sign in sign up
<<
Home , Alsophis, Alsophis antillensis, Anolis auratus, Anolis brevirostris, Anolis capito, Anolis chlorocyanus

Herpetology Notes, volume 13: 981-987 (2020) (published online on 26 November 2020)

Anolis tandai, a new dietary record for the Amazon ringed , Rhinobothryum lentiginosum (Scopoli, 1785) (: )

Luis A. García–Ayachi1,2,3,*, Mallory Wittwer3, and Christopher Kirkby3

The Amazon banded snake is a rare, infrequently because they observed these on the ground observed of squamate with only a few (Martins and Oliveira, 1998; Doan and Arriaga, 2000; specimens stored in biological collections, despite its Duellman, 2005; Ribeiro Duarte, 2010; Avila–Pires et widespread distribution (Cunha and Nascimento, 1978). al., 2010). However, dietary information suggests that R. This snake lives in the lowland Amazonian forests of lentiginosum is a specialist that feeds on a variety , , , , , of terrestrial and arboreal species that range in size from , , , , and (Peters small species, such as Gonatodes spp. to the larger and Orejas–Miranda, 1970; Miranda et al., 2009; Iguana iguana (Table 1). Rhinobothryum lentiginosum Reynolds and MacCulloch, 2012; Uetz et al., 2020). likely forages in tree and bushes, and possibly preys Although it has been recorded in primary forest (Cunha on night–sleeping (Oliveira and Martins, 1998; and Nascimento, 1978; Cunha et al., 1985; Martins Martins and Oliveira, 1998; Vitt et al., 2000; Duellman, and Oliveira, 1998; Fraga et al., 2014), some records 2005; Ribeiro Duarte, 2010), and occasionally on , demonstrate that R. lentiginosum also inhabits secondary small and mammals (Zimmerman and Rodrigues, forest (Venegas and Couceiro, 2017), and more open, 1990; Avila–Pires et al., 2010). disturbed areas (Bernarde and Abe, 2006; França et al., Surprisingly, the most common tree–dwelling lizards 2006). Western Amazon records of this species include in the Amazon ( Anolis) have not previously been northern (Loreto department, Dixon and Soini, 1986; recorded in the diet of Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. Gagliardi–Urrutia, 2010), central (Ucayali department, With 436 species (Uetz et al., 2020), Anolis lizards Lehr and Aguilar, 2000), and southern Peru (Madre de are relatively common and are prey of many arboreal Dios department, Rodríguez and Cadle, 1990; Doan and and semi–arboreal snakes, as reported by many studies Arriaga, 2000; Duellman, 2005; von May et al., 2006; (Beebe, 1946; Duellman, 1958, 1978, 2005; Emsley, Catenazzi et al., 2013, Venegas and Couceiro, 2017). 1963; Henderson, 1974, 1982, 1984a,b, 1993, 2002; Rhinobothryum lentiginosum is a snake that is both Myers, 1974; Henderson and Nickerson, 1976; Cunha diurnal (Martins and Oliveira, 1998; Venegas and and Nascimento, 1978; Henderson et al., 1981, 2007; Couceiro, 2017) and nocturnal in its activities (Martins Cunha and Nascimento, 1982; Franz and Gicca, 1982; and Oliveira, 1998; Doan and Arriaga, 2000; Vitt et al., Nellis et al., 1983; Henderson and Horn, 1983; Seib, 2000; Duellman, 2005; Ribeiro Duarte, 2010). Previous 1984; Novo Rodríguez and de Arazoza Rodríguez, authors considered the species as being terrestrial, 1986; Rodríguez–Robles and Leal, 1993a,b; Dixon et al., 1993; Avila–Pires, 1995; Henderson and Sajdak, 1996; Gorzula and Señaris, 1998; Martins and Oliveira, 1998; Campbell, 1999; Stafford, 2003; Gutierrez and Arredondo, 2005; Pérez–Higareda et al., 2007; Halstead et al., 2008; Scartozzoni et al.,2009; Bernarde and Abe, 1 Instituto Peruano de Herpetología (IPH), Lima, Perú. 2010; García–Padilla and Luna–Alcántara, 2011; Ray et 2 División de Herpetología, Centro de Ornitología y al., 2011; Henderson and Pauers, 2012; Veríssimo et al., Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Lima, Perú. 3 Asociación Fauna Forever, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, 2012; de Sousa et al., 2014; Natera et al., 2015; Clause Perú. and Clause, 2016; Solé and Dias, 2017; Henderson and * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Powell, 2018; Torres–Carvajal et al., 2018; Sosa et al., 982 Luis A. García–Ayachi et al.

