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Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed. -
Systema Naturae∗
Systema Naturae∗ c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.802 (June 29, 2008) 7 Regnum Monera [ Bacillus ] /Bacteria Subregnum Bacteria [ 6:8Bacillus ]1 Superphylum Posibacteria [ 6:2Bacillus ] stat.m. Phylum 1. Firmicutes [ 6Bacillus ]2 Classis 1(1). Thermotogae [ 5Thermotoga ] i.s. 2(2). Mollicutes [ 5Mycoplasma ] 3(3). Clostridia [ 5Clostridium ]3 4(4). Bacilli [ 5Bacillus ] 5(5). Symbiobacteres [ 5Symbiobacterium ] Phylum 2. Actinobacteria [ 6Actynomyces ] Classis 1(6). Actinobacteres [ 5Actinomyces ] Phylum 3. Hadobacteria [ 6Deinococcus ] sed.m. Classis 1(7). Hadobacteres [ 5Deinococcus ]4 Superphylum Negibacteria [ 6:2Rhodospirillum ] stat.m. Phylum 4. Chlorobacteria [ 6Chloroflexus ]5 Classis 1(8). Ktedonobacteres [ 5Ktedonobacter ] sed.m. 2(9). Thermomicrobia [ 5Thermomicrobium ] 3(10). Chloroflexi [ 5Chloroflexus ] ∗Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations and signs: sed.m. (sedis mutabilis); stat.m. (status mutabilis): s., aut i. (superior, aut interior); i.s. (incertae sedis); sed.p. (sedis possibilis); s.str. (sensu stricto); s.l. (sensu lato); incl. (inclusum); excl. (exclusum); \quotes" for environmental groups; * (asterisk) for paraphyletic taxa; / (slash) at margins for major clades (\domains"). 1Incl. \Nanobacteria" i.s. et dubitativa, \OP11 group" i.s. 2Incl. \TM7" i.s., \OP9", \OP10". 3Incl. Dictyoglomi sed.m., Fusobacteria, Thermolithobacteria. 4= Deinococcus{Thermus. 5Incl. Thermobaculum i.s. 1 4(11). Dehalococcoidetes [ 5Dehalococcoides ] 5(12). Anaerolineae [ 5Anaerolinea ]6 Phylum 5. Cyanobacteria [ 6Nostoc ] Classis 1(13). Gloeobacteres [ 5Gloeobacter ] 2(14). Chroobacteres [ 5Chroococcus ]7 3(15). Hormogoneae [ 5Nostoc ] Phylum 6. Bacteroidobacteria [ 6Bacteroides ]8 Classis 1(16). Fibrobacteres [ 5Fibrobacter ] 2(17). Chlorobi [ 5Chlorobium ] 3(18). Salinibacteres [ 5Salinibacter ] 4(19). Bacteroidetes [ 5Bacteroides ]9 Phylum 7. Spirobacteria [ 6Spirochaeta ] Classis 1(20). Spirochaetes [ 5Spirochaeta ] s.l.10 Phylum 8. Planctobacteria [ 6Planctomyces ]11 Classis 1(21). -
Severe Babesiosis Caused by Babesia Divergens in a Host with Intact Spleen, Russia, 2018 T ⁎ Irina V
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 10 (2019) 101262 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ttbdis Severe babesiosis caused by Babesia divergens in a host with intact spleen, Russia, 2018 T ⁎ Irina V. Kukinaa, Olga P. Zelyaa, , Tatiana M. Guzeevaa, Ludmila S. Karanb, Irina A. Perkovskayac, Nina I. Tymoshenkod, Marina V. Guzeevad a Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation b Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russian Federation c Infectious Clinical Hospital №2 of the Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation d Centre for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: We report a case of severe babesiosis caused by the bovine pathogen Babesia divergens with the development of Protozoan parasites multisystem failure in a splenic host. Immunosuppression other than splenectomy can also predispose people to Babesia divergens B. divergens. There was heavy multiple invasion of up to 14 parasites inside the erythrocyte, which had not been Ixodes ricinus previously observed even in asplenic hosts. The piroplasm 18S rRNA sequence from our patient was identical B. Tick-borne disease divergens EU lineage with identity 99.5–100%. Human babesiosis 1. Introduction Leucocyte left shift with immature neutrophils, signs of dysery- thropoiesis, anisocytosis, and poikilocytosis were seen on the peripheral Babesia divergens, a protozoan blood parasite (Apicomplexa: smear. Numerous intra-erythrocytic parasites were found, which were Babesiidae) is primarily specific to bovines. This parasite is widespread initially falsely identified as Plasmodium falciparum. The patient was throughout Europe within the vector Ixodes ricinus. -
New Zealand's Genetic Diversity
1.13 NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY NEW ZEALAND’S GENETIC DIVERSITY Dennis P. Gordon National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington 6022, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The known genetic diversity represented by the New Zealand biota is reviewed and summarised, largely based on a recently published New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. All kingdoms and eukaryote phyla are covered, updated to refl ect the latest phylogenetic view of Eukaryota. The total known biota comprises a nominal 57 406 species (c. 48 640 described). Subtraction of the 4889 naturalised-alien species gives a biota of 52 517 native species. A minimum (the status of a number of the unnamed species is uncertain) of 27 380 (52%) of these species are endemic (cf. 26% for Fungi, 38% for all marine species, 46% for marine Animalia, 68% for all Animalia, 78% for vascular plants and 91% for terrestrial Animalia). In passing, examples are given both of the roles of the major taxa in providing ecosystem services and of the use of genetic resources in the New Zealand economy. Key words: Animalia, Chromista, freshwater, Fungi, genetic diversity, marine, New Zealand, Prokaryota, Protozoa, terrestrial. INTRODUCTION Article 10b of the CBD calls for signatories to ‘Adopt The original brief for this chapter was to review New Zealand’s measures relating to the use of biological resources [i.e. genetic genetic resources. The OECD defi nition of genetic resources resources] to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological is ‘genetic material of plants, animals or micro-organisms of diversity [e.g. genetic diversity]’ (my parentheses). -
