?i A-'\^i'>< American " chameleon ", iguanid lizard: Reptile, 361 AyoMALOPS KATOPTRos. Lumiuous fish: teleost (sea-bass family). AyoPHELES. Malaria-carrying mosquito: dipterous insect. AyoPHTHALMi!i. Blind cavernicolous beetle: coleopterous insect. ANOPLURA. Order of in.sects (wingless lice, parasitic on mammals). AyoPTicHTHYg joRDAXi. Blind Mexican cave-fish: teleost. AysER. Goose: Anseriformes (Anatidse). ANSERIFORMES. Order of birds, comprising (mainly) the Anatidae. AyTHOLOBA. Sea-anemone: coelenterate (Anthozoa). ANTHOZOA. Class of ccelcntcrates comprising sea-anemones and corals (" flower animals "). AyiHROBiA. Eyeless cave-spider: arachnid (Araneida). ANTHROPOiDEA. Sub-ordcr of Primates, comprising monkeys, apes and man. AyriLOCAFRA. Pronghorn: a ruminant similar to antelope. ANURA. Order of tail-less amphibians (frogs, toads). APHANiPTERA. An Order of insects comprising the wingless, blcod-sucking fleas. Aphis roRBEffi. Strawberry root louse: hemipterous insect. Aphrophora spcmaria. Frog-hopper or spittle-insect : hemipterous insect. APHroyus. Blind deep-sea teleostean fish. Apjs. Honey-bee: hymenopterous insect, 5S Aplocheilichthts rubrostigma. Killifish: cyprinodont teleostean fish. APODA. Csecilians : an order of worm-like, subterranean amphibians. Apodemvs. Field-mouse: a rodent (Muridte). Aptertx. Kiwi: flightless New Zealand bird (Ratitse), 398 Apus (Triors). Fresh-water crustacean (Branchiopod), 208 ARACHNID.^.. Class of artliropods, comprising spiders, scorpions, king-crabs, etc. ARANEIDA. Order of Arachnida, comprising spiders. ARAyECs DiADEiiATUs. Common garden spider: arachnid (Araneida), 214 ArcA. Noah's ark shell: bivalve mollusc. ARCHiANXELiDA. Class of marine segmented worms (e.g., Dinophilus). Archistoma besselsi. Springtail: primitive wingless insect (Collembola). Arctocebus. Agwantibo: nocturnal lemuroid (Primate). Ardea. Heron (Ciconiiformes), 404. AREyicoLA MARiyA. Lob-worm: burrowing polychsete worm, 190 Aroyropelecus. Hatchet fish: deep-sea luminoas teleostean fish, 322 Ariolimax. Slug: gastropod mollusc (Pulmonate). Arisielliger. Gecko : reptile of the lizard family. Aristeomorpha. Shrimp: decapod crustacean. Armadillidium. Pill-bug, a terrestrial woodlouse: crustacean (Isopoda), 4-5 Artemia. Brine-shrimp: crustacean (Branchiopod), 207 ARTHROPODA. Phylum of invertebrates, coniprising Onychoj)hora, Crustacea, Myriapoda, Aj-achnida, Insecta. ARTioDACTYLA. Order of placentals, comprising pig, camel, deer, etc. AscARis. Parasitic round worm: nematode, 190 AsciDTA. Sea-squirt: protochordate (Tunicate), 228 AsELLCs. Blind fresh-water louse: crustacean (IsojDoda), 207 Asio. Long-eared owl: Strigidae. AsPLAycHyA. A genus of rotifer. AsTACus. Crayfish: decapod crustacean, 164 758 ZOOLOGICAL GLOSSARY AsTERiAS. Starfish: an echinoderm (Asteroidea), 185 ASTEBOIDEA. Class of Echiiiodermata, comprising starfishes. AsTROScoPUS. Stargazer: teleostean fish, 751 AsTUR PALUMBARius. Goshawk: bird-of-prey (Falconiformes), 403 Ateles. Spider monkey of S. America: Primate (Cebidse), 689 ATHERiyA. Silverside: teleostean fish, 617 AuRELiA. Common jellyfish: a coelenterate (Scyphozoa), 183 AvsTROLETBOPs. Goby fish : teleostean fish. AvicuLA. Pearl oyster: bivalve mollusc, 200 BalmsA. Right-whale: a cetacean. Bal.esoptera. Blue whale: the largest cetacean, 444. Balasoglossvs. Acorn worm : a protochordate (Hemichordate), 227 Balasvs. Acorn-shell: a crustacean (Cirripede), 209 Balistes. File-fish (trigger-fish): a teleostean fish. Baratbronvs. a deep-sea teleostean fish. Barbatula. a fresh-water teleostean fish. Bathothauma. Deep-sea squid: a cephalopod