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Punakaarti Rintamalla
Kaikkien maiden proletaarit, liittykää yhteen’. PUNAKAARTI RINTAMALLA LUOKKASODAN MUISTOJA Toimittanut J. LEHTOSAARI Kustannettu Suomen Väli? ;umousliikkeen Tutkijakunnan avustuksella KIRJA Leningrad —1929 Printed in U. S- S. R Ленинградский Облает лит 32353 Тираж 2.000—td л. За* на л* б!# Гое. тип. нзд, .Лея n n градская Правда"- Ленинград, Со ця ал нотн ческа я. J4 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO. Siv. Alkulauso ............................................................................................... I Yleistä. 1. Suorasti luokkasodasta, T. Lehen . ■ . ..................................... ” 2. Punakaartien ylin johto.. ...................................................................... 24 3. » sairashoito, A. A—o . „ ................................................ 28 4. Naiset aseellisessa taistelussa, A. A—o............................................... 31 5. Punakaartin värvärinä, K. Karjalainen.....................................- • • 85 II. Pohjoinen rintama. L. Luokkasodan taistelutoimet luoteisella (pohjoisella) rintamalla, K. M. E v ä ........................................................................................* 87 2, Vilppulan rintaman muodostuminen, A. A n ttila............................. 58 3, PfinttÖ vuoro n tunnelin < räjäyttäminen*............................................... 63 ■I. Taistelut Virtain pitäjässä, A. U........................................................... 67 5. Pomarkun retk i........................................................................................ 7t fi. .Huhtikuun 1—5 p. -
An Analysis of the British Invasion of Egypt (1882) Through the Lens of Victorian Party Politics
Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 69 (2019/1), İstanbul 2019, s. 113-134 AN ANALYSIS OF THE BRITISH INVASION OF EGYPT (1882) THROUGH THE LENS OF VICTORIAN PARTY POLITICS Begüm Yıldızeli Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Bilecik, Türkiye Abstract The British occupation of Egypt in 1882 meant a breakaway from the Anglo-French entente’s control over Ottoman financial system and the end of the Liberal Government’s ‘reluctant’ imperialism. When the Liberal ministry began in 1880, the cabinet immediately focused on foreign policies towards the Ottoman Empire subsequent to Gladstone’s campaign during the Bulgarian Agitation which had already turned out to be a party question. The protection of the Suez Canal as well as the interests of the British bondholders and the prestige of the British Empire was vital, which united the Liberal ministry and the Conservatives under the same purpose. Despite late Ottoman approval, the occupation signified the edge of Anglo-Ottoman alliance during the nineteenth century. This study will analyse why the Egyptian question is important for British party politics and to what extend the Anglo-Ottoman relations was affected with these circumstances. Keywords: Suez Canal, British Party Politics, Egypt, Urabi Pasha Öz VİKTORYA DÖNEMİ PARTİ SİYASETİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN İNGİLİZLER’İN MISIR’I İŞGALİ (1882) ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ 1882 yılında İngilizler ’in Mısır’ı işgali gerek İngiliz Hükümeti’nin ‘gönülsüz’ emperyaliz- minin gerekse de Osmanlı ekonomisindeki -
Finlands Röda Garden En Bok Om Klasskriget 1918 1:A Upplagan Bokförlaget Oktober 1973