Molecular Parasitology Protozoan Parasites and Their Molecules Molecular Parasitology Julia Walochnik • Michael Duchêne Editors
Julia Walochnik Michael Duchêne Editors Molecular Parasitology Protozoan Parasites and their Molecules Molecular Parasitology Julia Walochnik • Michael Duchêne Editors Molecular Parasitology Protozoan Parasites and their Molecules Editors Julia Walochnik Michael Duchêne Institute of Specifi c Prophylaxis Institute of Specifi c Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine and Tropical Medicine Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology and Immunology Medical University of Vienna Medical University of Vienna Vienna Vienna Austria Austria ISBN 978-3-7091-1415-5 ISBN 978-3-7091-1416-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1416-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947730 © Springer-Verlag Wien 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Base J Originally Found in Kinetoplastida Is Also a Minor Constituent of Nuclear DNA of Euglena Gracilis
© 2000 Oxford University Press Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 16 3017–3021 Base J originally found in Kinetoplastida is also a minor constituent of nuclear DNA of Euglena gracilis Dennis Dooijes, Inês Chaves, Rudo Kieft, Anita Dirks-Mulder, William Martin1 and Piet Borst* Division of Molecular Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and 1Institute of Genetics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany Received June 8, 2000; Accepted July 4, 2000 ABSTRACT DNA blots or by immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipi- tated DNA can be analyzed by combined 32P-postlabeling and We have analyzed DNA of Euglena gracilis for the two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) experi- presence of the unusual minor base β-D-glucosyl- ments (6,7) to verify that J is present. Using these methods we hydroxymethyluracil or J, thus far only found in have shown that J is a conserved DNA modification in kineto- kinetoplastid flagellates and in Diplonema.Using plastid protozoans and is abundant in their telomeres (5). J was antibodies specific for J and post-labeling of DNA not detected in the animals, plants, or fungi tested, nor in a digests followed by two-dimensional thin-layer range of other simple eukaryotes, such as Plasmodium, chromatography of labeled nucleotides, we show Toxoplasma, Entamoeba, Trichomonas and Giardia (5). that ~0.2 mole percent of Euglena DNA consists of J, Outside the Kinetoplastida, J was only found in Diplonema,a an amount similar to that found in DNA of Trypano- small phagotrophic marine flagellate, in which we also soma brucei. -
Number of Living Species in Australia and the World
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World 2nd edition Arthur D. Chapman Australian Biodiversity Information Services australia’s nature Toowoomba, Australia there is more still to be discovered… Report for the Australian Biological Resources Study Canberra, Australia September 2009 CONTENTS Foreword 1 Insecta (insects) 23 Plants 43 Viruses 59 Arachnida Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) 43 Protoctista (mainly Introduction 2 (spiders, scorpions, etc) 26 Gymnosperms (Coniferophyta, Protozoa—others included Executive Summary 6 Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 28 Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta under fungi, algae, Myriapoda and Ginkgophyta) 45 Chromista, etc) 60 Detailed discussion by Group 12 (millipedes, centipedes) 29 Ferns and Allies 46 Chordates 13 Acknowledgements 63 Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc) 31 Bryophyta Mammalia (mammals) 13 Onychophora (velvet worms) 32 (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 47 References 66 Aves (birds) 14 Hexapoda (proturans, springtails) 33 Plant Algae (including green Reptilia (reptiles) 15 Mollusca (molluscs, shellfish) 34 algae, red algae, glaucophytes) 49 Amphibia (frogs, etc) 16 Annelida (segmented worms) 35 Fungi 51 Pisces (fishes including Nematoda Fungi (excluding taxa Chondrichthyes and (nematodes, roundworms) 36 treated under Chromista Osteichthyes) 17 and Protoctista) 51 Acanthocephala Agnatha (hagfish, (thorny-headed worms) 37 Lichen-forming fungi 53 lampreys, slime eels) 18 Platyhelminthes (flat worms) 38 Others 54 Cephalochordata (lancelets) 19 Cnidaria (jellyfish, Prokaryota (Bacteria Tunicata or Urochordata sea anenomes, corals) 39 [Monera] of previous report) 54 (sea squirts, doliolids, salps) 20 Porifera (sponges) 40 Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) 55 Invertebrates 21 Other Invertebrates 41 Chromista (including some Hemichordata (hemichordates) 21 species previously included Echinodermata (starfish, under either algae or fungi) 56 sea cucumbers, etc) 22 FOREWORD In Australia and around the world, biodiversity is under huge Harnessing core science and knowledge bases, like and growing pressure. -
Dissecting Mechanisms Controlling Neural Network Formation in Drosophila Melanogaster
Dissecting mechanisms controlling neural network formation in Drosophila melanogaster Hong Long Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada August 2009 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in Neuroscience © Hong Long, 2009 1 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66458-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66458-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. -
Autophagy in Trypanosomatids