mollusc, 203 Bathygobius. Goby fish: a teleostean fish. Bathtlaqvs benedict I. Deep-sea salmonid: a teleostean fish, 310 Bathypterois. Feeler-fish: a deep-sea teleostean fish. Bathytevthis. Deep-sea octopod: a cephalopod mollusc. Bathytroctes. a deep-sea teleostean fish. BATOiDEi. Sub-order of flat selachians (skate, ray). Bdellostoma. Slime hag: a cyclostome. Belidevs scivreus. a squirrel-like phalanger: marsupial (Phalangeridte). Belose. Needle-fish (garfish): a teleostean fish. Besoalichthys. Deep-sea ray: a bat oid selachian fi.sh. Be.xthobatis. Deep-sea ray: a batoid selachian fish. Beryx. a deep-sea teleostean fish, 303 Betta pvaxAX or spies dexs. Siamese fighting fish: a fre.sh-water teleostean fish, 84 BiBio MARci. April fly: a dipterous insect. BiTis ARiETASft. African puff adder : a snake of the viper family, 392 BIVALVES (Lamellibranchs). Class of molluscs, comprising the shell-fish (clam, cockle, mussel). Blattella oermamca. German cockroach: insect (Orthoptera). Blatta oriestalis. Common cockroach, black beetle: insect (Orthoptera), 34 BiEsyivs. Blenny: a teleostean fish, 310 BOID^.. Family of snakes, comprising boas, pythons, etc. Bold A DEyDROPjjiLA. Black-and-gold tree-snake (Mangrove snake) : Opisthoglyph. BoLiTOTHEBVs coRxuTus. A spccics of beetle: insect (Coleoptera). BoMBixATOR {Bombixa) loyEi's. Fire-bcllied toad: an anuran, 339 BoMBTs. Bumble-bee: a hymenopterous insect, 219 BoMBYLirs. Bee-fly: a dipterous insect, 219 BoMBYx. Silk-moth: a lepidopterous insect. BoRODisuLA iXFAys. Snipc-eel: a deep-sea teleostean fish, 679 Bos TAURUS. European domestic cattle (ox, cow): Ruminants (Bovidse). BoTAURUs. Bittern: a bird of the heron family, 685 BorroAixriLLBA. Hydroid colony: a coelenterate (Hydrozoa). BOViD^. Family of imgulates, comprising ox, sheep, goat, etc. Box. Sea-bream: a teleostean fish. BRACHIOPODA. Lamp-shells : a phylum of Invertebrata. Bradypus tridactylus. Three-toed sloth: Xenarthra (Bradypodidse). Braschelliox. Leech: an annelid (Hirudinea), 193 Braxchiomma tesiculosum. A marine tubicolous polychaete worm, 192 Braxchioxus. a genus of rotifer. BBANCHIOPODA. An Order of crustaceans, comprising Phyllopoda and Cladocera. Bubo. Eagle-owl: Strigida?, 422, 606 B. ASCALAPHUS. Savigny's eagle owl. ZOOLOGICAL GLOSSARY 759 Bvso LACTEDs. Milky eagle-owl. B. oBiEyTALis. Oriental eagle-owl. BuccixuM. Common whelk (buckie): gastropod mollusc, 197 BUFO. Common genus of toad: an anuran amphibian (Bufonidse), 341 B. AREyARVM S. American toad. B. BUFO. Common toad. B, MABiyus. Giant toad. B. yiRiDis. Green toad. BvGULA. Sea-mat; colonial Polyzoon, 46 BvTEO BCTEO. Buzzard: a bird-of-prey (Falconiformes),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uromacer Catesbyi (Schlegel) 1. Uromacer Catesbyi Catesbyi Schlegel 2. Uromacer Catesbyi Cereolineatus Schwartz 3. Uromacer Cate
    T 356.1 REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE UROMACER CATESBYI Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. [but see Schwartz,' 1970]); ontogenetic color change (Henderson and Binder, 1980); head and body proportions (Henderson and SCHWARTZ,ALBERTANDROBERTW. HENDERSON.1984. Uroma• Binder, 1980; Henderson et a\., 1981; Henderson, 1982b); behav• cer catesbyi. ior and ecology (Werner, 1909; Mertens, 1939; Curtiss, 1947; Uromacer catesbyi (Schlegel) Horn, 1969; Schwartz, 1970, 1979, 1980; Henderson and Binder, 1980; Henderson et a\., 1981, 1982; Henderson, 1982a, 1982b; Dendrophis catesbyi Schlegel, 1837:226. Type-locality, "lie de Henderson and Horn, 1983). St.