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Drinking Water Systems in Buildings g e n liviC tnm apeD apeD r apeD r r nemt nemt t nemt t o t o f o f C f C i C v i v i v l i l i l gnE gnE i gnE i i een een r een r i r i i gn gn gn .sroodni emit rieht fo tsom dneps snamuH snamuH snamuH dneps dneps dneps tsom tsom tsom fo fo fo rieht rieht rieht emit emit emit .sroodni .sroodni .sroodni - o- t o t l aA l aA smetsys st i ht iw tnemnor ivne t l iub er i tne ehT ehT ehT tne i tne i tne er i er er iub l iub t l iub t l t ivne ivne ivne tnemnor tnemnor tnemnor iw iw ht iw ht ht i i st i st st smetsys smetsys smetsys - o t l aA DD DD DD MMicrobiologicalMicrobiologicalicrobiological effectseffectseffects ofofof yaw a ni detarepo dna dengised eb dluohs dluohs dluohs eb eb eb dengised dengised dengised dna dna dna detarepo detarepo detarepo ni ni ni a a a yaw yaw yaw 681 681 681 / / .efas yl lacigoloiborcim si t i taht taht i taht t i t i t si si si lacigoloiborcim lacigoloiborcim yl lacigoloiborcim yl yl .efas .efas .efas / nen inen knI i knI i nneJ i nneJ nen i knI i nneJ 8102 8102 8102 ccoppercopperopper andandand otherotherother abioticabioticabiotic euqinu eht no sesucof siseht sihT sihT sihT siseht siseht siseht sesucof sesucof sesucof no no no eht eht eht euqinu euqinu euqinu n ea nkidf ecnlcgliocim im im lacigoloiborc lacigoloiborc lacigoloiborc sehcin sehcin sehcin fo fo fo gniknird gniknird gniknird retaw retaw retaw dna dna dna gniz i l i tu stnemnor ivne roodni ecaf rus hcuot hcuot hcuot rus rus rus ecaf ecaf ecaf roodni roodni roodni ivne ivne ivne stnemnor stnemnor stnemnor tu i tu l i tu i l i i l i gniz gniz gniz ffactorsfactorsactors ininin drinkingdrinkingdrinking waterwaterwater ef i l - laer dna seigolonhcet etad-ot-pu etad-ot-pu etad-ot-pu seigolonhcet seigolonhcet seigolonhcet dna dna dna laer - laer l - laer i l - i l ef i ef ef no sisahpme htiw stnemnorivne stnemnorivne stnemnorivne htiw htiw htiw sisahpme sisahpme sisahpme no no no cs ph th socf anmo ivne ivne ivne latnemnor latnemnor latnemnor srotcaf srotcaf srotcaf taht taht taht epahs epahs epahs hcus hcus hcus aandandnd touchtouchtouch surfacesurfacesurface ea tbn rpo f lr h aobr im im im .atoiborc .atoiborc .atoiborc ehT ehT ehT elor elor elor fo fo fo reppoc reppoc reppoc ni ni ni htob htob htob retaw retaw retaw . tseretni laiceps fo si secafretni ria dna dna dna ria ria ria secafretni secafretni secafretni si si si fo fo fo laiceps laiceps laiceps tseretni . tseretni . tseretni . eenvironmentsenvironmentsnvironments JJennienniJenni Inkinen InkinenInkinen NSI I I NBS NBS NBS 8-1908-06-259-879 8-1908-06-259-879 ( 8-1908-06-259-879 p ( p r ( i p r n i r n t i n t de t de ) de ) ) SSENISUB SSENISUB SSENISUB + + + stnemnor ivne ecaf rus hcuot dna retaw gniknird ni gniknird retaw ni ivne dna ecafsrotcaf rus gniknird hcuot retaw ivne dna ecafsrotcaf rus hcuot c i fo toiba c reppoc istcefdna rehto fostnemnor toiba reppoc stcefdna ferehto stnemnor felacigoloiborc iM lacigoloiborc iM NSI I I NBS NBS NBS 5-2908-06-259-879 5-2908-06-259-879 ( 5-2908-06-259-879 ( dp ( dp f ) dp f ) f ) E E E MONOC MONOC Y MONOC Y Y ni gniknird retaw ivne dna ecafsrotcaf rus hcuot c ifo toiba reppoc stcefdna rehto stnemnor fe lacigoloiborc iM NSI I I NSS NSS NSS 9971 9971 - 9971 - - 4394 4394 ( 4394 p ( p r ( i p r n i r n t i n t de t de ) de ) ) NSI I I NSS NSS NSS 9971 9971 - 9971 - - 2494 2494 ( 2494 ( dp ( dp f ) dp f ) f ) TRA TRA + TRA + + NGISED NGISED NGISED + + + ytisrevinU otlaA otlaA otlaA ytisrevinU ytisrevinU ytisrevinU HCRA HCRA I HCRA T I T I T TCE TCE TCE ERU ERU ERU nirenigE loohcS oohcS l oohcS l o l o f o f f gnE gnE i gnE i i een een r een i r i r gn i gn gn nirenigE fo etrapeD apeD r apeD r r nemt nemt t nemt t o t o f o f C f C i C v i v i i l v i l i l gnE gnE i gnE i i een een r een i r i r gn i gn gn ECNEICS ECNEICS ECNEICS + + + if.otlaa.www www . www a . a a . a a l t a l o t l o . t f o . i f . i f i T T E T E E ONHC ONHC L ONHC L L GO GO Y GO Y Y R VOSSORC VOSSORC VOSSORC RE RE RE COD COD T COD T T RO RO A RO A L A L L +ibjaia*GMFTSH9 +ibjaia*GMFTSH9 +ibjaia*GMFTSH9 COD COD T COD T T RO RO A RO A L A L L SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID ytisrevinU otlaA otlaA ytisrevinU ytisrevinU SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID SNOITATRESSID otlaA ytisrevinU 8102 8102 8102 Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2018 Microbiological effects of copper and other abiotic factors in drinking water and touch surface environments Jenni Inkinen A doctoral dissertation completed for the degree of Doctor of Science (Technology) to be defended, with the permission of the Aalto University School of Engineering, at a public examination held at the lecture hall