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How Do Young Children Acquire Case Marking?
INVESTIGATING FINNISH-SPEAKING CHILDREN’S NOUN MORPHOLOGY: HOW DO YOUNG CHILDREN ACQUIRE CASE MARKING? Thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences 2015 HENNA PAULIINA LEMETYINEN SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 8 DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................... 9 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT .......................................................................................................... 9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: General introduction to language acquisition research ...................................... 11 1.1. Generativist approaches to child language............................................................ 11 1.2. Usage-based approaches to child language........................................................... 14 1.3. The acquisition of morphology ............................................................................. -
Morphological Causatives Are Voice Over Voice
Morphological causatives are Voice over Voice Yining Nie New York University Abstract Causative morphology has been associated with either the introduction of an event of causation or the introduction of a causer argument. However, morphological causatives are mono-eventive, casting doubt on the notion that causatives fundamentally add a causing event. On the other hand, in some languages the causative morpheme is closer to the verb root than would be expected if the causative head is responsible for introducing the causer. Drawing on evidence primarily from Tagalog and Halkomelem, I argue that the syntactic configuration for morphological causatives involves Voice over Voice, and that languages differ in whether their ‘causative marker’ spells out the higher Voice, the lower Voice or both. Keywords: causative, Voice, argument structure, morpheme order, typology, Tagalog 1. Introduction Syntactic approaches to causatives generally fall into one of two camps. The first view builds on the discovery that causatives may semantically consist of multiple (sub)events (Jackendoff 1972, Dowty 1979, Parsons 1990, Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1994, a.o.). Consider the following English causative–anticausative pair. The anticausative in (1a) consists of an event of change of state, schematised in (1b). The causative in (2a) involves the same change of state plus an additional layer of semantics that conveys how that change of state is brought about (2b). (1) a. The stick broke. b. [ BECOME [ stick STATE(broken) ]] (2) a. Pat broke the stick. b. [ Pat CAUSE [ BECOME [ stick STATE(broken) ]]] Word Structure 13.1 (2020): 102–126 DOI: 10.3366/word.2020.0161 © Edinburgh University Press www.euppublishing.com/word MORPHOLOGICAL CAUSATIVES ARE VOICE OVER VOICE 103 Several linguists have proposed that the semantic CAUSE and BECOME components of the causative are encoded as independent lexical verbal heads in the syntax (Harley 1995, Cuervo 2003, Folli & Harley 2005, Pylkkänen 2008, a.o.). -
Esperanto, Civility, and the Politics of Fellowship: A
ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Ana Velitchkova Omar Lizardo, Director Graduate Program in Peace Studies and Sociology Notre Dame, Indiana July 2014 © Copyright by ANA MILENOVA VELITCHKOVA 2014 All rights reserved ESPERANTO, CIVILITY, AND THE POLITICS OF FELLOWSHIP: A COSMOPOLITAN MOVEMENT FROM THE EASTERN EUROPEAN PERIPHERY Abstract by Ana Velitchkova This dissertation examines global, regional, state-, group-, and person-level processes involved in the growth of the movement formed around the constructed international language Esperanto. The Esperanto movement emerged in the global arena in the late nineteenth century as a response to inequalities in the nation-state field. In the course of several decades, the movement established a new global field based on the logic of equal communication through Esperanto and on the accumulation of cultural capital. While the field gained autonomy from the nation-state field, it has not been recognized as its equal. Persons endowed with cultural capital but lacking political and economic capital have been particularly drawn to Esperanto. Ironically, while attempting to overcome established unfair distinctions based on differential accumulation of political and economic capital, the Esperanto movement creates and maintains new distinctions and inequalities based on cultural capital accumulation. Ana Velitchkova At the regional level, the Esperanto movement became prominent in state- socialist Eastern Europe in the second half of the twentieth century. The movement found unexpected allies among independent states in the Eastern European periphery. -
Why Esperanto?