- Domingue." Syntypes, Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris, 8670• 71 (sexes unknown) taken by Alexandre Ricord (date of col• • ETYMOLOGY.The species is named for Mark Catesby, noted lection unknown) (not examined by authors). North American naturalist. The subspecies names are all derived Uromacer catesbyi: Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854:72l. from Latin, as follow: cereolineatus, "waxen" and "thread," in allusion to the white longitudinal lateral line; hariolatus meaning • CONTENT.Eight subspecies are recognized, catesbyi, cereo• "predicted" in allusion to the fact that the north island (sensu lineatus,frondicolor, hariolatus, inchausteguii, insulaevaccarum, Williams, 1961) population was expected to be distinct; inchaus• pampineus, and scandax. teguii in honor of Sixto J. Inchaustegui, of the Museo Nacional de • DEFINITION.An elongate Uromacer, but head less elongate Historia Natural de Santo Domingo, Republica Dominicana; insu• than in congeners, and the head scales accordingly not highly mod• laevaccarum, a literal translation of lIe-a-Vache (island of cows), ified. Ventrals are 157-177 in males, and 155-179 in females; pampineus, "pertaining to vine tendrils or leaves;" and scandax, subcaudals are 172-208 in males, and 159-201 in females.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Molecular Phylogeny, Classification, and Biogeography Of
    Zootaxa 2067: 1–28 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae) S. BLAIR HEDGES1, ARNAUD COULOUX2, & NICOLAS VIDAL3,4 1Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Genoscope. Centre National de Séquençage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France www.genoscope.fr 3UMR 7138, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France 4Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected] Abstract Most West Indian snakes of the family Dipsadidae belong to the Subfamily Xenodontinae and Tribe Alsophiini. As recognized here, alsophiine snakes are exclusively West Indian and comprise 43 species distributed throughout the region. These snakes are slender and typically fast-moving (active foraging), diurnal species often called racers. For the last four decades, their classification into six genera was based on a study utilizing hemipenial and external morphology and which concluded that their biogeographic history involved multiple colonizations from the mainland. Although subsequent studies have mostly disagreed with that phylogeny and taxonomy, no major changes in the classification have been proposed until now. Here we present a DNA sequence analysis of five mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene in 35 species and subspecies of alsophiines. Our results are more consistent with geography than previous classifications based on morphology, and support a reclassification of the species of alsophiines into seven named and three new genera: Alsophis Fitzinger (Lesser Antilles), Arrhyton Günther (Cuba), Borikenophis Hedges & Vidal gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Functions of Neotropical Amphibians and Reptiles: a Review
    Univ. Sci. 2015, Vol. 20 (2): 229-245 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.SC20-2.efna Freely available on line REVIEW ARTICLE Ecological functions of neotropical amphibians and reptiles: a review Cortés-Gomez AM1, Ruiz-Agudelo CA2 , Valencia-Aguilar A3, Ladle RJ4 Abstract Amphibians and reptiles (herps) are the most abundant and diverse vertebrate taxa in tropical ecosystems. Nevertheless, little is known about their role in maintaining and regulating ecosystem functions and, by extension, their potential value for supporting