2019; Fuentes–Montejo and Sánchez, 2019; Roberto R. lentiginosum (snout–vent length 492 mm, total body and Souza, 2020; Alamy, 2020a,b). length 632 mm) feeding on a female adult Anolis tandai During fieldwork in the southern Peruvian Amazon, we (Tandai’s anole, total body length 16 cm). We found the observed for the first time a species of Anolis predated by snake on a bush, 39 cm above the ground. The snake Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. On 9 September 2016 at had bitten into the dorsum of the lizard, which appeared 20:21 h, in the tropical humid lowland rainforest around to still be alive due to the continued movements of its Las Piedras Amazon Centre (LPAC), Las Piedras river limbs. The snake kept biting the lizard for ~2 minutes and basin (12°4’10.99”S, 69°29’36.86”W, altitude 226 m), until its death. At that point, with slow jaw movements, Madre de Dios department of Peru, we observed a female the snake manoeuvred the lizard to swallow it head first

Figure 1. An adult female Rhinobothryum lentiginosum feeding on a female Anolis tandai. (A) Initial sighting of R. lentiginosum hanging from a branch, biting dorsally the upper body of the lizard. (B-D) Sequence showing the swallowing of the lizard, head first. Photo by M. Wittwer. Anolis tandai, a new dietary record for the Amazon ringed snake 983

Table 1. List of prey items for Rhinobothryum lentiginosum as recorded in literature and in this study. Table 1. List of prey items for Rhinobothryum lentiginosum as recorded in literature and in this study.

Prey Item Reference Anolis tandai This study Kentropyx calcarata Kentropyx calcarata juvenile Remains of Ameiva ameiva de Arruda et al., 2015 Remains of Gonatodes sp. Remains of lizard, unidentifiable Remains of Mabuyidae Iguana iguana Ribeiro Duarte, 2010 Mabuya nigropunctata Bernarde and Abe, 2010 Birds, mammals Avila-Pires et al., 2010 Gonatodes humeralis Vitt et al., 2000 Gonatodes humeralis Martins and Oliveira, 1998 Gonatodes humeralis Mabuya sp. plica Oliveira and Martins, 1998 Plica umbra and remains of another lizards marmoratus and remains of another lizards frogs Zimmerman and Rodrigues, 1990

Table 2. List of snake species that prey on Anolis spp. as recorded in the literature and in this study. D = Diurnal; N = Nocturnal. Table 2. List of snake species that prey on Anolis spp. as recorded in the literature and in this study. D = Diurnal; N = Nocturnal.

Family Species Habit Prey References Chilabothrus monensis N Anolis sp. Nellis et al., 1983. cookii N Anolis griseus, A. trinitatis. Henderson et al., 2007; Henderson and Pauers, 2012; Henderson and Powell, 2018.