Cells 2012, 1, 346-371; doi:10.3390/cells1030346 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Review Autophagy in Trypanosomatids Ana Brennand 1,†, Eva Rico 2,†,‡ and Paul A. M. Michels 1,* 1 Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 74, postal box B1.74.01, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Campus, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, 28871, Spain; E-Mail: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. ‡ Present Address: Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-2-7647473; Fax: +32-2-7626853. Received: 28 June 2012; in revised form: 14 July 2012 / Accepted: 16 July 2012 / Published: 27 July 2012 Abstract: Autophagy is a ubiquitous eukaryotic process that also occurs in trypanosomatid parasites, protist organisms belonging to the supergroup Excavata, distinct from the supergroup Opistokontha that includes mammals and fungi. Half of the known yeast and mammalian AuTophaGy (ATG) proteins were detected in trypanosomatids, although with low sequence conservation. Trypanosomatids such as Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are responsible for serious tropical diseases in humans. The parasites are transmitted by insects and, consequently, have a complicated life cycle during which they undergo dramatic morphological and metabolic transformations to adapt to the different environments. -
The Intestinal Protozoa
The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately. -
Phylogeny and Evolution of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in Selected Wild Herbivores of Kenya
PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF THEILERIA AND BABESIA PARASITES IN SELECTED WILD HERBIVORES OF KENYA LUCY WAMUYU WAHOME MASTER OF SCIENCE (Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology) JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016 Phylogeny and Evolution of Theileria and Babesia Parasites in Selected Wild Herbivores of Kenya Lucy Wamuyu Wahome A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology in the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. 2016 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signature………………………. Date…………………………… Wahome Lucy Wamuyu This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors. Signature……………………… Date…………………………… Prof. Daniel Kariuki JKUAT, Kenya Signature……………………… Date…………………………… Dr.Sheila Ommeh JKUAT, Kenya Signature……………………… Date………………………… Dr. Francis Gakuya Kenya Wildlife Service, Kenya ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents Mr. Godfrey, Mrs. Naomi and my only beloved sister Caroline for their tireless support throughout my academic journey. "I can do everything through Christ who gives me strength." iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost I would like to acknowledge and thank the Almighty God for blessing, protecting and guiding me throughout this period. I am most grateful to the department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, for according me the opportunity to pursue my postgraduate studies. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Prof. Daniel Kariuki, Dr. Sheila Ommeh and Dr. Francis Gakuya for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through out this project. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. -
Real-Time Dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 Reveals Unusual Modes of Chromosome Segregation During Parasite Proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J
© 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Cell Science (2021) 134, jcs245753. doi:10.1242/jcs.245753 RESEARCH ARTICLE SPECIAL ISSUE: CELL BIOLOGY OF HOST–PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 reveals unusual modes of chromosome segregation during parasite proliferation Mohammad Zeeshan1,*, Rajan Pandey1,*, David J. P. Ferguson2,3, Eelco C. Tromer4, Robert Markus1, Steven Abel5, Declan Brady1, Emilie Daniel1, Rebecca Limenitakis6, Andrew R. Bottrill7, Karine G. Le Roch5, Anthony A. Holder8, Ross F. Waller4, David S. Guttery9 and Rita Tewari1,‡ ABSTRACT eukaryotic organisms to proliferate, propagate and survive. During Eukaryotic cell proliferation requires chromosome replication and these processes, microtubular spindles form to facilitate an equal precise segregation to ensure daughter cells have identical genomic segregation of duplicated chromosomes to the spindle poles. copies. Species of the genus Plasmodium, the causative agents of Chromosome attachment to spindle microtubules (MTs) is malaria, display remarkable aspects of nuclear division throughout their mediated by kinetochores, which are large multiprotein complexes life cycle to meet some peculiar and unique challenges to DNA assembled on centromeres located at the constriction point of sister replication and chromosome segregation. The parasite undergoes chromatids (Cheeseman, 2014; McKinley and Cheeseman, 2016; atypical endomitosis and endoreduplication with an intact nuclear Musacchio and Desai, 2017; Vader and Musacchio, 2017). Each membrane and intranuclear mitotic spindle. To understand these diverse sister chromatid has its own kinetochore, oriented to facilitate modes of Plasmodium cell division, we have studied the behaviour movement to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus. During and composition of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex, a key part of anaphase, the spindle elongates and the sister chromatids separate, the mitotic apparatus that attaches the centromere of chromosomes to resulting in segregation of the two genomes during telophase.