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Mannerheim Ja Suomen Kenraalikunnan Palkitseminen Kunniamerkein 1940–1945

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Mannerheim Ja Suomen Kenraalikunnan Palkitseminen Kunniamerkein 1940–1945 MANNERHEIM JA SUOMEN KENRAALIKUNNAN PALKITSEMINEN KUNNIAMERKEIN 1940–1945 ANTTI MATIKKALA Kirjoittaja on Doctor of Philosophy ja kirjoittaa Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun ja Suomen Leijonan ritarikuntien historiaa ABSTRACT The article analyses how Mannerheim War. The oak leaf, which could be added rewarded Finnish generals in the period to the Cross of Liberty for distinguished 1940–1945 with the Crosses of Liberty and front-line or leadership achievements, was the insignia of the Orders of the White introduced in August 1941 and it solved Rose of Finland and of the Lion of Finland many award problems. – or left undecorated. As contextual In Mannerheim’s view, the Cross of borderline cases, the survey includes Liberty 1st Class was a ‘distinguishing badge six colonels, who were not promoted of a high-ranking leader’. It was given fifty to generals during the war, but received times with swords to Finnish recipients for honours of the general rank level. the merits during the Winter War. During This highlights the use of honours as the Continuation War 1941–1944, it was compensation for the delayed or unreceived no longer a decoration for general officers: promotion to the rank of general. only one Finnish general and one admiral Generals were honoured for their received it. Finally, even the Cross of Liberty merits during the Winter War 1939– 1st Class with swords and oak leaf was 1940 only after the war. The Crosses predominantly a decoration for colonels. of Liberty that Mannerheim gave as the Out of its 44 Finnish recipients, seven were commander-in-chief to the Winter War major generals. With some exceptions, the generals demonstrate that for Mannerheim Mannerheim Cross and the oak leaf required the nature of achievements was a more from generals considerable achievements important criterion for the level of honours as front-line commanders. When placing than the military hierarchy. The honours them in an order of precedence based on did not change the military hierarchy, but their honours, the Mannerheim Cross must Mannerheim marked his own order of be given the highest priority. appreciation with the Crosses of Liberty. For the merits during the Winter War, In December 1940, Mannerheim became only three Finnish generals received the Grand Master for life of the newly-formed Cross of Liberty 1st Class with Star. The Order of the Cross of Liberty. The new prolonging of the Continuation War added special decoration, the Mannerheim Cross, pressures to awarding of the star since which could be given regardless of military an increasing number of generals came rank, proved to be very useful because a ‘in turn’ to receive it. Instead, the Grand new war broke out so soon after the Winter Cross of the Cross of Liberty remained 216 extremely rare. After the Winter War, Overall, the honours given to Finnish Mannerheim gave it to only two generals: generals were very comprehensive and Lieutenant General Erik Heinrichs and only few generals were left without Major General Rudolf Walden. For merits the final honours of the three orders, during the Continuation War only four given in 1944–1945. Mannerheim was Finnish generals received it: General of rather unforgiving, but in 1945 the past the Artillery V. P. Nenonen and Lieutenant leadership conflicts were largely forgotten. Generals Väinö Valve, J. F. Lundqvist and K. Mannerheim decorated even generals L. Oesch. whom he had withdrawn from the front- During the years 1940–1944, Manner- line command positions during the battles heim did not propose any Finnish general of summer 1944. to be decorated with the insignia of the Previous research has put much emphasis Order of the White Rose of Finland. This on the role of the front-line commanding was also applied to the Order of the generals. As this study demonstrates, in the Lion of Finland when it was established estimation of the commander-in-chief, who in 1942. During the Second World War, oversaw the entirety of war, some generals Mannerheim used these orders to reward holding important home-front positions, the military merit his generals only in 1945 were due to receive higher honours than when, as the President of the Republic, he several generals commanding divisions. The could make the decisions on his own. With use of the orders of merit was an important the insignia of these orders, which were element of Mannerheim’s personnel policy. given with swords, Mannerheim rewarded The merits, as defined by Mannerheim, such generals who could not be bestowed were for him more important factors higher class of the Cross of Liberty. The in determining the class of the honour decorations of the Orders of the White than