Carsten Palmær och Raimo Mankinen Finlands röda garden En bok om klasskriget 1918 1:a upplagan Bokförlaget Oktober 1973 Innehållsförteckning Inledning..................................................................................................................................... 1 DEL 1: DOKUMENT .............................................................................................................. 41 Ur rödgardismen....................................................................................................................... 41 Makten åt arbetarna – proletariatets diktatur måste utropas .................................................... 44 Bakom den vita fronten: Varkaus och Isalmi........................................................................... 47 Den finska arbetarstaten........................................................................................................... 54 Minnen från storstrejken och inbördeskriget 1917-18 ............................................................. 59 Trupper till Tammerfors hjälp.................................................................................................. 63 De bildade en sköld av tillfångatagna rödgardister och arbetare ............................................. 67 Vad arbetarkvinnorna fick erfara ............................................................................................. 70 Minnen från klasskampsfronterna år 1918............................................................................... 72 Det finska röda gardet -
Chapter 31 Notes: Societies at Crossroads
Chapter 31 Notes: Societies at Crossroads Chapter Outline I. Introduction: Ottoman empire, Russia, China, and Japan A. Common problems 1. Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats 2. Internal weakness due to economic problems, financial difficulties, and corruption B. Reform efforts 1. Attempts at political and educational reform and at industrialization 2. Turned to western models C. Different results of reforms 1. Ottoman empire, Russia, and China unsuccessful; societies on the verge of collapse 2. Reform in Japan was more thorough; Japan emerged as an industrial power II. The Ottoman empire in decline A. The nature of decline 1. Military decline since the late seventeenth century a. Ottoman forces behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training b. Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined c. Provincial governors gained power, private armies 2. Extensive territorial losses in nineteenth century a. Lost Caucasus and central Asia to Russia; western frontiers to Austria; Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia b. Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 (a) Egyptian general Muhammad Ali built a powerful, modern army (b) Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province 3. Economic difficulties began in seventeenth century a. Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin b. Exported raw materials, imported European manufactured goods c. Heavily depended on foreign loans, half of the revenues paid to loan interest d. Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882 4. The "capitulations": European domination of Ottoman economy a. Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law within the empire b. -
The United States and the Crimean War, 1853-1856
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1972 The nitU ed States and the Crimean War, 1853-1856. William F. Liebler University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Liebler, William F., "The nitU ed States and the Crimean War, 1853-1856." (1972). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1319. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1319 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNITED STATES and the CRIMEAN WAR 1853 - 1856 A Dissertation Presented By William F. Liebler Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in for the degree of partial fulfillment of the requirements DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ^972 September ^ ^^onth) {year) Major Subject History 11 (C) William Frederick Liebler 1972 All Rights Reserved 111• • • THE UNITED STATES and the CRIMEAN WAR 1853 - 1856 A Dissertation By William F. Liebler Approved as to style and content by; Sep tejTiber 1972 n[mbnth) ~ TJear) CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I 1 CHAPTER II 28 CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV 77 CHAPTER V 101 CHAPTER VI 126 CHAPTER VII 153 CHAPTER VIII 165 CHAPTER IX 202 CHAPTER X 251 CHAPTER XI 258 CONCLUSION 291 NOTES 504 BIBLIOGRAPHY 519 CHAPTER I The first link in the chain of events leading up to the Crimean War was a dispute between Catholic and Ortho- dox monks over the custody of the Holy Places of the Chris- tian religion in Jerusalem. -