() Corallus grenadensis N Anolis aeneus, A. griseus, A. richardi, Henderson, 1993; Henderson and Pauers, 2012; A. trinitatis, Anolis spp. Henderson and Powell, 2018. Corallus hortulanus N Anolis sp. Henderson, 2002. antiguae D Anolis sp. Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. D , A. marmoratus, A. oculatus, Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. Anolis sp. Alsophis rijersmai D Anolis gingivinus Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. Alsophis rufiventris D , A. wattsi, Anolis sp. Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. Alsophis spp. D Anolis spp. Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. portoricensis D Anolis cristatellus, A. evermanni, Rodríguez–Robles and Leal, 1993a,b; Henderson and A. monensis, A. pulchellus, A. stratulus, Sajdak, 1996. Anolis spp. Colubridae Cubophis cantherigerus D Anolis angusticeps, A. conspersus, Henderson, 1984a; Novo Rodriguez and de Arazoza () A. ophiolepis, A. porcatus, A. quadriocellifer, Rodriguez, 1986; Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. A. sagrei, Anolis sp. Cubophis vudii D Anolis brunneus, A. sagrei, A. scriptus, Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. Anolis sp. Erythrolamprus perfuscus D Anolis extremus Emsley, 1963; Michaud and Dixon, 1989. Haitiophis anomalus D Anolis sp. Henderson and Sajdak, 1996. Hypsirhynchus ferox D Anolis cybotes, Anolis spp. Henderson, 1984a,b. Hypsirhynchus parvifrons D Anolis brevirostris, A. chlorocyanus, Franz and Gicca, 1982; Henderson, 1984a. A. cybotes, Anolis sp. Laltris dorsalis D Anolis sp. Henderson, 1984a.

984 Luis A. García–Ayachi et al.

Table 2. Continued Table 2. List of snake species that prey on Anolis spp. as recorded in the literature and in this study. D = Diurnal; N = Nocturnal.

Family Species Habit Prey References ImantodesChilabothrus cenchoa monensis N Anolis cfsp. auratus, A. capito, A. barkeri, HendersonNellis et al., and 1983. Nickerson, 1976; Duellman, 1978; Corallus cookii N A.Anolis chrysolepis, griseus, A. frenatus,trinitatis. A. fuscoauratus, Campbell,Henderson 1999; et al., Martins2007; Henderson and Oliveira, and 1998;Pauers, 2012; A. lemurinus, A. mariarum, A. ortonii, Duellman,Henderson 2005;and Powell, Gutierrez 2018. and Arredondo, 2005; Boidae A. petersii, A. planiceps, A. punctatus, Pérez–Higareda et al., 2007; García–Padilla and Luna– (Boinae) Corallus grenadensis N A.Anolis rodriguezii, aeneus, A.A. trachyderma,griseus, A. richardi, A. uniformis, Alcántara,Henderson, 2011; 1993; Ray Henderson et al., 2011; and Pauers,de Sousa 2012; et al., AnolisA. trinitatis, sp. Anolis spp. 2014;Henderson Natera and et Powell,al., 2015; 2018. Clause and Clause, 2016; Corallus hortulanus N Anolis sp. Torres–CarvajalHenderson, 2002. et al., 2018; Alamy, 2020a. ImantodesAlsophis antiguae gemmistratus ND Anolis sp.sp. Henderson and Nickerson,Sajdak, 1996. 1976. ImantodesAlsophis antillensis inornatus ND Anolis sp.lividus, A. marmoratus, A. oculatus, Torres–CarvajalHenderson and Sajdak, et al., 2018. 1996. Leptodeira maculata N Anolis spp.sp. Duellman, 1958. LeptodeiraAlsophis rijersmai ashmeadii ND Anolis cfgingivinus auratus NateraHenderson et al., and 2015. Sajdak, 1996. LeptodeiraAlsophis rufiventris bakeri ND Anolis lineatussabanus, A. wattsi, Anolis sp. Duellman,Henderson 1958.and Sajdak, 1996. LeptodeiraAlsophis spp. frenata ND Anolis spp.spp. Duellman,Henderson 1958.and Sajdak, 1996. LeptodeiraBorikenophis polysticta portoricensis ND Anolis spp.cristatellus, A. evermanni, Duellman,Rodríguez–Robles 1958. and Leal, 1993a,b; Henderson and A. monensis, A. pulchellus, A. stratulus, Sajdak, 1996. Philodryas argentea D Anolis chrysolepis,spp. A. fuscoauratus, A. tandai, Duellman, 1978; Cunha and Nascimento, 1978; A. trachyderma. Avila–Pires, 1995. Colubridae Cubophis cantherigerus D Anolis angusticeps, A. conspersus, Henderson, 1984a; Novo Rodriguez and de Arazoza (Dipsadinae) Philodryas olfersii D AnolisA. ophiolepis, auratus A. porcatus, A. quadriocellifer, GorzulaRodriguez, and 1986; Señaris, Henderson 1998. and Sajdak, 1996. taeniata D AnolisA. sagrei, spp. Anolis sp. Myers, 1974. SiphlophisCubophis vudii compressus ND Anolis chrysolepis,brunneus, A. A. sagrei, fuscoauratus, A. scriptus, Anolis sp. MartinsHenderson and and Oliveira, Sajdak, 1998; 1996. Solé and Dias, 2017; Anolis sp. Torres–Carvajal et al., 2018; Alamy, 2020b. ThamnodynastesErythrolamprus perfuscuschimanta D Anolis sp.extremus GorzulaEmsley, and1963; Señaris, Michaud 1998. and Dixon, 1989. UromacerHaitiophis catesbyianomalus D Anolis sp.sp. Henderson etand al., Sajdak, 1981; Henderson,1996. 1982; Hypsirhynchus ferox D Anolis cybotes, Anolis spp. Henderson, 1984a.1984a,b. UromacerHypsirhynchus frenatus parvifrons D Anolis chlorocyanus,brevirostris, A. A. chlorocyanus, cybotes, A. olssoni, HendersonFranz and Gicca, and Horn, 1982; 1983; Henderson, Henderson, 1984a. 1984a. Table 2 continued AnolisA. cybotes, sp. Anolis sp.

