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Cell & Molecular Biology BSC ZO- 102 B. Sc. I YEAR CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY BSCZO-102 Cell and Molecular Biology DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in Board of Studies and Programme Coordinator Board of Studies Prof. B.D.Joshi Prof. H.C.S.Bisht Retd.Prof. Department of Zoology Department of Zoology DSB Campus, Kumaun University, Gurukul Kangri, University Nainital Haridwar Prof. H.C.Tiwari Dr.N.N.Pandey Retd. Prof. & Principal Senior Scientist, Department of Zoology, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries MB Govt.PG College (ICAR) Haldwani Nainital. Bhimtal (Nainital). Dr. Shyam S.Kunjwal Department of Zoology School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University Programme Coordinator Dr. Shyam S.Kunjwal Department of Zoology School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital Unit writing and Editing Editor Writer Dr.(Ms) Meenu Vats Dr.Mamtesh Kumari , Professor & Head Associate. Professor Department of Zoology, Department of Zoology DAV College,Sector-10 Govt. PG College Chandigarh-160011 Uttarkashi (Uttarakhand) Dr.Sunil Bhandari Asstt. Professor. Department of Zoology BGR Campus Pauri, HNB (Central University) Garhwal. Course Title and Code : Cell and Molecular Biology (BSCZO 102) ISBN : 978-93-85740-54-1 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2017 Published By : Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital- 263139 Contents Course 1: Cell and Molecular Biology Course code: BSCZO102 Credit: 3 Unit Block and Unit title Page number Number Block 1 Cell Biology or Cytology 1-128 1 Cell Type : History and origin. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell. Difference 1-16 between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell. 2 Plasma Membrane: History, Ultra structure, and chemical composition of plasma 17-31 membrane (Lamellar-models, micellar models and fluid mosaic model). Functions of plasma membrane . 3 Mitochondria : History and structure of mitochondria, biogenesis and functions of 32-44 mitochondria (Respiratory chain complex and Electron transport mechanism). 4 Endoplasmic Recticulum, Ribosome, Golgi Bodies: History, structure, functions 45-65 and importance. 5 Lysosomes, Centrioles, Microtubules : History, structure, functions and 66-79 Importance. 6 Nucleus : History, structure, functions and importance . 80 -91 7 Chromosomes : History, types and functions of chromosomes. Giant 92-104 chromosomes, Polytene chromosome and Lampbrush chromosome . 8 Cell Division: Mitosis (cell cycle stages, cytokinesis) Meiosis (reproductive cycle 105-128 stages, synoptonemal complex, recombination nodules). Comparison between meiosis and mitosis. BLOCK 2 Molecular Biology: 129-204 9 129-152 Structure and Type of DNA : Structure, functions and type of DNA, Watson And Crick’s structural model of DNA, chemical composition of DNA, replication of DNA and recombinant DNA. 10 Structure of RNA : Structure of RNA (primary, secondary and tertiary structure) and 153-172 types of RNA (transfer RNA, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA). Biosynthesis of m- RNA, t-RNA. Function and importance of RNA. 11 Protein Synthesis and Regulation: Protein Synthesis, mechanism (initiation, 173-194 elongation and termination) of protein synthesis. Gene regulation (Operon hypothesis: regulator gene, promoter gene, operator gene, structural gene, repressor gene, co- repressor gene and inducer gene), regulation at transcription, regulation by gene arrangement and reversible phosphorylation, types of control mechanisms, regulation of gene activity in eukaryotes. 12 Genetic Code: Properties of genetic code, codons and anti codon, The Wobble 195-204 Hypothesis, Mutation and the triplet code. ZO-102 Cell & Molecular Biology Uttarakhand Open University UNIT: 1 CELL TYPE Contents 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Introduction 1.3 History and Origin 1.4 Basic Components of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 1.4.1 Prokaryotic Cells 1.4.2 Eukaryotic Cells 1.4.3 Differences between Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells 1.5 Summary 1.6 Glossary 1.7 Self Assessment Questions and Possible Answers 1.7.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1.7.2 Very Short Questions 1.8 References and Suggested Readings 1.9 Terminal and Model Questions Page 1 ZO-102 Cell & Molecular Biology Uttarakhand Open University 1.1 Objectives Study of this unit will let the students to: • Define Prokaryotic cell; • Explain the structure of prokaryotic cell; • Write about Eukaryotic cell; • Elucidate the structure of Eukaryotic cell; • Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. 