The Autonomy of Åland: a Reflexion of International and Constitutional Law
THE AUTONOMY OF ÅLAND: A REFLEXION OF INTERNATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW By Christer Janson, Chief Legislative Officer, Åland Provincial Government 1. The historical background of the autonomy of lland ' . _ , Aland has had af Swedish population at least since the sixth century A.D. For this reason Aland, when the Kingdom of Sweden was formed, from the very beginning was a part of that country. The population of the Finnish mainland however was probably already at that time of Finnish origin. Only after the Swedish conquest of Finland during the thirteenth century Swedes started to settle in the coastal regions of .Finland. When the Swedish domination in Finland had been consolidated and Finland been made a part of the Kingdom of Sweden Aland was in some administrative, judicial and ecclesiastical respect made a part of the Abo (Turku) region. The reasons for this were purely practical and had no constitutional significance since Finland was an integrated part of the Kingdom of Sweden. In the seventeenth century Sweden was a superpower in the Baltic region. During the eighteenth century its significance diminished. Eventually Finland and Aland were lost to Russia through the peace treaty of Fredrikshamn (Hamina) in 1809. During the Crimean War 1853-56 the Russian fortress Bomarsund in Aland was destroyed by English and French fleets. At the peace negotiations Sweden who had stayed neutral during the war claimed Aland back to Sweden. However, Russia refused to give up Aland. On the other hand Russia was forced to commit itself not to build any fortifications in Aland (the so-called Aland Islands Servitude). -
Suomen Ritarikunnat 100 Vuotta
SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINLANDS NÄYTTELY KANSALLISARKISTOSSA 4.12.2018–20.12.2019 UTSTÄLLNING I RIKSARKIVET EXHIBITION AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS SUOMEN RITARIKUNNAT 100 VUOTTA NÄYTTELY KANSALLISARKISTOSSA 4.12.2018–20.12.2019 FINLANDS ORDNAR 100 ÅR UTSTÄLLNING I RIKSARKIVET 4.12.2018–20.12.2019 FINNISH ORDERS OF MERIT: 100 YEARS EXHIBITION AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES 4 DECEMBER 2018–20 DECEMBER 2019 HELSINKI - HELSINGFORS Kuraattori / Kurator / Curator: PhD Antti Matikkala Ohjausryhmä / Styrgrupp / Steering Group: Pääjohtaja / Generaldirektör /Director General Jussi Nuorteva, puheenjohtaja / ordförande / Chair Kenraaliluutnantti / Generallöjtnant / Lieutenant General Olavi Jäppilä Kontra-amiraali / Konteramiral / Rear Admiral Antero Karumaa Tutkimusjohtaja / Forskningsdirektör / Research Director Päivi Happonen, sihteeri /sekreterare / Secretary Näyttelytyöryhmä / Arbetsgrupp för utställningen / Working Group for the Exhibition: Tutkimusjohtaja Päivi Happonen, puheenjohtaja / ordförande / Chair PhD Antti Matikkala Sisällöntuottaja / Innehållsproducent / Content Producer Wilhelm Brummer Kultaseppämestari / Guldsmedmästare / Master Goldsmith Tuomas Hyrsky Kehittämispäällikkö / Utvecklingschef -
THE GREAT POWERS and the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Boston University THE GREAT POWERS and the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CAS IR 325 / HI 229 Fall Semester 2014 Tuesday and Thursday 11:00-12:30 Prof. Erik Goldstein Office Hours: Tues./ Thurs. 