Colubridae UromacerLaltris dorsalis oxyrhynchus D Anolis spp.sp. HendersonHenderson, et 1984a. al., 1981; Henderson, 1982; (Dipsadinae) Henderson, 1984a. Dendrophidion nuchale D Anolis sp. Stafford, 2003.

Dendrophidion percarinatum D Anolis sp. Stafford, 2003. exoletus D Anolis sp. Roberto and Souza, 2020.

Chironius fuscus D Anolis sp. Beebe, 1946.

Chironius monticola D Anolis sp. Dixon et al., 1993.

Chironius multiventris D Anolis fuscoauratus Cunha and Nascimento, 1982.

Coluber constrictor D Halstead et al., 2008.

Drymobius chloroticus D Anolis sp. Seib, 1984. margaritiferus D Anolis sp. Seib, 1984. Drymoluber dichrous D Anolis fuscoauratus, Anolis sp. Duellman, 1978; Veríssimo et al., 2012. D Anolis sp. Martins and Oliveira, 1998. Leptophis depressirostris D Anolis sp. Torres–Carvajal et al., 2018. Leptophis mexicanus D Anolis capito, Anolis spp. Henderson, 1982; Fuentes–Montejo and Sánchez, 2019. flagellum D Anolis carolinensis Halstead et al., 2008. Mastigodryas amarali D Anolis planiceps Natera et al., 2015. Mastigodryas bruesi D Anolis aeneus, A.trinitatis Henderson and Powell, 2018. Mastigodryas melanolomus D Anolis rodriguezii, A. sagrei, Anolis sp. Seib, 1984; Sosa et al., 2019. aeneus D Anolis chrysolepis, A. tandai, Anolis sp. Beebe, 1946; Henderson, 1974; Cunha and Nascimento, 1978; Henderson, 1982; Avila–Pires, 1995. Oxybelis fulgidus D Anolis chrysolepis, A. ortonii, A. tandai, Beebe, 1946; Henderson, 1982; Avila–Pires, 1995; Anolis spp. Scartozzoni et al., 2009; Bernarde and Abe, 2010; Torres–Carvajal et al., 2018. Rhinobothryum lentiginosum D–N Anolis tandai This study. Bothriechis schlegelii D–N Anolis sp. Torres–Carvajal et al., 2018. Viperidae Crotalus durissus D–N Anolis sp. Natera et al., 2015. Porthidium nasutum D–N Anolis sp. Torres–Carvajal et al., 2018.