ecosystem services. Here, we review research on the ecological functions of Neotropical herps, in different sources (the bibliographic databases, book chapters, etc.). A total of 167 Neotropical herpetology studies published over the last four decades (1970 to 2014) were reviewed, providing information on more than 100 species that contribute to at least five categories of ecological functions: i) nutrient cycling; ii) bioturbation; iii) pollination; iv) seed dispersal, and; v) energy flow through ecosystems. We emphasize the need to expand the knowledge about ecological functions in Neotropical ecosystems and the mechanisms behind these, through the study of functional traits and analysis of ecological processes. Many of these functions provide key ecosystem services, such as biological pest control, seed dispersal and water quality. By knowing and understanding the functions that perform the herps in ecosystems, management plans for cultural landscapes, restoration or recovery projects of landscapes that involve aquatic and terrestrial systems, development of comprehensive plans and detailed conservation of species and ecosystems may be structured in a more appropriate way. Besides information gaps identified in this review, this contribution explores these issues in terms of better understanding of key questions in the study of ecosystem services and biodiversity and, also, of how these services are generated.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile Diversity in an Amazing Tropical Environment: the West Indies - L
    TROPICAL BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT - Vol. VIII - Reptile Diversity In An Amazing Tropical Environment: The West Indies - L. Rodriguez Schettino REPTILE DIVERSITY IN AN AMAZING TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT: THE WEST INDIES L. Rodriguez Schettino Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Cuba To the memory of Ernest E. Williams and Austin Stanley Rand Keywords: Reptiles, West Indies, geographic distribution, morphological and ecological diversity, ecomorphology, threatens, conservation, Cuba Contents 1. Introduction 2. Reptile diversity 2.1. Morphology 2.2.Habitat 3. West Indian reptiles 3.1. Greater Antilles 3.2. Lesser Antilles 3.3. Bahamas 3.4. Cuba (as a study case) 3.4.1. The Species 3.4.2. Geographic and Ecological Distribution 3.4.3. Ecomorphology 3.4.4. Threats and Conservation 4. Conclusions Acknowledgments Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The main features that differentiate “reptiles” from amphibians are their dry scaled tegument andUNESCO their shelled amniotic eggs. In– modern EOLSS studies, birds are classified under the higher category named “Reptilia”, but the term “reptiles” used here does not include birds. One can externally identify at least, three groups of reptiles: turtles, crocodiles, and lizards and snakes. However, all of these three groups are made up by many species that are differentSAMPLE in some morphological characters CHAPTERS like number of scales, color, size, presence or absence of limbs. Also, the habitat use is quite variable; there are reptiles living in almost all the habitats of the Earth, but the majority of the species are only found in the tropical regions of the world. The West Indies is a region of special interest because of its tropical climate, the high number of species living on the islands, the high level of endemism, the high population densities of many species, and the recognized adaptive radiation that has occurred there in some genera, such as Anolis, Sphaerodactylus, and Tropidophis.