2-3 Office: 152 Bay State Road, 3rd Floor Wednesday 10-11 Telephone: 353-9280 tel. preferred to email COURSE SYLLABUS Course Description This course will look at the Eastern Mediterranean as a centre of Great Power confrontation, and consider such issues as the impact of the competition on wider international relations, the domestic impact on the region of this involvement, the role of seapower, the origins and conduct on wars in the region, and attempts at conflict resolution. Objectives To provide an understanding of the nature of Great Power rivalry, to gain insight into the underlying factors affecting international relations in the Eastern Mediterranean, and to consider how governments evolve and implement policy. Requirements Mid-term examination 30% (16 Oct. 2014) Comprehensive final examination. 70% (to be detemined by University Registrar) All class members are expected to maintain high standards of academic honesty and integrity. The College of Arts and Sciences’ pamphlet “Academic Conduct Code” provides the standards and procedures. Cases of suspected academic misconduct will be referred to the Dean’s Office. Students are reminded that attendance is required, and reasons for non-attendance should be notified to the instructor. Cell phones are to be turned off. Repeated disruption caused by phones ringing will result in a grade penalty to be determined by the instructor. Core Readings Donald Quataert. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 (2000) Peter Mansfield. -
Soldier, Structure and the Other
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Helsingin yliopiston digitaalinen arkisto SOLDIER, STRUCTURE AND THE OTHER SOCIAL RELATIONS AND CULTURAL CATEGORISATION IN THE MEMOIRS OF FINNISH GUARDSMEN TAKING PART IN THE RUSSO- TURKISH WAR, 1877-1878 Teuvo Laitila Dissertation in Cultural Anthropology, University of Helsinki, Finland, 2001 1 ISSN 1458-3186 ISBN (nid.) 952-10-0104-6 ISBN (pdf) 952-10-105-4 Teuvo Laitila 2 ABSTRACT SOLDIER, STRUCTURE AND THE OTHER:SOCIAL RELATIONS AND CULTURAL CATEGORISATION IN THE MEMOIRS OF FINNISH GUARDSMEN TAKING PART IN THE RUSSO-TURKISH WAR, 1877-1878 Teuvo Laitila University of Helsinki, Finland I examine the influence of Finnish tradition (public memory) about the ’correct’ behaviour in war and relative to the other or not-us on the ways the Finnish guardsmen described their experiences in the Russo-Turkish war, 1877-1878. Further, I analyse how the men’s peacetime identity was transformed into a wartime military one due to their battle experiences and encounters with the other (the enemy, the Balkans and its civilian population) and how public memory both shaped this process and was reinterpreted during it. Methodologically I combine Victor Turner’s study of rituals as processes with Maurice Halbwachs’s sociologial insights about what he termed mémoire collective and what I have called public memory, and Eric Dardel’s geographical view about the meaning of space in remembering. My sources are the written recollections of the Finnish guardsmen, both volunteers and professionals. I have broken each recollection (nine together) down into themes (military ideals, views of the enemy, battle, the civilians or Bulgarians, etc.) and analysed them separately, letting every author tell his story about each thema. -
Mannerheim Ja Suomen Kenraalikunnan Palkitseminen Kunniamerkein 1940–1945
MANNERHEIM JA SUOMEN KENRAALIKUNNAN PALKITSEMINEN KUNNIAMERKEIN 1940–1945 ANTTI MATIKKALA Kirjoittaja on Doctor of Philosophy ja kirjoittaa Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ja Suomen Leijonan ritarikuntien historiaa ABSTRACT The article analyses how Mannerheim War. The oak leaf, which could be added rewarded Finnish generals in the period to the Cross of Liberty for distinguished 1940–1945 with the Crosses of Liberty and front-line or leadership achievements, was the insignia of the Orders of the White introduced in August 1941 and it solved Rose of Finland and of the Lion of Finland many award problems. – or left undecorated. As contextual In Mannerheim’s view, the Cross of borderline cases, the survey includes Liberty 1st Class was a ‘distinguishing badge six colonels, who were not promoted of a high-ranking leader’. It was given fifty to generals during the war, but received times with