Anolis tandai, a new dietary record for the Amazon ringed snake 985

(Fig. 1). Having completely swallowed the lizard, we em Espigão do Oeste, Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 10: proceeded to capture, measure, sex (by massaging the 167–173. cloaca for presence of hemipenes) the snake, and finally Campbell, J.A. (1999): Amphibians and of northern , the Yucatán, and . USA, University of released it near the point of capture. Oklahoma Press. This is the first record of an anole lizard, Family Catenazzi, A., Lehr, E., von May, R. (2013): The amphibians and , in the diet of Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon Therefore, we add R. lentiginosum to the list of more basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru. Biota Neotropica than 50 snakes known to prey on anoles; some of these 13: 269–283. snake species have nocturnal habits (16 species, 30%), Clause, J.K., Clause, A.G. (2016): cenchoa (Blunt– which would mean that they are feeding on sleeping headed Tree Snake). Diet. Herpetological Review 47: 312–313. Anolis. In addition to R. lentiginosum, Oxybelis aeneus, Cunha, O.R., Nascimento, F.P. (1978): Ofıdios da Amazonia, X–As cobras da Regiao Leste do Pará. Belém, Publicações Avulsas do Oxybelis fulgidus and Philodryas argentea are known Museu Paraense Emılio Goeldi. predators of Anolis tandai (Table 2). During our search Cunha, O.R., Nascimento, F.P. (1982): Ofídios da amazônia XV– of information about snakes that feed on anole lizards, As espécies de Chironius da Amazônia Oriental (Pará, Amapá we tried to collect as much data as possible, however e Maranhão) (Ophidia: Colubridae). Memórias do Instituto we have some limitations, such as national books and Butantan 46: 139–172. reports from some countries that remain unavailable. Cunha, O.R., Nascimento, F.P., Avila–Pires, T.C. (1985): Os repteis da área de Carajás, Pará, Brasil (Testudines e Squamata) I. Publicações Avulsas do Museu Paraense Emılio Goeldi 40: Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Fauna Forever 9–92. (www.faunaforever.org) for supporting this research as part of de Arruda, L.A.G., de Carvalho, M.A., Kawashita–Ribeiro, their forest conservation and biodiversity monitoring programme, R.A. (2015): New records of the Amazon Banded Snake and the Alliance for Research and Conservation in the Amazon (ARCAmazon) for granting access to the Las Piedras Amazon Rhinobothryum lentiginosum (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Mato Centre (LPAC). Thanks to all the staff at LPAC for providing a Grosso State, Brazil, with natural history notes. Salamandra 51: comfortable and beautiful place to stay and conduct our research. 199–205. Thanks to the Fauna Forever research volunteers Max Homer de Sousa, K.R.M., Prudente, A.L.C., Maschio, G.F. (2014): and Lina Madsen for all their assistance in the field. Thanks to Reproduction and diet of (Dipsadidae: Fernando Ayala, Robert Henderson for providing us with relevant Dipsadinae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Zoologia 31: 8–19. information for the writing of this article. Gilson A. Rivas for his Dixon, J.R., Soini, P. (1986): The reptiles of the upper Amazon helpful review. Thanks to Pablo Venegas and Germán Chávez for basin, Iquitos region, Peru, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Milwaukee their suggestions and comments that improved this manuscript. Public Museum. We are indebted to Alessandro Catenazzi and Andy Whitworth Dixon, J.R., Wiest, J., Cei, J. (1993): Revision of the neotropical for review and comments on an early version of this manuscript. snakes Genus Chironius Fitzinger (Serpentes, Colubridae). Torino, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali. Doan, T.M., Arriaga, W.A. (2000): New herpetological records for References the Tambopata province, department of Madre de Dios, Peru. Alamy (2020a): A blunt–headed tree snake (Imantodes cenchoa) Herpetological Review 31: 188–189. eating a common forest anole (Anolis trachyderma) in the Duellman, W.E. (1958): A monographic study of the colubrid snake rainforest in Peru. Available at: https://www.alamy.com/ genus Leptodeira. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural DGNGN7. Accessed on 18 April 2020. History 114: 1–152. Alamy (2020b): Tropical flat snake eating Anolis – French Guiana. Duellman, W.E. (1978): The biology of an Ecuatorial herpetofauna Available at: https://www.alamy.com/EY5X36. Accessed on 18 in Amazonian Ecuador. Lawrence, University of Kansas. April 2020. Duellman, W.E. (2005): Cusco Amazónico: The lives of amphibians Avila–Pires, T.C. (1995): Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Ithaca, Comstock Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen 299: 1–706. Publishing Associates. Avila–Pires, T.C., Hoogmoed, M.S., Rocha, W.A.D. (2010): Notes Emsley, M.G. (1963). The re-discovery of Cope´s perfuscus on the vertebrates of northern Pará, Brazil: A forgotten part of the in Barbados. Copeia 1963: 577–579. Guianan Region, I. Herpetofauna. Boletim do Museu Paraense Fraga, R., Stow, A.J., Magnusson, W.E., Lima, A.P. (2014): The Emılio Goeldi 5: 13–112. costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes Beebe, W. (1946): Field notes on the snakes of Kartabo, British to assess development impacts in Amazonia. PLoS ONE 9: Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica 31: 11–52. e105453. Bernarde, P.S., Abe, A.S. (2006): A snake community at Espigão do França, F.G.R., Mesquita, D.O., Colli, G.R. (2006): A checklist Oeste, Rondônia, southwestern amazon, Brazil. South American of snakes from Amazonian Savannas in Brazil, housed in the Journal of Herpetology 1: 102–113. Coleção Herpetológica da Universidade de Brasília, with new Bernarde, P.S., Abe, A.S. (2010): Hábitos alimentares de serpentes distribution records. Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural 986 Luis A. García–Ayachi et al.