seniority or military rank, although Rose of Finland and of the Lion of Finland the classes of the orders to some extent were supplementary honours to generals followed the military hierarchy. It was typical since, according to the prevailing order of for Mannerheim to consider different precedence, even the Cross of Liberty 1st options at length and to change decisions Class was higher than the highest class of already made. This was also evident in his the two other orders, the Grand Cross. wartime honours policy. ALUKSI Toisen maailmansodan aikaisia kenraali­ sien 1939–1945 ansioista, on kuitenkin ylennyksiä Suomen puolustusvoimissa jäänyt vaille kokonaistarkastelua.2 Ken­ on aiemmin tarkasteltu artikkelitasolla raalien saamia yksittäisiä kunniamerk­ sekä Mannerheimin ja rintamakomenta­ kejä on käsitelty useissa elämäkerroissa jatehtävissä toimineiden kenraalien hen­ ja populaarihistoriallisissa kirjoituksissa, kilösuhteita ja johtamista monografian mutta usein laajemmasta palkitsemiskon­ laajuudessa.1 Kysymys siitä, miten Man­ tekstista irrallisina ja monesti joko subjek­ nerheim palkitsi kenraalikuntaansa vuo­ tiivisesti liioitellen tai vähätellen.3 Tämä 217 artikkeli analysoi miten Suomen kenraa­ Erikoisten ansioitten perusteella teh­ likuntaa palkittiin 1940–1945 Vapauden­ dyt ylennysehdotukset ratkaisee Yli­ ristein sekä Suomen Valkoisen Ruusun päällikkö kussakin tapauksessa erik­ ja Suomen Leijonan ritarikuntien kun­ seen. niamerkein – tai jätettiin palkitsematta. Sotavuosina kenraalikuntaan nousseiden Ylennykset everstiksi ja kenraaliarvoihin kenraaliylennystä edeltävät kunniamerkit kuuluivat aina erikseen käsiteltäviin ta­ jäävät pääasiassa yksityiskohtaisemman pauksiin.4 Hyvä esimerkki tällaisesta pal­ tarkastelun ulkopuolelle muutamaa esi­ kitsemisylennyksestä on Paavo Talvelan merkkitapausta lukuun ottamatta. Sen ylennys kenraalimajuriksi 18. joulukuuta sijaan kontekstuaalisina rajatapauksina 1939. Ylennyspäiväkäskyssä todettiin, että tarkasteluun on sisällytetty kuusi kenraa­ Talvela ”yksitoistapäiväisten keskeytymät­ litasoisesti palkittua everstiä, jotka eivät tömien ja ankarien taistelujen aikana on sotavuosina ylenneet kenraalikuntaan. torjunut maahan tunkeutuvat, huomat­ Tämä havainnollistaa kunniamerkkien tavasti ylivoimaiset vihollisjoukot ja […] käyttöä viivästyvän tai saamatta jääneen tarmokkaasti ja oma­aloitteisesti sekä kenraaliylennyksen hyvityksenä. suurella taidolla ja voimalla suoritetuilla Ylennykset olivat myös palkitsemisia ja operaatioilla […] vallannut takaisin vihol­ vaikuttivat kunniamerkkipäätöksiin sikäli, lisen jo haltuunsa saamat asemat, pakotta­ että ylentämisen ja kunniamerkin anta­ nut tämän verisin tappioin perääntymään misen liiallista samanaikaisuutta pyrittiin sekä ottanut huomattavan määrän hyök­ välttämään. Talvisodan aikaisissa mää räyk ­ käysvaunuja, aseita ja muuta sotasaalista”.5 sissä päällystön ylentämisestä todettiin: VAPAUDENRISTI OTETAAN Sodan aikana upseeri voidaan ylentää UUDELLEEN KÄYTTÖÖN 1939 erikoisten ansioitten ja kunnostautu­ misen perusteella, riippumatta rauhan Valtionhoitajana Mannerheim oli 1919 ajan vaatimusten asettamista rajoituk­ päättänyt lopettaa Vapaudenristin jakelun sista, joten yleneminen sodan aikana vapaussodan alkamisen vuosipäivästä lu­ on nopeampaa kuin rauhan aikana. kien. Talvisodan sytyttyä hänellä oli kiire […] Nämä ylennykset on tarkoitet­ saada Vapaudenristi uudelleen käyttöön tu palkitsemiseksi ja tunnustukseksi sekä varmistaa itselleen laajempi oikeus sodassa osoitetusta urhoollisuudesta sen antamiseen kuin hänellä oli 1918 ol­ ja neuvokkuudesta ja on niiden tarkoi­ lut. Silloin ylipäälliköllä oli ollut oikeus tuksena samalla kannustaa erikoisen antaa sotilas­Vapaudenristejä suurristiä järjestely­ ja johtajakyvyn omaavia up­ lukuun ottamatta ”sillä rajoituksella, että seereja suuriin saavutuksiin sekä siten Hallitus antaa kunniamerkkejä divisioo­ edistää johtajiksi sopivimpien upsee­ nankenraalin arvossa tai siitä ylöspäin rien pääsemistä vastaaviin johtaja­ase­ oleville henkilöille”. Aloitekirjelmässään miin. tasavallan presidentille Mannerheim pyysi 218 tätä antamaan julistuksen ”Vapaudenris­ parin kuluttua. Nauhaa sen sijaan ei ollut tin uudestaan elähyttämiseksi”.6 saatavilla Suomesta vaan, se täytyi tilata Kenraalimajuri Rudolf Walden, jonka Ruotsista. Samana päivänä päämaja teki Mannerheim oli nimittänyt 1. joulukuuta talvisodan ensimmäisen Vapaudenristi­ti­ 1939 lukien edustajakseen hallitukseen,7 lauksen, johon sisältyi muun muassa viisi sai jo talvisodan aikana hoidettavakseen suurristiä miekkoineen ja 30 kappaletta kunniamerkkiasioita. Joulukuun 7. päi­ 1. luokan Vapaudenristejä miekkoineen. vänä pääministeri Risto Ryti kertoi Wal­ Joulukuun 11. päivänä annetussa päivä­ denille esittelevänsä Vapaudenristi­asian käskyssä asianomaista päällystöä kehotet­ tänään presidentille, joka oli siihen ”jo en­ tiin ”esittämään palkittavaksi
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