swords to Finnish recipients for honours of the general rank level. the merits during the Winter War. During This highlights the use of honours as the Continuation War 1941–1944, it was compensation for the delayed or unreceived no longer a decoration for general officers: promotion to the rank of general. only one Finnish general and one admiral Generals were honoured for their received it. Finally, even the Cross of Liberty merits during the Winter War 1939– 1st Class with swords and oak leaf was 1940 only after the war. The Crosses predominantly a decoration for colonels. of Liberty that Mannerheim gave as the Out of its 44 Finnish recipients, seven were commander-in-chief to the Winter War major generals. -
Kansallisarkiston Toteuttama Esiselvitys Suomalaisista Venäjällä 1917–1953
LIITE 1 Aleksi Mainio, FT KANSALLISARKISTON TOTEUTTAMA ESISELVITYS SUOMALAISISTA VENÄJÄLLÄ 1917–1953 Selvitettäessä Venäjällä ennen vuoden 1917 suurta vallankumousta asuneiden suomalaisten vaiheita vallankumouksen jälkeen, on ensin määriteltävä se, mitä suomalaisilla tarkoitetaan. Asia ei suinkaan ole itsestään selvä. Suomalaisia ja suomensukuisia kansoja on asunut eri aikoina suurina ja pieninä ryhminä Venäjän eri kolkissa. Tässä esiselvityksessä käsitellään näiden yhteisöjen historiaa. Yhtäältä huomio kiinnitetään siihen, miten nämä ryhmät ovat aikojen saatossa syntyneet ja kehittyneet. Toisaalta tarkastellaan niiden vaiheita vallankumouksen jälkeisellä Venäjällä. Teksti etenee kronologisesti, mutta myös temaattisesti. Ensin käsitellään sellaisia ihmisryhmiä kuten tverinkarjalaisia, inkeriläisiä, pietarinsuomalaisia, siperiansuomalaisia, muurmanninsuomalaisia, bakunsuomalaisia ja tyynenmerensuomalaisia, jotka saapuivat Venäjälle ennen lokakuun 1917 vallankumousta. Tämän jälkeen siirrytään tarkastelemaan kolmea ryhmää, jotka siirtyivät itään vasta samaisen vallankumouksen jälkeen: punapakolaiset, amerikansuomalaiset ja loikkarit. Eri ryhmiä käsiteltäessä törmätään vaihteleviin määrällisiin tietoihin ja tilastolukuihin. Niihin on syytä suhtautua varauksella, sillä niistä merkittävä osa on hyvin karkeita, vain suuntaa antavia arvioita, jotka pitävät sisällään monia ongelmakohtia ja epätarkkuuksia. Tämä osaltaan kertoo siitä, miksi aihepiiriä on tärkeää selvittää lisää. TVERINKARAJALAISET JA INKERILÄISET Käkisalmen läänissä ja Pohjois-Karjalassa -
Vuosikirja 2018 L Teksti Pertti Rönkkö Sisällys Pääkirjoitusl Jukka Halonen
Suomen Sosialidemokraattisen Sanomalehtimiesliiton VUOSIKIRJA 2018 l TEKSTI PERtti RÖNKKÖ sisällys pääkirjoitusl juKKA HALONEN 4 Jukka Halonen: Kansanvaltuuskunnan toimittajat Muistamisen vaikeus 14 Hannu Tuovinen: Työväenlehdet ja Itsenäisen Suomen raskaimmasta ja trau- Aika on korjannut muistamista ja avartanut vallankumous maattisimmasta koettelemuksesta on ku- sen kuvaa. Silti sisällissodan kipeät muistot 20 Jukka Halonen: lunut sata vuotta. Sisällissotaa muistettiin satuttavat edelleen. On kuitenkin selvää, ja muisteltiin monin tavoin vuoden 2018 että mitä avoimemmin sadan vuoden ta- Algot Untolan viime hetket aikana. Yhtä lailla kokoonnuttiin juhlista- kaisista tapahtumista puhutaan, sitä nope- 28 Tuomo Lilja: maan jääkärien saapumista Vaasaan, kuin ammin arvet umpeutuvat lopullisesti. Isoisää etsimässä kunnioittamaan Tammisaaressa menehty- neiden tuhansien punavankien muistoa. Mustemaalari puuttuu muistovuoden lo- 34 Jukka Halonen: Keskimäärin tapahtumissa oli eri yleisöt. pulla vielä sisällissodan tapahtumiin. Luet- Liiton tyttö ja sisällissota tavana on niin omakohtaisia muistoja, nä- Vaikka ainuttakaan sisällissodan veteraa- kökulmia lehdistön ja lehtimiesten roolista 40 Virpi Kivioja: nia ei ole enää elossa, muistaminen jakoi ja kohtaloista sekä tutkijoiden tuoreita Murheen vuosi oppikirjoissa yhä kansakuntaa. Vaikka sisällissodasta on johtopäätöksiä. Tärkeintä on muistaa, että kulunut sata vuotta, edes sen nimestä ei molemmin puolin rintamalinjoja taisteli 52 Olli Kleemola: ole kunnolla päästy yksimielisyyteen. Mo- tavallisia