History 17: 1–13. Amphibia–Reptilia 2: 153–163. Franz, R., Gicca, D.F. (1982): Observations on the Haitian snake Lehr, E., Aguilar, C. (2000): Geographic distribution: Antillophis parvifrons alleni. Journal of Herpetology 16: 419– Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. Herpetological Review 31: 57. 421. Martins, M., Oliveira, E. (1998): Natural history of snakes in forests Fuentes–Montejo, C.E., Sánchez, F. (2019): Leptophis mexicanus of the Manaus Region, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetological (Mexican Parrot Snake) diet. Herpetological Review 50: 593– Natural History 6: 78–150. 594. Michaud, E.J., Dixon, J.R. (1989). Prey items of 20 species of Gagliardi–Urrutia, G. (2010): Anfibios y reptiles de Loreto, Peru. the Neotropical colubrid snake genus Liophis. Herpetological The Field Museum–Rapid Color Guide # 262. Review 20: 39–41. García–Padilla, E, Luna–Alcántara, H. (2011): Imantodes cenchoa Miranda, D.B., De Albuquerque, S., Venâncio, N.M. (2009): (Blunt–headed Treesnake) diet. Herpetological Review 42: Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae, Rhinobothryum lentiginosum 99–100. (Scopoli 1785): First record from state of Acre, Brazil. Check Gorzula, S., Señaris, J.C. (1998): Contribution to the herpetofauna List 5: 917–918. of the Venezuelan Guyana I. A data base. Scientia Guaianae 8: Myers, C.E. (1974): A monographic study of the colubrid snake 1−269. genus Leptodeira. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Gutierrez, P.D., Arredondo, J.C. (2005): Imantodes cenchoa History 114: 1–152. (Chunk–headed Snake, Bejuquilla) diet. Herpetological Review Natera, M.M., Esqueda, G.L.F., Castelaín, F.M. (2015): Atlas 36: 324. Serpientes de Venezuela. Una Visión Actual de su Diversidad. Halstead, B.J., Mushinsky, H.R., MacCoy, E.D. (2008): Sympatric Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados. Masticophis flagellum and Coluber constrictor select vertebrate Nellis, D.W., Norton, R.L., Maclean, W.P. (1983): On the prey at different levels of . Copeia 2008: 897–908. biogeography of the Virgin Islands Boa, Epicrates monensis Henderson, R.W. (1974): Aspects of the ecology of the neotropical granti. Journal of Herpetology 17: 413–417. vine snake, Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler). Herpetologica 30: 19–24. Novo Rodríguez, J., de Arazoza Rodríguez, F. (1986): Cría en Henderson, R.W. (1982): Trophic relationships and foraging cautiverio de Alsophis cantherigerus (Ophidia: Colubridae). strategies on some New World Tree Snakes (Leptophis, Oxybelis, , Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. ). Amphibia–Reptilia 3: 71–81. Oliveira, E., Martins, M. (1998): Rhinobothryum lentiginosum Henderson, R.W. (1984a): The diets of Hispaniolan colubrid (NCN) diet. Herpetological Review 29: 105. snakes. Oecologia 62: 234–239. Pérez–Higareda, G., López–Luna, M.A., Smith, H.M. (2007): Henderson, R.W. (1984b): The diets of Hispaniolan snakes Serpientes de la región de los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Guía