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Bacterial Species Bacterial Species Acinetobacter baumannii [1-3] Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae causes infection in pigs [4] Bacillus cereus [5, 6] B. thuringiensis [7-9] B. weihenstephanensis [6] Brucella melitensis [10] B. suis [10] Burkholderia ambifaria [11] B. cenocepacia [12] B. cepacia [13] B. mallei [10, 14] B. oklahomensis [15] B. pseudomallei [10, 15] B. thailandensis [15] Campylobacter jejuni [16] Coxiella burnetii [17] Cronobacter sakazakii human pathogen [18] Enterobacter cloacae [19] Enterococcus faecalis [20] E. faecium [21] Escherichia coli [22-24] Francisella tularensis [10, 25] Helicobacter pylori [26] Klebsiella pneumoniae [27, 28] Lactobacillus acidophilus [29] Legionella gormanii [30] L. pneumophila [31, 32] Listeria monocytogenes [33-36] Proteus mirabilis [37, 38] Pseudomonas aeruginosa [38-42] Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium [43] Models tested in G. Mellonella Bacterial Species (Contd.) SalmonellaTyphimurium [44] Serratia marcescens [45, 46] Staphylococcus aureus [47, 48] Stenotrophomonas maltophilia [49] Streptococcus pneumoniae [50, 51] S. pyogenes [52] Taylorella species [53] Vibrio anguillarum [54] Xenorhabdus nematophila [55, 56] Yersinia enterocolitica [57] Yersinia pestis [57] Y. pseudotuberculosis [57, 58] Fungal Species Aspergillus flavus [59] Aspergillus fumigatus [60, 61] Aspergillus terreus [62] Candida africana [63] Candida albicans [64-69] Candida glabrata [69] Candida krusei [69, 70] Candida metapsilosis [71] Candida orthopsilosis [71] Candida parapsilosis, [69, 71] Candida tropicalis human pathogen [69, 72] Conidiobolus coronatus insect pathogen [73, 74] Cryptococcus gattii human pathogen [75] Cryptococcus neoformans human pathogen [76-78] Models tested in G. Mellonella Fungal Species (Contd.) Fusarium [79] Fusarium oxysporum [80] Histoplasma capsulatum Human pathogen [81] Madurella mycetomatis plant pathogen [82] Metarhizium robertsii [83] Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii [84] Paracoccidioides lutzii human pathogen [81] Penicillium marneffei human pathogen [85] Pneumocystis murina [86] Rhizopus [87] Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [68] Scedosporium aurantiacum, [88] T. asteroides [89] T. inkin [89] Trichosporon asahii, [89] Virus’ Bovine herpes simplex virus-1 (BHSV-1) [90] densonucleosis virus [91] Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 [92] iridovirus [91] mycovirus [93] Nodamura virus [94] Tipula iridescent virus TIV [95, 96] Nematode Parasites Steinernema carpocapsae [97, 98] Models tested in G. Mellonella Toxins Aspergillus fumigatus (Fumagillin) [99] Bacillus cereus [5] Bacillus Thuringiensis (Cry9) [100, 101] Beauveria bassiana [102] Beauveria bassiana, (Bb70p) [103] Conidiobolus coronatus (coronatin-1) [74] Enterococcus faecalis [104] Hirsutella thompsonii [105] Photorhabdus luminescens (PirA2B2 ) [106] Pseudomonas aeruginosa [107, 108] Pseudomonas fluorescens (Fit toxin ) [109] Serratia marcescens [46] Vibrio cholera e (cholera toxin) [110] Xenorhabdus bovienii [111] Xenorhabdus budapestensis (HIP57) [112] Xenorhabdus species (XeGroEL) [113] 1. Hornsey M, Phee L, Longshaw C, Wareham DW: In vivo efficacy of telavancin/colistin combination therapy in a Galleria mellonella model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013, 41(3):285-287. 2. Wand ME, Bock LJ, Turton JF, Nugent PG, Sutton JM: Acinetobacter baumannii virulence is enhanced in Galleria mellonella following biofilm adaptation. J Med Microbiol 2012, 61(Pt 4):470-477. 3. Peleg AY, Jara S, Monga D, Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RC, Jr., Mylonakis E: Galleria mellonella as a model system to study Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis and therapeutics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009, 53(6):2605-2609. 4. Pereira MF, Rossi CC, de Queiroz MV, Martins GF, Isaac C, Bosse JT, Li Y, Wren BW, Terra VS, Cuccui J et al: Galleria mellonella is an effective model to study Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Microbiology 2015, 161(Pt 2):387-400. 5. Lysenko O: Pathogenicity of Bacillus cereus for insects. II. Toxicity of phospholipase C for Galleria mellonella. Folia microbiologica 1972, 17(3):228-231. 6. Stenfors Arnesen L, Granum PE, Buisson C, Bohlin J, Nielsen-LeRoux C: Using an insect model to assess correlation between temperature and virulence in Bacillus weihenstephanensis and Bacillus cereus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011, 317(2):196-202. 7. Wojda I, Taszlow P: Heat shock affects host-pathogen interaction in Galleria mellonella infected with Bacillus thuringiensis. J Insect Physiol 2013, 59(9):894-905. Models tested in G. Mellonella 8. Fedhila S, Buisson C, Dussurget O, Serror P, Glomski IJ, Liehl P, Lereclus D, Nielsen-LeRoux C: Comparative analysis of the virulence of invertebrate and mammalian pathogenic bacteria in the oral insect infection model Galleria mellonella. J Invertebr Pathol 2010, 103(1):24-29. 