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Universidad De Costa Rica Sistema De Estudios De Posgrado UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA SISTEMA DE ESTUDIOS DE POSGRADO CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA HERPETOFAUNA EN LA ESTACIÓN DE BIOLOGÍA TROPICAL DE RÍO MACHO, COSTA RICA: DIVERSIDAD, OCURRENCIA, USO DE HÁBITAT E HISTORIA NATURAL. Tesis sometida a la consideración de la Comisión del Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología para optar al grado y título de Maestría Académica en Biología VÍCTOR JOSÉ ACOSTA CHAVES Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Costa Rica 2014 Dedicatoria Dedico este trabajo a la memoria de mis tíos Francisco Javier Chaves Orozco, Gerardo Acosta Chacón y a la de mi amigo Marlon Evans Salazar. Todos ellos egresados de la Universidad de Costa Rica, personas que de una u otra forma con su especialidad me brindaron soporte y consejos durante distintas etapas de mis estudios. Además este esfuerzo es para mi padre José Ángel Acosta Chacón, madre Marta Miriam Chaves Orozco y hermana Adriana Acosta Chaves por apoyar desde la niñez mi pasión por la naturaleza. No puedo olvidar a todas las demás personas que me han apoyado a través de mi crecimiento profesional: amigos, familiares, maestros y colegas. También este esfuerzo es para Costa Rica, por su biodiversidad única, de la cual he estado siempre absolutamente admirado. Esta tesis es también en memoria de aquellas especies, sobre todo anfibios, que desaparecieron para siempre sin que nos pudiéramos conocer, y por ende no están entre los análisis de este proyecto. Quedará pendiente para otras investigaciones futuras saber si algunas de estas especies reaparecen, en Río Macho o bosques equivalentes, y le brinden a alguien dicho privilegio de estudiarlas. ii Agradecimientos Este trabajo se realizó gracias a la colaboración del Proyecto Análisis Ecosistémico de Río Macho de la Universidad Nacional y Universidad Estatal a Distancia. Agradezco a Roberto Cordero y Fabián Araya por su colaboración con la construcción de parcelas y por compartir su información sobre el componente botánico de las mismas. A Juan Abarca por acompañarme al campo previo a este estudio y a Iván Sandoval por facilitar dichas visitas. A Sofía Peñaranda, Gustavo Rojas, Ivannia Ureña, Francisco Monge, Paul Granados, Ana Beatriz Hernández, Brenda Méndez, María José Monge, Valerie Madrigal, Beatriz Willinks, Adrián “Pichi” García, Natalia Montero, Diego Villegas, Gabriela Quesada, Juan Monge, Michelle Monge, Melissa Díaz, Mary Granados, Ricardo Avilés, Oscar Segura, Julissa Gutiérrez, José Pablo Barrantes, Steven León, Brayan Morera y Ashley Granados por ser mis asistentes de campo ad honorem durante los muestreos de esta investigación. A Robert Pushendorf, Twan Lenders y Antonio Guzmán por las fotografías facilitadas. A mi comité de tesis por sus aportes y discusiones para lograr la última versión de este documento. A la Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional por dejarme investigar la Estación de Biología Tropical y Acuicultura Río Macho. Se agradece al Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas y especialmente al Área de Conservación La Amistad- Pacífico por otorgarme el permiso de investigación bajo la resolución 059-12-ACLAP. iii “Esta tesis fue aceptada por la Comisión del Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología, como requisito parcial para optar al grado y título de Maestría Académica en Biología” ______________________ Ph.D. Mahmood Sasa Marín Representante del Decano del Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado ______________________ M.Sc. Gerardo Chaves Cordero Director de Tesis ______________________ M.Sc. Federico Bolaños Vives Asesor ______________________ Ph.D. Manuel Spínola Pallarada Asesor ______________________ Ph.D. Gilbert Barrantes Montero Representante del Director del Programa de Posgrado en Biología ______________________ Víctor José Acosta Chaves Candidato iv Tabla de contenidos Contenido Página Dedicatoria ......................................................................................................................................... ii Agradecimientos................................................................................................................................. iii Tabla de contenidos ............................................................................................................................ v Lista de cuadros ................................................................................................................................. ix Lista de figuras .................................................................................................................................. xii Lista de anexos ................................................................................................................................. xiv Justificación.........................................................................................................................................1 Introducción .......................................................................................................................................2 Objetivos ............................................................................................................................................5 CAPITULO I: CARACTERIZACIÓN Y EVALUACIÓN DEL HÁBITAT DE LA COMUNIDAD DE HERPETOFAUNA EN RÍO MACHO .......................................................................................6 Materiales y Métodos .......................................................................................................................6 Descripción del sitio ....................................................................................................................6 Muestreo .....................................................................................................................................6 Caracterización del hábitat ...........................................................................................................8 Análisis de Datos .........................................................................................................................9 Resultados .........................................................................................................................................10 Diversidad de herpetofauna ...........................................................................................................10 Caracterización del hábitat en las coberturas boscosas ....................................................................11 Diversidad vegetal en los sitios...................................................................................................11 Relación de sitios y variables del hábitat .....................................................................................11 Estructura y diversidad vegetal en las parcelas ............................................................................12 Peso seco de la hojarasca en las parcelas .................................................................................12 Temperatura del aire y humedad relativa en las parcelas ..........................................................13 Relación de las especies y variables del hábitat ................................................................................14 Relación de diversidad de herpetofauna y diversidad de árboles ..................................................14 Relación de herpetofauna y variables del hábitat en los sitios ......................................................14 v Noche ...................................................................................................................................14 Día ........................................................................................................................................15 Discusión ..........................................................................................................................................15 Características del hábitat ...............................................................................................................15 Diversidad de herpetofauna ...........................................................................................................17 CAPITULO II: OCURRENCIA, USO DEL HÁBITAT E HISTORIA NATURAL DE LA HERPETOFAUNA EN RÍO MACHO ............................................................................................21 Materiales y Métodos .....................................................................................................................21 Estimación de la ocurrencia .......................................................................................................21 Biomasa, densidad y porcentaje de sexos ....................................................................................22 Uso de estratos boscosos y sustratos ..........................................................................................22 Actividad de canto y fenología ...................................................................................................22 Resultados y Discusión ..................................................................................................................23 ANFIBIOS ...............................................................................................................................23 Ranas arborícolas ...................................................................................................................23 Rana arborícola de Zetek (Isthmohyla zeteki) ..............................................................23 Ranas campana y hojarasqueras .............................................................................................25
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