    [Show full text]
  • Nerodia Taxispilota)
    ECOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF THE BROWN WATER SNAKE (NERODIA TAXISPILOTA) by MARK S. MILLS (Under the direction of Dr. J. Whitfield Gibbons) ABSTRACT Population parameters, habitat, diet, reproductive traits, and other natural history characteristics of the brown water snake, Nerodia taxispilota, from the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, were determined or estimated using mark-recapture data collected over an 8-yr period (1991-1998). Population size estimates for a 10-km section of the Savannah River ranged from 2782 - 3956 (approximately 0.14 - 0.20 snakes/m of shoreline). Growth was similar in juveniles of both sexes, but adult females grew significantly faster than adult males. Life history traits for this population include: 1) relatively high adult survivorship, 2) estimated ages at maturity of approximately 5-6 years for females and 3 years for males, 3) relatively long-lived (6+yr) individuals, 4) high fecundity (mean litter size =18.2), and 5) annual reproduction by females larger than 115 cm SVL. Litter size was positively correlated with female length and mass. No apparent trade-off exists between litter size and offspring size. Brown water snakes were not randomly distributed and were significantly associated with the steep-banked outer bends of the river and availability of potential perch sites. River sections with the highest number of captures were clustered within 200 m of backwater areas. Most (70%) of 164 recaptured N. taxispilota were <250 m from their previous capture site; however, three moved >1 km. Only large (>80 cm snout-vent length) individuals (n = 8) crossed the river (approximately 100 m).
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake* (Boiga Irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Publications Plant Health Inspection Service April 1999 An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake* (Boiga irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands Gordon H. Rodda Thomas H. Fritts Michael J. McCoid Earl W. Campbell III Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Rodda, Gordon H.; Fritts, Thomas H.; McCoid, Michael J.; and Campbell, Earl W. III, "An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake* (Boiga irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands" (1999). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. 659. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/659 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2 An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesna ke* ( Boigo irreguluris), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands THE GENUS BOlGA The 2&30 species of the genus Boiga (Colubridae, Boiginae) range from tropical Africa through southern Asia to Melanesia and Australia (Leviton, 1968). Collec- tively, they are known as catsnakes, mangrove snakes, or treesnakes (Obst et al., 1988; Greene, 1989). The common name "catsnakes" is sometimes used for snakes in the genus Telescopus as well (Obst et 1,1988).
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Molecular Phylogeny, Classification, and Biogeography of West Indian Racer
    Zootaxa 2067: 1–28 (2009) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2009 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae) S. BLAIR HEDGES1, ARNAUD COULOUX2, & NICOLAS VIDAL3,4 1Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Genoscope. Centre National de Séquençage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France www.genoscope.fr 3UMR 7138, Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 26, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France 4Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected] Abstract Most West Indian snakes of the family Dipsadidae belong to the Subfamily Xenodontinae and Tribe Alsophiini. As recognized here, alsophiine snakes are exclusively West Indian and comprise 43 species distributed throughout the region. These snakes are slender and typically fast-moving (active foraging), diurnal species often called racers. For the last four decades, their classification into six genera was based on a study utilizing hemipenial and external morphology and which concluded that their biogeographic history involved multiple colonizations from the mainland. Although subsequent studies have mostly disagreed with that phylogeny and taxonomy, no major changes in the classification have been proposed until now. Here we present a DNA sequence analysis of five mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene in 35 species and subspecies of alsophiines. Our results are more consistent with geography than previous classifications based on morphology, and support a reclassification of the species of alsophiines into seven named and three new genera: Alsophis Fitzinger (Lesser Antilles), Arrhyton Günther (Cuba), Borikenophis Hedges & Vidal gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Snake Relationships Revealed by Slow-Evolving Proteins: a Preliminary Survey
    J. Zool., Lond. (1996) 240, 1-28 Snake relationships revealed by slow-evolving proteins: a preliminary survey 2 3 2 3 H. G. DOWLING. I C. A. HASS. S. BLAIR HEDGES . AND R. HIGHTON 2 IRendalia Biologists, Talladega, Alabama, 35160, USA 2Department o.f Zoology. University of Maryland. College Park. Maryland. 20742. USA (Accepted 22 June 1995) (With 6 figures in the text) We present an initial evaluation of relationships among a diverse sample of 215 species of snakes (8% of the world snake fauna) representing nine ofthe 16 commonly-recognized families. Allelic variation at four slow-evolving. protein-coding loci. detected by starch-gel electrophoresis. was found to be informative for estimating relationships among these species at several levels. The numerous alleles detected at these loci [Acp-2 (42 alleles). Ldh-2 (43). Mdh-I (29). Pgm (25)] provided unexpected clarity in partitioning these taxa. Most congeneric species and several closely-related genera have the same allele at all four loci or differ at only a single locus. At the other extreme are those species with three or four unique alleles: these taxa cannot be placed in this analysis. Species sharing two or three distinctive alleles are those most clearly separated into clades. Typhlopids. pythonids. viperids. and elapids were resolved into individual clades, whereas boids were separated into boines and erycines, and colubrids appeared as several distinct clades (colubrines. natricines. psammophines, homalopsines, and xenodontines). Viper­ ids were recognized as a major division containing three separate clades: Asian and American crotalines, Palaearctic and Oriental viperines, and Ethiopian causines. The typhlopids were found to be the basal clade.