Fiat Lingua Title: The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community Author: Adelina Solis MS Date: 01-12-2013 FL Date: 01-01-2013 FL Number: FL-000010-01 Citation: Solis, Adelina. 2013. “The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community.” FL-000010-01, Fiat Lingua, <http:// fiatlingua.org>. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. Copyright: © 2013 Adelina Solis. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Fiat Lingua is produced and maintained by the Language Creation Society (LCS). For more information about the LCS, visit http://www.conlang.org/ The Contemporary Esperanto Speech Community by Adelina Mariflor Solís Montúfar 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 4 1.2 Political support for a universal language 5 1.3 A brief history of language invention 9 1.4 A brief history of Esperanto 14 1.5 The construction, structure, and dissemination of Esperanto 17 1.6 Esperanto and the culture question 24 1.7 Research Methods 29 Chapter 2: Who Speaks Esperanto? 34 2.1 Number and distribution of speakers 34 2.2 Gender distribution 47 Chapter 3: The Esperanto Speech Community 58 3.1 Terminology and definitions 58 3.2 Norms and Ideologies 65 3.3 Approach to language 70 Chapter 4: Why Esperanto? 81 4.1 Ideology-based reasons to speak Esperanto 83 4.2 Practical attractions to Esperanto 86 4.3 More than friendship 94 4.4 The congress effect 95 4.5 Esperanto for the blind 100 4.6 Unexpected benefits 102 Chapter 5: Esperantist Objectives 103 5.1 Attracting new speakers 103 5.2 Teaching Esperanto 107 Chapter 6: Conclusion 116 Works Cited 121 2 Chapter 1: Introduction When we think about invented languages, we may think of childhood games. -
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP. -
Hejmfarita Abortigo Virkolbaso Mem-Kanibalado Vigla
1. Kreu PDF de tiu ĉi hejmfarita abortigo virkolbaso dokumento kun po 9 paĝoj sur ĉiu A4-folio. 2. Presu tion sur blanka 200gsm papero. 3. Enplastigu en 2x75μ. 4. Eltranĉu per "reverse wonky rectangle". Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo mem-kanibalado vigla mansvingado senflugpovaj birdoj Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo fotoj de mamoj fari la ĝustan agon ĉas-akcidentoj Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo kartuna kamelo, kiu la malrespekto de la Viagra ĝuas la plaĉan niaj plej bazaj homaj guston de cigaredo rajtoj Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo memmalamo muskolegoj honesta policano sen plu io ajn perdebla Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo memelektita rifuzo ekvilibra Red Bull matenmanĝo Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo kaŝi erekton dormigaj drogoj Renato Corsetti Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo Twitter La Praeksplodo amputuloj Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo Boris Jelcin Angela Merkel esti ekskludita Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo nazmuko kovi ovon brakumado Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Esperantujo Esperantujo Esperantujo Napoleon La Papo blankigita pugtruo Kartoj Kartoj Kartoj Kontraŭ Kontraŭ Kontraŭ -
Constructed Languages: ESPERANTO
Journal of Modern Education Review, ISSN 2155-7993, USA October 2015, Volume 5, No. 10, pp. 1017–1025 Doi: 10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/10.05.2015/011 © Academic Star Publishing Company, 2015 http://www.academicstar.us Constructed Languages: ESPERANTO Sevda Huseynova Sohrab (Qafqaz University, Azerbaijan) Abstract: “What is language!?” The question has been answered differently at different times. V. Humbolt, A. Shleykher, H. Shteyntal, G. Paul, and other linguists put forward various considerations about the language. Language is creative and productive by nature, a person using it can set up an infinite number of sentences and express thoughts. Throughout history, numerous languages seriously impeeded the development of relations between people. People have searched ways for getting out of this problem. As a result, the idea of creating a universal world language has occurred. Universal world language refers to a language which can be easily understood by all individuals of different nations. As a way of solving this problem, linguists have proposed to create a substituting constructed language. The most common constructed language is Esperanto. This language posses simple phonetic, grammatical, lexical structure. The language created by Zamenhof can be studied and remembered easily. According to historical facts, Esperantists (Esperanto-language speakers) established a country called Amikejo. They even celebrate The World Esperanto Day as a holiday once a year. Key words: linguists, universal world language, constructed language, Esperanto, Zamenhof, Esperantist, Amikejo 1. Introduction “What is language!?” The question has been answered differently at different times. V. Humbolt, A. Shleyher, H. Shteyntal, A. A. Potebnya, G. Paul, F. F. Fortunatov, I. -