9. Bosgelmez A, Cakmakci L, Gurkan B, Gurkan F, Cetinkaya G: [The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis on the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Galleriidae)]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1983, 17(4): 233-242. 10. Sprynski N, Valade E, Neulat-Ripoll F: Galleria mellonella as an infection model for select agents. Methods Mol Biol 2014, 1197:3-9. 11. Vial L, Groleau MC, Lamarche MG, Filion G, Castonguay-Vanier J, Dekimpe V, Daigle F, Charette SJ, Deziel E: Phase variation has a role in Burkholderia ambifaria niche adaptation. ISME J 2010, 4(1):49-60. 12. Uehlinger S, Schwager S, Bernier SP, Riedel K, Nguyen DT, Sokol PA, Eberl L: Identification of specific and universal virulence factors in Burkholderia cenocepacia strains by using multiple infection hosts. Infect Immun 2009, 77(9):4102-4110. 13. Seed KD, Dennis JJ: Development of Galleria mellonella as an alternative infection model for the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Infect Immun 2008, 76(3):1267-1275. 14. Schell MA, Lipscomb L, DeShazer D: Comparative genomics and an insect model rapidly identify novel virulence genes of Burkholderia mallei. J Bacteriol 2008, 190(7):2306-2313. 15. Wand ME, Muller CM, Titball RW, Michell SL: Macrophage and Galleria mellonella infection models reflect the virulence of naturally occurring isolates of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis. BMC Microbiol 2011, 11(1):11. 16. Senior NJ, Bagnall MC, Champion OL, Reynolds SE, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ, Salguero FJ, Titball RW: Galleria mellonella as an infection model for Campylobacter jejuni virulence. J Med Microbiol 2011, 60(Pt 5):661-669. 17. Norville IH, Hartley MG, Martinez E, Cantet F, Bonazzi M, Atkins TP: Galleria mellonella as an alternative model of Coxiella burnetii infection. Microbiology 2014, 160(Pt 6):1175-1181. 18. Abbasifar R, Kropinski AM, Sabour PM, Chambers JR, MacKinnon J, Malig T, Griffiths MW: Efficiency of bacteriophage therapy against Cronobacter sakazakii in Galleria mellonella (greater wax moth) larvae. Arch Virol 2014, 159(9):2253-2261. 19. Yang HF, Pan AJ, Hu LF, Liu YY, Cheng J, Ye Y, Li JB: Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against Enterobacter cloacae infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2014. 20. Yan X, Zhao C, Budin-Verneuil A, Hartke A, Rince A, Gilmore MS, Auffray Y, Pichereau V: The (p)ppGpp synthetase RelA contributes to stress adaptation and virulence in Enterococcus faecalis V583. Microbiology 2009, 155(Pt 10):3226-3237. 21. Lebreton F, Le Bras F, Reffuveille F, Ladjouzi R, Giard JC, Leclercq R, Cattoir V: Galleria mellonella as a model for studying Enterococcus faecium host persistence. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011, 21(3-4): 191-196. 22. Ciesielczuk H, Betts J, Phee L, Doumith M, Hope R, Woodford N, Wareham DW: Comparative virulence of urinary and bloodstream isolates of extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in a Galleria mellonella model. Virulence 2015, 6(2):145-151. 23. Alghoribi MF, Gibreel TM, Dodgson AR, Beatson SA, Upton M: Galleria mellonella infection model demonstrates high lethality of ST69 and ST127 uropathogenic E. coli. PLoS One 2014, 9(7):e101547. 24. Dudziak B, Jozwik Z: The virulence of some Escherichia coli strains for larvae of Galleria mellonella L. Acta microbiologica Polonica Series B: Microbiologia applicata 1969, 1(3):137-141. 25. Aperis G, Fuchs BB, Anderson CA, Warner JE, Calderwood SB, Mylonakis E: Galleria mellonella as a model host to study infection by the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. Microbes Infect 2007, 9(6):729-734. 26. Giannouli M, Palatucci AT, Rubino V, Ruggiero G, Romano M, Triassi M, Ricci V, Zarrilli R: Use of larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model to study the virulence of Helicobacter pylori. Models tested in G. Mellonella 26. Giannouli M, Palatucci AT, Rubino V, Ruggiero G, Romano M, Triassi M, Ricci V, Zarrilli R: Use of larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model to study the virulence of Helicobacter pylori. BMC Microbiol 2014, 14:228. 27. Wand ME, McCowen JW, Nugent PG, Sutton JM: Complex interactions of Klebsiella pneumoniae with the host immune system in a Galleria mellonella infection model. J Med Microbiol 2013, 62(Pt 12):1790-1798. 28. Insua JL, Llobet E, Moranta D, Perez-Gutierrez C, Tomas A, Garmendia J, Bengoechea JA: Modeling Klebsiella pneumoniae pathogenesis by infection of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Infect Immun 2013, 81(10):3552-3565. 29. Vilela SF, Barbosa JO, Rossoni RD, Santos JD, Prata MC, Anbinder AL, Jorge AO, Junqueira JC: Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 inhibits biofilm formation by C. albicans and attenuates the experimental candidiasis in Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2015, 6(1):29-39. 30. Chmiel E, Palusinska-Szysz
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