    [Show full text]
  • POLYCHROTIDAE Anolis Chlorocyanus Dumcril And
    REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: POLYCHROTIDAE ANOLISCHLOROCYANUS Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Ramos, Y.M. and R. Powell. 2001. Anolis chlorocyanus. - Anolis chlorocyanus DumCril and Bibron Lacerta bullaris Linnaeus 1758:308 (part). Anolis bullaris: Daudin 1802:69 (part). Anolis chloro-cyanus Dumhil and Bihon 1837: 117. Type lo- I( cality, "Martinique [in error] and St.-Domingue mispaniola]." Syntypes, MusCum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHM) 785 and 787, age and sex unknown (although from the description, one specimen was an adult male), date of collection and collector unknown (not examined by authors). See Remarks. Dacryloa (Xiphosaurus) chloro-cyana: Fitzinger 1843:67 (Fitz- inger lists "Dacryloa bullaris Fitz." in his synonymy, but does not provide any further details]. FIGURE 2. Adult female ,.-,, -..d juvenile Anolis c. chlorocyanus (bottom right) from Casa de Campo, Provincia de La Romana, RepSlblica Dominicana (photographs courtesy of John Sullivan);juvenile (bottom left) from the Los Haitises region, Provincia de Monte Plata, Repiiblica FIGURE 1. Subadult Anolis c. chlorocyanus from the Los Haitises Dominicana (photograph by Richard E. Glor). region, Provincia de Monte Plata, Repliblica Dominicana (photograph by Richard E. Glor). FIGURE 3. Adult maleiinolis c. chlorocyarurr (top left) from near Maizel, Provincia de Valverde, and an adult male A. c. cyanosticrus (bottom left) from the road from Bani to El Recodo, Provincia de Peravia, RepSlblica Dominicana (photographsby Richard E. Glor). Adult male A. c. chlorocyanus (top right) from "Haiti: I'Ouest: 7 mi. N Mirebalais (ASFS X2220)" and an adult male A. c. cyanosticrus (bottom right) from "Rep[iiblica]. Dom[inicana].: San Crist6bal: 2 mi. SE San Crist6bal (ASFS X7782)" (from Schwartz and Henderson 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • Ahaetulla, Oxybelis, Thelototnis, Uromacer
    ~rnrnij~~llirnij~rnrn~ ~rn ~~rn~rn~~ rnrn~ rnrnrn~rn~~ Number 37 November 20, 1980 The Ecology and Behavior of Vine Snakes (Ahaetulla; Oxybelis, Thelotornis, Uromacer): A Review Robert W. Henderson and Mary H. Binder REVIEW COMMITTEE FOR THIS PUBLICATION: Gordon Burghardt, University of Tennessee Harry W. Greene, University of California John D. Groves, Philadelphia Zoological Garden ISBN 0-89326-063-0 Milwaukee Public Museum Press Published by the Order of the Board of Trustees Milwaukee Public Museum Accepted for Publication November 20, 1980 The Ecology and Behavior of Vine Snakes (Ahaetulla, Oxybelis, Thelotomis, Uromacer): A Review* Robert W. Henderson and Mary H. Binder • Dedicated to Dr. Henry S. Fitch Abstract: Vine snakes are members of four distantly related genera (Ahaetulla, Oxybelis, Thelotornis and Uromacer) and, as a group, are morphologically, ecologically and behaviorally unique. They are characterized by having a (I) head length/snout length ratio of < 3.0, (2) a snout base width/snout anterior width ratio> 1.76 and (3) a head length/eye diameter ratio > 6.0. They show significant differences (P < .05) from every other group they were tested against for at least two (#1 and #2) of the three ratios, and they differed from other arboreal lizard predators for all three characters. A haetulla prasina and three species of Oxybelis show no onotogenetic change for ratios #1 and #2, but all did for ratio #3. All vine snakes are primarily arboreal, diurnal and feed on active prey-usually lizards. They may very well be the only arboreal snakes that routinely feed on potentially fast moving prey and they are visu- ally oriented predators cued by prey movement.