The Finnish Noun Phrase
Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia Facoltà di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Scienze del Linguaggio The Finnish Noun Phrase Relatore: Prof.ssa Giuliana Giusti Correlatore: Prof. Guglielmo Cinque Laureanda: Lena Dal Pozzo Matricola: 803546 ANNO ACCADEMICO: 2006/2007 A mia madre Table of contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………….…….…… III Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………........ V Abbreviations ……………………………………………………………………………VII 1. Word order in Finnish …………………………………………………………………1 1.1 The order of constituents in the clause …………………………………………...2 1.2 Word order and interpretation .......……………………………………………… 8 1.3 The order of constituents in the Nominal Expression ………………………… 11 1.3.1. Determiners and Possessors …………………………………………………12 1.3.2. Adjectives and other modifiers …………………………………………..… 17 1.3.2.1 Adjectival hierarchy…………………………………………………………23 1.3.2.2 Predicative structures and complements …………………………………26 1.3.3 Relative clauses …………………………………………………………….... 28 1.4 Conclusions ............……………………………………………………………. 30 2. Thematic relations in nominal expressions ……………………………………….. 32 2.1 Observations on Argument Structure ………………………………….……. 32 2.1.1 Result and Event nouns…………………………………………………… 36 2.2 Transitive nouns ………………………………………………………………... 38 2.2.1 Compound nouns ……………….……………………………………... 40 2.2.2 Intransitive nouns derived from transitive verbs …………………… 41 2.3 Passive nouns …………………………………………………………………… 42 2.4 Psychological predicates ……………………………………………………….. 46 2.4.1 Psych verbs ………………………………………………………………. -
The Esperantist Background of René De Saussure's Work
Chapter 1 The Esperantist background of René de Saussure’s work Marc van Oostendorp Radboud University and The Meertens Institute ené de Saussure was arguably more an esperantist than a linguist – R somebody who was primarily inspired by his enthusiasm for the language of L. L. Zamenhof, and the hope he thought it presented for the world. His in- terest in general linguistics seems to have stemmed from his wish to show that the structure of Esperanto was better than that of its competitors, and thatit reflected the ways languages work in general. Saussure became involved in the Esperanto movement around 1906, appar- ently because his brother Ferdinand had asked him to participate in an inter- national Esperanto conference in Geneva; Ferdinand himself did not want to go because he did not want to become “compromised” (Künzli 2001). René be- came heavily involved in the movement, as an editor of the Internacia Scienca Re- vuo (International Science Review) and the national journal Svisa Espero (Swiss Hope), as well as a member of the Akademio de Esperanto, the Academy of Es- peranto that was and is responsible for the protection of the norms of the lan- guage. Among historians of the Esperanto movement, he is also still known as the inventor of the spesmilo, which was supposed to become an international currency among Esperantists (Garvía 2015). At the time, the interest in issues of artificial language solutions to perceived problems in international communication was more widespread in scholarly cir- cles than it is today. In the western world, German was often used as a language of e.g. -
Aziokajoceanio
Esperanto en Azio kaj Oceanio n-ro 107, Aprilo 2020 Bulteno de KAOEM Azia-Oceania Komisiono de UEA pri Azia-Oceania Esperanto-Movado "Sociala distanco" nun nepre teninda tamen ne difektu solidarecon de homoj! KAWAMOTO Hiromi (redaktoro) Pri la novtipa koronviruso multaj avertas, ke la epidemia kaj ekonomia damaĝo eble pligrandiĝos ĝis la nivelo kiun la homaro iam ne spertis, se ni ne faros solidare "militi" kontraŭ la viruso. Kaj la rimedo por la kunlaborado estas eĉ mala de nia kutima imago; ni devas ne kunveni manenmane, sed fizike distanci de aliaj homoj kaj izoliĝi restante hejme, kiel facile klarigas infektadon ekzemple la artikolo de "Washington Post": https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/world/corona-simulator/ Kaj kompreneble ankaŭ esperantistoj senescepte aliĝu al la solidareco. Esperanto devas esti peranto de egaleco kaj paco, sed ne de viruso. Eĉ restante hejme ni povas rete interligiĝi kaj interŝanĝi informojn kaj opiniojn. Kvankam hejme katenita vivo certe nin turmenti povas, tamen ĉie nepre troveblas vojo, nur se de ni ne perdiĝas ĝojo. Kaj la verdaj vortoj venu al mi mem, se la situacio draste plimalfaciliĝos ĉe mi. (Kaŭa) daŭrigota al la paĝo 23 ☛ La redakcio petas permeson de la abonantoj rilate al nia decido, ke ĝis videbla trankviliĝo de la pandemio ni ne presos nek sendos surpaperan (nigrablankan) eldonon de "E. en Azio kaj Oceanio" al la kontribuintoj/abonantoj, ĉefe ĉar ni volas eviti kunvenon por la ekspedo, kaj ankaŭ ĉar intertempe fermita estas la domo (ne la tuta oficeja funkcio) de Japana Esperanto-Instituto, kie niaj helpantoj laboras. Do karaj abonantoj, kiel ni retpoŝte petis, bonvolu legi retan (koloran) eldonon, elŝutinte el la retejo de KAOEM: http://www.esperantoazia.net/index.php?mid=bulteno Detale pri abono de nia bulteno (kontribuo al KAOEM) ni denove certigos kaj anoncos en la sekvanta numero. -