M1 of the school on 12 October 2018 at 12. Aalto University School of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Indoor Environment Technology Supervising professors Professor Heidi Salonen, Aalto University School of Engineering, Finland Professor Katrina Nordström, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology, Finland Thesis advisors PhD Minna Keinänen-Toivola, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland PhD Merja Ahonen, Satakunta University of Applied Sciences, Finland Docent Tarja Pitkänen, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland Preliminary examiners Professor Darla M. Goeres, Montana State University, US PhD Gadi Borkow, Cupron Inc., Israel Opponent PhD Frederik Hammes, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2018 © 2018 Jenni Inkinen ISBN 978-952-60-8091-8 (printed) ISBN 978-952-60-8092-5 (pdf) ISSN 1799-4934 (printed) ISSN 1799-4942 (pdf) http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-8092-5 Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2018 Finland Publication orders (printed book): [email protected] Abstract Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Jenni Inkinen Name of the doctoral dissertation Microbiological effects of copper and other abiotic factors in drinking water and touch surface environments Publisher School of Engineering Unit Department of Civil Engineering Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 186/2018 Field of research Indoor Environment Technology Manuscript submitted 9 September 2018 Date of the defence 12 October 2018 Permission to publish granted (date) 10 August 2018 Language English Monograph Article dissertation Essay dissertation Abstract Humans spend most of their time indoors. The built environment with its systems (e.g. water system) should be designed and operated in a way that it is microbiologically safe in all stages of operation. Copper is a widely used material within indoor environments and may aid to maintain low bacterial counts in drinking water and touch surface environments depending on the surroun- ding circumstances e.g. water/air interface, biofilm formation or soiling. Basic knowledge of the composition of drinking water bacteria has been earlier limited only to a small cultivable fraction of bacteria. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies help to reveal entire microbial commu- nities and to date these approaches are also extended to cover studies on drinking water systems. This thesis focuses on the unique microbiological niches of drinking water and touch surface indoor environments utilizing up-to-date technologies and real-life environments with emphasis on environmental factors that shape such microbiota. The role of copper in both water and air interfaces is of special interest. NGS approach was utilised to evaluate the effect of copper pipelines on biofilm or water micro- biota under real-life circumstances (full-scale water system) and under controlled conditions (pilot- scale system). Copper was compared to another commonly used pipeline material, cross-linked polyethylene (PEX). Environmental conditions i.e. the effect of cold and hot water systems with different flow regimes and temperatures (full-scale), and disinfection and magnetic water treat- ment (pilot-scale) were studied by NGS or traditional analysis methods in which stagnated water represented the worst-case scenario for water quality. The microbiological effects of copper in touch surface environment were studied at different real-life facilities under varying environmental circumstances (e.g. usage profiles, cleaning). This thesis successfully revealed the active and dormant bacterial inhabitants of the drinking water system utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and ribosomal RNA as a template. For public health relevance, Legionella spp. were suggested as inactive using the RNA approach. Operational conditions (stagnation, temperature) and increased disinfectant concen- tration were revealed as important environmental factors that shape drinking water bacterial populations. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of use of only fresh water for drinking water usage, in accordance with the current recommended practises. Based on this study, copper pipelines showed similar characteristics to PEX pipelines without antibacterial properties in drin- king water systems. At the air interface however, copper showed antibacterial properties with varying real-life circumstances. Thus, its usage as an antibacterial touch surface material can be recommended especially for small frequently touched items that were shown to possess the highest microbial counts.
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