1.2 Introduction A structure containing a mass of cytoplasm surrounded by semi-permeable membrane called plasma membrane is called a cell. It encloses cytoplasm, many cell organelles along with nucleus or nuclear material. On the basis of organization of membranes, variety and structure of cytoplasmic organelles and complexity of nuclear region, the cells are classified into two types: Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell. These terms were suggested by Hans Ris in 1960s . 1.3 History and Origin A cell was defined as “unit of biological activity delimited by a semi permeable membrane and capable of self-reproduction in a medium free of other living systems” by Loewy and Siekevitz (1963) . The study of cell has been made possible with the help of light microscope. Robert Hooke (1665) with the help of light microscope discovered that a section of cork is made up of small cavities surrounded by firm walls. He used the term “cell” for the first time to describe his investigations on the “texture of a piece of cork”. Later on A. Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) observed various unicellular organisms and cells like bacteria, protozoan’s, red blood cells and sperm etc. He observed nucleus in some erythrocytes and all this was made possible with the improved microscopes. In 1809, Mirble M. stated that all plant tissues are composed of cells. In the same year, importance of cells in living organisms was described by J.B. Lamarck . Robert Brown in 1831 observed nucleus in certain plant cells. Mimosa cells were boiled in nitric acid by Dutrochet (1837) to separate the cells to conclude that all organic tissues are composed of globular cells, united by simple adhesive forces. “All living organism are composed of cells” was stated by Schwann, T. (1839) after examining a variety of animals and plant tissues. Page 2 ZO-102 Cell & Molecular Biology Uttarakhand Open University Fig. 1.1: A Bacterial Cell 1.4: BASIC COMPONENTS OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL 1.4.1 Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells are the most primitive cells and have simple structural organization. It has a single membrane system. They include bacteria, viruses, blue-green algae, mycoplasmas, rickettsias, spirochetes etc. Cyanobacteria or blue green algae are the largest and most complex prokaryote, in which photosynthesis of higher plants type have evolved. Prokaryotes are included in the kingdom Monera and the super kingdom Prokaryota . The Prokaryotes have the following characters: 1. The size of prokaryotic cells ranges between 1 to 10 µm. They occur in a variety of forms. 2. Prokaryotic cell consists of three main components: (I) Outer covering: It is composed of inner cell or plasma membrane, middle cell wall and outer slimy capsule. a. Cell membrane: Cell membrane made up of lipids and proteins, is thin and flexible and controls the movement of molecules across the cell. Respiratory enzymes are carried by it for energy releasing reactions. Mesosomes , the in-folds of plasma Page 3 ZO-102 Cell & Molecular Biology Uttarakhand Open University membrane bears respiratory enzymes and these are considered analogous to mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Similarly, the pigments and enzymes molecules that absorb and convert the light into chemical energy in photosynthetic cells are also associated with the plasma membrane’s in-folds called photosynthetic lamella . These lamellae are analogous to the chloroplast of eukaryotic cells. Plasma membrane plays role in replication and division of nuclear material. Since the in-folds remain continuous with the cell membrane, they are not considered as separate compartments. Thus, prokaryotic cell is non-compartmentalized. b. Cell wall : It is a rigid or semi-rigid non-living structure that surrounds the cell membrane and its thickness ranges between 1.5 to 100 µm. Chemically it is composed of peptidoglycans . Some bacteria such as mycoplasmas lack cell wall. c. Slimy capsule: A gelatinous coat outside the cell wall is the slimy capsule. It is composed of largely of polysaccharides and sometimes it may have polypeptides and other compounds also. It protects the cell against desiccation, virus attacks, phagocytosis and antibiotics (II) Cytoplasm: Prokaryotic cytoplasm contains proteins, lipids, glycogen and inorganic ions along with enzymes for biosynthetic reactions and ribosomes, tRNA and mRNA for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic cytoplasm has some special features as follows: a. It lacks cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, Centrosomes, vacuoles, Lysosomes, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. b. The only cytoplasmic organelle found in prokaryotic cells is the ribosomes . They are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes i.e., 70S and lie free in the cytoplasm. They form poly-ribosomes at the time of protein synthesis. They are the sites of protein synthesis. c. Like eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cell does not
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