Conjugation Class and Transitivity in Kipsigis Maria Kouneli, University of Leipzig [email protected]
April 22nd, 2021 Workshop on theme vowels in V(P) structure and beyond University of Graz Conjugation class and transitivity in Kipsigis Maria Kouneli, University of Leipzig [email protected] 1 Introduction • Research on conjugation classes and theme vowels has mostly focused on Indo- European languages, even though they are not restricted to this language family (see Oltra-Massuet 2020 for an overview). • The goal of this talk is to investigate the properties of inflectional classes in Kip- sigis, a Nilotic language spoken in Kenya: – in the nominal domain, the language possesses a variety of thematic suffixes with many similarities to Romance theme vowels; the theory in Oltra-Massuet & Arregi (2005) can account for their distribution – in the verbal domain, the language has two conjugation classes, which I will argue spell out little v, and are closely related to argument structure, espe- cially the causative alternation • Recent syntactic approaches to the causative alternation treat it as a Voice alterna- tion: – the causative and anticausative variants have the same vP (event) layer, but differ in the presence vs. absence of an external argument-introducing Voice head (e.g., Marantz 2013, Alexiadou et al. 2015, Wood 2015, Kastner 2016, 2017, 2018, Wood & Marantz 2017, Nie 2020, Tyler 2020). (1) a. The cup broke. Anticausative b. Mary broke the cup. Causative • I show that the causative alternation in Kipsigis cannot be (just) a Voice alterna- tion: (in)transitivity in the language is calculated at the little v level for most verbs that participate in the alternation. Roadmap: 2: Inflectional classes in Kipsigis 3: Theories of the causative alternation (with a focus on morphology) 4: More on the causative alternation in Kipsigis 5: The challenge for Voice theories 6: Conclusion 1 Maria Kouneli Theme vowels in VP structure 2 Inflectional classes in Kipsigis 2.1 Language background • Kipsigis is the major variety of Kalenjin, a dialect cluster of the Southern Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. -
Towards Possessive Sentences Classification in English – the Preliminary Study
Linguistics and Literature Studies 1(1): 37-42, 2013 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/lls.2013.010106 Towards Possessive Sentences Classification in English – The Preliminary Study V.A. Yatsko*, T.S. Yatsko Katanov State University of Khakasia *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2013 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract The paper focuses on the structure of puck; also: an instance of having such control (as in football); predicative possessive constructions described in terms of 2) something owned, occupied, or controlled: property [4]. semantic features distinguished within scope of predication Christian Lehmann [5 p. 7] notes that control of the analysis, viz. causative, agentive, inchoative, egressive, possessum by the possessor is the default assumption and continuative, and stative features. Features that are in insofar the default interpretation of the possessive relation. complementary distribution yield contaminated forms of Such an interpretation excludes from the present analysis possessive constructions: inchoative-causative, sentences, in which X and Y are non-human, see (1) below, as inchoative-agentive, egressive-causative, egressive-agentive, continuative-causative, continuative-agentive. Causative well as sentences expressing family relations: *Nichols has a possessive constructions are taken to be basic since their brother, but he is not a twin. According to a broader structure corresponds to the structure of the prototypical approach possession is treated as a relational concept that situation while the other ones are derived from them by covers relations between persons and their body parts and omission of appropriate semantic features. The structure of products, between persons and their kin, between persons causative possessive sentences is described in terms of and their material belongings, between persons and things componential analysis.