Hypsirhynchus ferox (Colubridae). Amphibia–Reptilia 5: 367– de identificación ilustrada. México D.F., Universidad Nacional 371. Autónoma de México. Henderson, R.W. (1993): Foraging and diet in West Indian Corallus Peters, J.A., Orejas–Miranda, B. (1970): Catalogue of the enydris (Serpentes: Boidae). Journal of Herpetology 27: 24–28. Neotropical Squamata Part I. Snakes. Washington D.C., Bulletin Henderson, R.W. (2002). Neotropical treeboas: natural history of of the National Museum. the Corallus hortulanus complex. Krieger Publ. Co. Malabar. Ray, J.M., Hein, A., Gonzales, A., Goetz, S. (2011): Imantodes Henderson, R.W., Nickerson, M.A. (1976): Observations on the cenchoa (Blunt–headed Treesnake) diet. Herpetological Review behavioral ecology of three species of Imantodes (Reptilia, 42: 100. Serpentes, Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 10: 205–210. Reynolds, R.P., MacCulloch, R.D. (2012): Preliminary checklist of Henderson, R.W., Horn, H.S. (1983): The diet of the snake amphibians and reptiles from Baramita, Guyana. Check List 8: dorsalis on Ile de la Gonâve, Haiti. Journal 211–214. of Herpetology 17: 409–412. Ribeiro Duarte, M. (2010): Rhinobothryum lentiginosum (Ringed Henderson, R.W., Sajdak, R.A. (1996) Diets of West Indian Tree Snake) diet and maximum size. Herpetological Review 41: racers (Colubridae: Alsophis): composition and biogeographic 97–98. implications, In: Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A Roberto, I.J., Souza, A.R. (2020): Review of prey items recorded Tribute to Albert Schwartz, p. 327–338. Powell, R., Henderson, for snakes of the Genus Chironius (Squamata, Colubridae), R.W. Ed., Ithaca, NY, Society for the Study of Amphibians and including the first record of Osteocephalus as prey. Herpetology Reptiles. Notes 13: 1–5. Henderson, R.W., Pauers, M.J. (2012): On the diets of Neotropical Rodríguez, L.O., Cadle, J.E. (1990): A preliminary overview of Treeboas (Squamata: Boidae:Corallus). South American Journal the herpetofauna of Cocha Cashu, Manu National Park, Peru. of Herpetology 7: 172–180. In: Four neotropical rainforests, p. 410–425. Gentry, A.H., Ed., Henderson, R.W., Powell, R. (2018): Amphibians and reptiles of the USA, Yale University Press. St. Vincent and banks, . Edition Chimaira. Rodríguez–Robles, J.A., Leal, M. (1993a): Effects of prey type Henderson, R.W., Treglia, M., Powell, S. (2007): Corallus cookii on the feeding behavior of Alsophis portoricensis (Serpentes: (St. Vincent Treeboa). Foraging. Herpetological Review 38: Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 27: 163–168. 466. Rodríguez–Robles, J.A., Leal, M. (1993b): Alsophis portoricensis Henderson, R.W., Binder, M.H., Sajdak, R.A. (1981): Ecological (Puerto Rican Racer). Diet. Herpetological Review 24: 150– relationships of the tree snakes and U. 151. oxyrhynchus (Colubridae) on Isla Saona, República . Scartozzoni, R.R., da Graça Salomão, M., de Almeida–Santos, Anolis tandai, a new dietary record for the Amazon ringed snake 987

