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Aalto University School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Indoor Environment Technology Supervising professors Professor Heidi Salonen, Aalto University School of Engineering, Finland Professor Katrina Nordström, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Finland Thesis advisors PhD Minna Keinänen-Toivola, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland PhD Merja Ahonen, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland Docent Tarja Pitkänen, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland Preliminary examiners Professor Darla M. Goeres, Montana State University, US PhD Gadi Borkow, Cupron Inc., Israel Opponent PhD Frederik Hammes, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2018 © 2018 Jenni Inkinen ISBN 978-952-60-8091-8 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-8092-5 (pdf) ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-8092-5 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2018 Finland Publication orders (printed book): [email protected] Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Jenni Inkinen Name of the doctoral dissertation Microbiological effects of copper and other abiotic factors in drinking water and touch surface environments Publisher School of Engineering Unit Department of Civil Engineering Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2018 Field of research Indoor Environment Technology Manuscript submitted 9 September 2018 Date of the defence 12 October 2018 Permission to publish granted (date) 10 August 2018 Language English Monograph Article dissertation Essay dissertation Abstract Humans spend most of their time indoors. The built environment with its systems (e.g. water system) should be designed and operated in a way that it is microbiologically safe in all stages of operation. Copper is a widely used material within indoor environments and may aid to maintain low bacterial counts in drinking water and touch surface environments depending on the surroun- ding circumstances e.g. water/air interface, biofilm formation or soiling. Basic knowledge of the composition of drinking water bacteria has been earlier limited only to a small cultivable fraction of bacteria. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies help to reveal entire microbial commu- nities and to date these approaches are also extended to cover studies on drinking water systems. This thesis focuses on the unique microbiological niches of drinking water and touch surface indoor environments utilizing up-to-date technologies and real-life environments with emphasis on environmental factors that shape such microbiota. The role of copper in both water and air interfaces is of special interest. NGS approach was utilised to evaluate the effect of copper pipelines on biofilm or water micro- biota under real-life circumstances (full-scale water system) and under controlled conditions (pilot- scale system). Copper was compared to another commonly used pipeline material, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX). Environmental conditions i.e. the effect of cold and hot water systems with different flow regimes and temperatures (full-scale), and disinfection and magnetic water treat- ment (pilot-scale) were studied by NGS or traditional analysis methods in which stagnated water represented the worst-case scenario for water quality. The microbiological effects of copper in touch surface environment were studied at different real-life facilities under varying environmental circumstances (e.g. usage profiles, cleaning). This thesis successfully revealed the active and dormant bacterial inhabitants of the drinking water system utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and ribosomal RNA as a template. For public health relevance, Legionella spp. were suggested as inactive using the RNA approach. Operational conditions (stagnation, temperature) and increased disinfectant concen- tration were revealed as important environmental factors that shape drinking water bacterial populations. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of use of only fresh water for drinking water usage, in accordance with the current recommended practises. Based on this study, copper pipelines showed similar characteristics to PEX pipelines without antibacterial properties in drin- king water systems. At the air interface however, copper showed antibacterial properties with varying real-life circumstances. Thus, its usage as an antibacterial touch surface material can be recommended especially for small frequently touched items that were shown to possess the highest microbial counts.
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    toku-e logo For a complete list of references, please visit antibiotics.toku-e.com Levofloxacin Microorganism Genus, Species, and Strain (if shown) Concentration Range (μg/ml)Susceptibility and Aeromonas spp. 0.0625 Minimum Inhibitory Alcaligenes faecalis 0.39 － 25 Bacillus circulans Concentration0.25 － 8 (MIC) Data Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) 6.25 Issue date 01/06/2020 Bacteroides capillosus ≤0.06 － >8 Bacteroides distasonis 0.5 － 128 Bacteroides eggerthii 4 Bacteroides fragilis 0.5 － 128 Bacteroides merdae 0.25 － >32 Bacteroides ovatus 0.25 － 256 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 1 － 256 Bacteroides uniformis 4 － 128 Bacteroides ureolyticus ≤0.06 － >8 Bacteroides vulgatus 1 － 256 Bifidobacterium adolescentis 0.25 － >32 Bifidobacterium bifidum 8 Bifidobacterium breve 0.25 － 8 Bifidobacterium longum 0.25 － 8 Bifidobacterium pseudolongum 8 Bifidobacterium sp. 0.25 － >32 Bilophila wadsworthia 0.25 － 16 Brevibacterium spp. 0.12 － 8 Brucella melitensis 0.5 Burkholderia cepacia 0.25 － 512 Campylobacter coli 0.015 － 128 Campylobacter concisus ≤0.06 － >8 Campylobacter gracilis ≤0.06 － >8 Campylobacter jejuni 0.015 － 128 Campylobacter mucosalis ≤0.06 － >8 Campylobacter rectus ≤0.06 － >8 Campylobacter showae ≤0.06 － >8 Campylobacter spp. 0.25 Campylobacter sputorum ≤0.06 － >8 Capnocytophaga ochracea ≤0.06 － >8 Capnocytophaga spp. 0.006 － 2 Chlamydia pneumonia 0.125 － 1 Chlamydia psittaci 0.5 Chlamydia trachomatis 0.12 － 1 Chlamydophila pneumonia 0.5 Citrobacter diversus 0.015 － 0.125 Citrobacter freundii ≤0.00625 － >64 Citrobacter koseri 0.015 －
  • Aquascreen® Legionella Species Qpcr Detection Kit

    Aquascreen® Legionella Species Qpcr Detection Kit

    AquaScreen® Legionella species qPCR Detection Kit INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE FOR USE IN RESEARCH AND QUALITY CONTROL Symbols Lot No. Cat. No. Expiry date Storage temperature Number of reactions Manufacturer INDICATION The AquaScreen® Legionella species qPCR Detection kit is specifically designed for the quantitative detection of several Legionella species in water samples prepared with the AquaScreen® FastExt- ract kit. Its design complies with the requirements of AFNOR T90-471 and ISO/TS 12869:2012. Legionella are ubiquitous bacteria in surface water and moist soil, where they parasitize protozoa. The optimal growth temperature lies between +15 and +45 °C, whereas these gram-negative bacteria are dormant below 20 °C and do not survive above 60 °C. Importantly, Legionella are well-known as opportunistic intracellular human pathogens causing Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac fever. The transmission occurs through inhalation of contami- nated aerosols generated by an infected source (e.g. human-made water systems like shower- heads, sink faucets, heaters, cooling towers, and many more). In order to efficiently prevent Legionella outbreaks, water safety control measures need syste- matic application but also reliable validation by fast Legionella testing. TEST PRINCIPLE The AquaScreen® Legionella species Kit uses qPCR for quantitative detection of legionella in wa- ter samples. In contrast to more time-consuming culture-based methods, AquaScreen® assays need less than six hours including sample preparation and qPCR to reliably detect Legionella. Moreover, the AquaScreen® qPCR assay has proven excellent performance in terms of specificity and sensitivity: other bacterial genera remain undetected whereas linear quantification is obtai- ned up to 1 x 106 particles per sample, therefore requiring no material dilution.