    [Show full text]
  • Boiga Irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Sli Ands Gordon H
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for Publications 4-1-1999 An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake* (Boiga irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific slI ands Gordon H. Rodda Thomas H. Fritts Michael J. McCoid Earl W. Campbell III Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Rodda, Gordon H.; Fritts, Thomas H.; McCoid, Michael J.; and Campbell, Earl W. III, "An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesnake* (Boiga irregularis), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific slI ands" (1999). USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff Publications. Paper 659. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/659 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA National Wildlife Research Center - Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 2 An Overview of the Biology of the Brown Treesna ke* ( Boigo irreguluris), a Costly Introduced Pest on Pacific Islands THE GENUS BOlGA The 2&30 species of the genus Boiga (Colubridae, Boiginae) range from tropical Africa through southern Asia to Melanesia and Australia (Leviton, 1968). Collec- tively, they are known as catsnakes, mangrove snakes, or treesnakes (Obst et al., 1988; Greene, 1989). The common name "catsnakes" is sometimes used for snakes in the genus Telescopus as well (Obst et 1,1988). Members of the genus Boiga are nocturnal, oviparous, opisthoglyphic, eury- phagic, and slender; they have vertical elliptical pupils (thus "catn snakes) set in large eyes, and short, blunt heads that are noticeably larger than their necks.
    [Show full text]
  • REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE Alsophis Melanichnus Cope
    660.1 r'\ REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SERPENTES: COLUBRIDAE A WOPHIS MELANICHNUS Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Powell, R. and R.W. Henderson. 1998. Alsophis melanichnus. Alsophis melanichnus Cope Alsophis melanichnus: Cope 1862:76. Type locality, "Hayti, near Jeremie [DCpt. Grand'Anse]." Holotype, unlocated, pre- sumably lost, an adult (total length "36 in.," tail "10 in. 3 lin."), collected by Dr. Weinland (not examined by authors). Leimadophis antillensis sancticrucis: Amaral 1929 (1930): 164 (not of Cope 1862). Content. No subspecies are recognized. -:.- - J .Definition. This moderately sized (SVL "about 630 mm;" Figure 1. Adult male Alsophis melanichnus (MCZ R-7836) Schwartz and Henderson, 1991) colubrid has "aboutw 189 from La Vega (= La Vega Province?). Dominican Republic. Scale ventrals and "about" 108 subcaudals (male), 17 dorsal scale rows = I Cm. at midbody, 8 or 9 supralabials, 10 infralabials, 111 preoculars, 212 postoculars, 2+2/2+2 temporals, and 111 loreals. The cloa- cal scute (= anal plate) is divided. Dorsal ground color in preserved specimens is dark olive. A pale lateral stripe on the neck continues on adjoining margins of scale rows 4 and 5 to midbody. A distinct black line between scale rows 5 and 6 similarly disappears at midbody. The labials are somewhat paler and some white blotches occur on the chin. The venter is somewhat paler than the dorsum and most ventrals are edged with a narrow, pale border. n Diagnosis. Alsophis melanichnrrs can be distinguished from FigureR-7836) 2. from Head La of Vega an adult (= La male Vega Alsophis Province?), melanichnrcsDominican (MCZ Re- all other Hispaniolan colubrids by having 17 dorsal scale rows public (from Cochran 1941).
    [Show full text]