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Levin, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Bala Swaminathan, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Buenos Aires, Argentina Myron Levine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Robert Swanepoel, Johannesburg, South Africa Didier Raoult, Associate Editor Stuart Levy, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Phillip Tarr, Seattle, Washington, USA Marseilles, France John S. MacKenzie, Brisbane, Australia Timothy Tucker, Cape Town, South Africa Pierre Rollin, Associate Editor Tom Marrie, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Elaine Tuomanen, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Atlanta, Georgia, USA John E. McGowan, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia, USA David Walker, Galveston, Texas, USA Mario Raviglione, Associate Editor Stephen S. Morse, New York, New York, USA Mary E. Wilson, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Geneva, Switzerland Polyxeni Potter, Managing Editor Emerging Infectious Diseases All material published in Emerging Infectious Atlanta, Georgia, USA Diseases is in the public domain and may be used Emerging Infectious Diseases is published month- Joseph E. McDade, Founding Editor and reprinted without special permission; proper cita- ly by the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Georgia, USA tion, however, is required. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop D61, Atlanta, GA 30333, Use of trade names is for identification only and USA. Telephone 404-371-5329, fax 404-371-5449, Production Editors does not imply endorsement by the Public Health email [email protected]. Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Mary Anne Castranio Carol D. Snarey Human Services. Carolyn P. Collins Reginald S. Tucker The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Ann Kitchen Cathy E. Young ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid- the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Anne D. Mather free paper that meets the requirements of institutions with which the authors are affiliated. ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Full text free online at www.cdc.gov/eid The print journal is available at no charge to public health professionals YES, I would like to receive Emerging Infectious Diseases. Please print your name and business address in the box and return by fax to 404-371-5449 or mail to EID Editor CDC/NCID/MS D61 1600 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, GA 30333 Moving? Please give us your new address (in the box) and print the number of your old mailing label here_________________________________________ A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol.9, No.8, August 2003 Molecular Analysis of Echovirus 13 Isolates and Aseptic Meningitis, Spain . .934 A. Avellón et al. Molecular Characteristics of a Non–Babesia divergens Organism Causing Zoonotic Babesiosis in Europe . .942 B.L. Herwaldt et al. Severe Tungiasis in Underprivileged Communities: Case Series from Brazil . .949 H. Feldmeier et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Oropharyngeal Ecosystem of Tube-Fed Patients . .956 On the Cover: A. Leibovitz et al. Jan Steen (c. 1625–1679). Beware of Luxury (c. 1665) Oil on canvas 105 cm x 145 cm. Nonmalarial Infant Deaths and Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria DDT Use for Malaria Control . .960 About the Cover, pg. 1035 A. Chen and W.J. Rogan Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Perspectives HIV-Negative Patients, Buenos Aires, Argentina . .965 D. Palmero et al. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Origin Hypothesis . .903 Invasive Group A Streptococcal P.G.W. Plagemann Disease: Risk Factors for Adults . .970 S.H. Factor et al. Detecting Bioterror Attacks by Screening Blood Donors: A Best-Case Analysis . .909 Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant E.H. Kaplan et al. Staphylococcus aureus Carrying Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes: Research Worldwide Emergence . .978 F. Vandenesch et al. Legionnaires’ Disease Outbreak in Murcia, Spain . .915 A. García-Fulgueiras et al. Candidemia in Finland, 1995–1999 . .985 E. Poikonen et al. Survival of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Water: Quarantine and Disease Dispatches Control Implications . .922 M.L. Johnson and R. Speare Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Temporal Stability and Geographic Variation in Enzootic Transmission of Case-Fatality Rates and Doubling Times . .991 Yellow Fever Virus in Peru . .926 A.P. Galvani et al. J. Bryant et al. A Peer-Reviewed Journal Tracking and Analyzing Disease Trends Vol.9, No.8, August 2003 Emerging Pathogen of Wild Amphibians Polymyxin-Resistant Acinetobacter spp. in Frogs (Rana catesbeiana) Farmed Isolates: What Is Next? . .1025 for International Trade . .995 A.O. Reis et al. R. Mazzoni et al. Multidrug-Resistant Shiga Toxin–Producing NmcA Carbapenem-hydrolyzing Enzyme Escherichia coli O118:H16 in Latin America . .1027 in Enterobacter cloacae in North America . .999 A.F.P. de Castro et al. S. Pottumarthy et al. Correction Fluid Intake and Decreased Risk for Volume 9, Number 6, Serogroup W-135 Hospitalization for Dengue Fever, Nicaragua . .1003 Meningococcal Disease during the Hajj, 2000 . .1028 E. Harris et al. News and Notes From Pig to Pacifier: Chitterling-Associated Yersiniosis Outbreak among Black Infants . .1007 Emergence and Control of Zoonotic T.F. Jones et al. Viral Encephalitis . .1029 C. H. Calisher et al. Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis Caused by Coxsackievirus A24 Variant, New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases . .1030 South Korea, 2002 . .1010 R. Docampo M. Oh et al. About the Cover . .1035 Nonhemolytic, Nonmotile Gram-Positive P. Potter Rods Indicative of Bacillus anthracis . .1013 E.G. Dib et al. Another Dimension Eating Dirt . .1016 G.N. Callahan Letters Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa–Carrying VIM-2 Metallo-ß-Lactamase Determinants, Croatia . .1022 S. Sardelic et al. Rickettsia felis in the United Kingdom . .1023 M.J. Kenny et al. Community Transmission of Extended-Spectrum β−Lactamase . .1024 B. Mirelis et al. PERSPECTIVES Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Origin Hypothesis Peter G.W. Plagemann* Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is a However, the origin of PRRSV is still a mystery, especial- serious swine disease that appeared suddenly in the mid- ly since the European and North American PRRSV isolates western United States and central Europe approximately cause similar clinical symptoms but represent two distinct 14 years ago; the disease has now spread worldwide. In viral genotypes whose genomes diverge by approximately North America and Europe, the syndrome is caused by two 40% (7). The European and North American PRRSV pro- genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syn- drome virus (PRRSV), an arterivirus whose genomes totypes are Lelystad virus (4) and VR-2332 (3), respective- diverge by approximately 40%. My hypothesis, which ly. Retrospective serologic tests did not detect antibodies explains the origin and evolution of the two distinct PRRSV (Abs) to PRRSV in domestic pigs in Iowa and in Germany genotypes, is that a