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Diversificação Morfológica E Molecular Em Lagartos Dactyloidae Sul-Americanos

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Diversificação Morfológica E Molecular Em Lagartos Dactyloidae Sul-Americanos MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA CURSO DE DOUTORADO EM ZOOLOGIA DIVERSIFICAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA E MOLECULAR EM LAGARTOS DACTYLOIDAE SUL-AMERICANOS ANNELISE BATISTA D’ANGIOLELLA Belém - PA 2015 ANNELISE BATISTA D’ANGIOLELLA DIVERSIFICAÇÃO MORFOLOGICA E MOLECULAR EM LAGARTOS DACTYLOIDAE SUL-AMERICANOS Tese apresenta ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia do convênio Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, para obtenção do título de doutora em zoologia. Orientadora: Dra. Tereza Cristina Ávila Pires Co-Orientadora: Dra. Ana Carolina Carnaval Belém - PA 2015 “É capaz quem pensa que é capaz.” ii Agradecimento Ao CNPq pela concessão da minha bolsa de pesquisa. A Capes pela Bolsa de Doutorado Sanduiche no exterior. À Teresa Avila-Pires, minha orientadora, por estar sempre disponível para ajudar, escutar e puxar a orelha! A minha co-orientadora Carol Carnaval, por ter me recebido de braços abertos em seu lab e por toda confiança e apoio. A Ana Prudente pelo passe livre à Coleção e sugestões dadas ao trabalho de hemipenis. Ao Tibério Burlamaqui por toda a ajuda com as análises moleculares e momentos de descontração! A todo o pessoal do laboratório de Herpetologia do MPEG pela companhia e troca de ideias, sempre ajudando quando possível. Ao lab de molecular que foi a minha casa nesses últimos quatro anos e a todos que por ele passaram e contribuíram de alguma forma com meu conhecimento, em especial a Áurea, Geraldo, e Joice. Aos meus filhos de quatro patas Pukey e Bingo por me amarem incondicionalmente. A dança, por ser meu refúgio e por não ter me deixado pirar! Ao meu amor, Bruno, por me inspirar diariamente a ser uma pessoa melhor! Por me impulsionar a ir além e por simplesmente existir em minha vida... Aos amores da minha vida: a família D’Angiolella! Sem vocês nada, absolutamente nada, teria sentido! iii “Dedico essa tese a minha mãe Lygia Maria, meu pai Antonio D’Angiolella (in memorian) e aos meus irmãos Eduardo e Gustavo, pelo constante e incansável apoio.” iv Sumário 1.Introdução Geral .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. ..................................................................................................................... Referências ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Capítulo 1 - POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE MAINLAND FOREST ANOLE NOROPS FUSCOAURATUS (SQUAMATA: DACTYLOIDAE) .......................................................................................................... 16 ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................16 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................17 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................18 2.1 Molecular methods .................................................................................................18 2.2 Molecular diversity and population genetics ..........................................................19 2.3 Phylogenetic analysis and molecular dating ...........................................................21 2.4 Influence of climate and geographic distance in genetic variation ..........................22 3. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................23 3.1 Molecular diversity and population genetic structure .............................................23 3.2 Phylogenetic analysis and divergence dating ..........................................................33 3.3 Influence of climate and geographic distance in genetic variation ..........................35 4. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................36 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................39 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................39 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................48 Capítulo 2 - DEWLAP COLOR DIVERSITY IN THE MAINLAND ANOLE NOROPS FUSCOAURATUS (REPTILIA: DACTYLOIDAE) ...................................................... 63 ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................63 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................64 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................65 2.1 Dewlap color variation ...........................................................................................65 2.2 Sampling and amplification of molecular data .......................................................66 2.3 Phylogenetic Analyses ............................................................................................67 2.4 External Morphological data analyses ....................................................................69 2.5 Hemipenial preparation ..........................................................................................71 2.6 Environmental data .................................................................................................72 3. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................73 3.1 Quantifying Dewlap Color Variation ......................................................................73 v 3.2 Phylogenetic analysis .............................................................................................74 3.3 Morphological variation in Norops fuscoauratus ...................................................78 3.4 Environmental data .................................................................................................81 4. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................83 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................84 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................84 APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................91 Capítulo 3 - HEMIPENIAL MORPHOLOGY AND DIVERSITY IN BRAZILIAN ANOLES (SQUAMATA: DACTYLOIDAE) ............................................................. 102 ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................102 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................102 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS ....................................................................................103 3. RESULTS ....................................................................................................................105 4. DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................113 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................115 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................121 vi LISTA DE FIGURAS Capítulo 1 - POPULATION STRUCTURE AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE MAINLAND FOREST ANOLE NOROPS FUSCOAURATUS (SQUAMATA: DACTYLOIDAE) Figure 1.1: Records of studied samples of Norops fuscoauratus (a) and haplotype networks (b:ND2; c:Mkl1; d:Sincaip; e:RAG1; f:DNAH3), with points colored according to clusters determined by GENELAND v. 3.14 (Guillot & Estoup, et al. 2005). ......... 25 Figure 2.1: Maps showing posterior probabilities of cluster membership and location of genetic discontinuities for each of the three inferred clusters, P1, P2 and P3, as determined by GENELAND version 3.14 (Guillot & Estoup, et al. 2005). Lighter shading (from white, through yellow, to red) indicates higher probability of cluster membership and lines represent posterior probability values. ................................................................... 26 Figure 3.1: Map representing the estimated cluster membership and location of genetic discontinuities for each of the three inferred clusters, P1 (blue), P2 (red) and P3 (yellow), as determined by GENELAND version 3.14 (Guillot & Estoup, et al. 2005). ............. 27 Figure 4.1: Mismatch distributions of expected (continuous line) and observed values of pairwise differences of haplotypes for the mtDNA (ND2) data set in N. fuscoauratus. a) Complete mtDNA dataset; b) Cluster P1, c) Cluster P2 and d) Cluster P3 from GENELAND analysis..................................................................................................... 30 Figure 5.1: Extended Bayesian Skyline Plots representing demographic histories of Norops fuscoauratus clades (P1, P2 and P3) recovered by GENELAND analysis. Dashed lines represent
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