S.M. (2009): Natural history of the Vine Snake Oxybelis fulgidus (Amazon Banded Snake) reproduction. Herpetological Review (Serpentes, Colubridae) from Brazil. South American Journal of 48: 681–682. Herpetology 4: 81–89. Veríssimo, D., De Freitas, A.A., Rosa, G.M. (2012): Drymoluber Seib, R.L. (1984): Prey use in three syntopic Neotropical Racers. dichrous (Northern Woodland Racer) and Anolis fuscoauratus Journal of Herpetology 18: 412–420. (Slender Anole): Predation. Herpetological Bulletin 120: 36– Solé, M., Dias, I.R. (2017): compressus (Serpentes: 38. Dipsadidae) scavenging on a road–killed Polychrus marmoratus Vitt, L.J., Souza, R.A., Sartorius, S.S., Avila–Pires, T.C., Espósito, (Sauria: ). Herpetology Notes 10: 267–270. M.C. (2000): Comparative ecology of sympatric Gonatodes Sosa, E.O.B., Cedeño–Vázquez, J.R., Beutelspacher–García, M.M. (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in the western amazon of Brazil. (2019): Mastigodryas melanolomus (salmon–bellied racer). Copeia 2000: 83–95. Diet. Herpetological Review 50: 596–597. von May, R., Emmons, L.H., Knell, G., Jacobs, J.M., Rodríguez, Stafford, P.J. (2003): Trophic ecology and reproduction in L.O. (2006): Reptiles del Centro Río Los Amigos, Manu y three species of Neotropical forest racers (Dendrophidion; Tambopata, Perú. The Field Museum–Rapid Color Guide# 194. Colubridae). Herpetological Journal 13: 101–111. Zimmerman, B.L., Rodrigues, M.T.U. (1990): Frogs, snakes, and Torres–Carvajal, O., Pazmiño–Otamendi, G., Salazar–Valenzuela, lizards of the INPA–WWF reserves near Manaus, Brazil. In: D. (2018): Reptiles del Ecuador. Version 2018.0, Ecuador, Four neotropical rainforests, p. 410–425. Gentry, A.H., Ed., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. USA, Yale University Press. Uetz, P., Freed, P., Hošek, J. (2020): Rhinobothryum lentiginosum. The database. Available at: http://www.reptile–database. org. Accessed on 20 March 2020. Venegas, P.J., Couceiro, D. (2017): Rhinobothryum lentiginosum

Accepted by Michael Jowers