The Autonomy of Åland: a Reflexion of International and Constitutional Law
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Cost Effective Water Protection in the Gulf of Finland
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE The Finnish Environmentprovided by Helsingin yliopiston632 digitaalinen arkisto ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Mikko Kiirikki, Pirjo Rantanen, Riku Varjopuro, Anne Leppänen, Marjukka Hiltunen, Heikki Pitkänen, Petri Ekholm, Elvira Moukhametshina, Arto Inkala, Harri Kuosa and Juha Sarkkula Cost effective water protection in the Gulf of Finland Focus on St. Petersburg . .......................... FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE The Finnish Environment 632 Mikko Kiirikki, Pirjo Rantanen, Riku Varjopuro, Anne Leppänen, Marjukka Hiltunen, Heikki Pitkänen, Petri Ekholm, Elvira Moukhametshina, Arto Inkala, Harri Kuosa and Juha Sarkkula Cost effective water protection in the Gulf of Finland Focus on St. Petersburg HELSINKI 2003 . .......................... FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE The publication is also available in the Internet www.environment.fi/publications ISBN 952-11-1426-6 ISBN 952-11-1427-4 (PDF) ISSN 1238-7312 Cover photo: Karri Eloheimo/ Water sampling in the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant in St. Petersburg. Graphics: Paula Väänänen & Mikko Kiirikki Layout: Ritva Koskinen Printing: Dark Ltd Helsinki 2003 2 ..........................................................The Finnish Environment 632 Contents Summary ..........................................................................................5 1 Introduction ..................................................................................7 2 Nutrient load ..............................................................................10 -
An Analysis of the British Invasion of Egypt (1882) Through the Lens of Victorian Party Politics
Tarih Dergisi, Sayı 69 (2019/1), İstanbul 2019, s. 113-134 AN ANALYSIS OF THE BRITISH INVASION OF EGYPT (1882) THROUGH THE LENS OF VICTORIAN PARTY POLITICS Begüm Yıldızeli Dr. Öğr. Üyesi, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Bilecik, Türkiye Abstract The British occupation of Egypt in 1882 meant a breakaway from the Anglo-French entente’s control over Ottoman financial system and the end of the Liberal Government’s ‘reluctant’ imperialism. When the Liberal ministry began in 1880, the cabinet immediately focused on foreign policies towards the Ottoman Empire subsequent to Gladstone’s campaign during the Bulgarian Agitation which had already turned out to be a party question. The protection of the Suez Canal as well as the interests of the British bondholders and the prestige of the British Empire was vital, which united the Liberal ministry and the Conservatives under the same purpose. Despite late Ottoman approval, the occupation signified the edge of Anglo-Ottoman alliance during the nineteenth century. This study will analyse why the Egyptian question is important for British party politics and to what extend the Anglo-Ottoman relations was affected with these circumstances. Keywords: Suez Canal, British Party Politics, Egypt, Urabi Pasha Öz VİKTORYA DÖNEMİ PARTİ SİYASETİ PERSPEKTİFİNDEN İNGİLİZLER’İN MISIR’I İŞGALİ (1882) ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ 1882 yılında İngilizler ’in Mısır’ı işgali gerek İngiliz Hükümeti’nin ‘gönülsüz’ emperyaliz- minin gerekse de Osmanlı ekonomisindeki -
Rail Connecɵon from Kouvola to Kotka/ Hamina Ports, Works For
Rail connecƟ on from Kouvola to Kotka/ Hamina ports, works for improving and construcƟ on of a new railway yard 2007-FI-12010-P • Part of Priority Project 12 Commission Decision: C(2008)7887 Member States involved: Finland ImplementaƟ on schedule: Start date: January 2008 End date: December 2013 Es mated end year: 2013 Budget: Total project cost: €66,000,000 EU contribu on: €6,600,000 Na onal budget: €59,400,000 Percentage of EU support: Works: 10% his project forms part of the Nordic Triangle railway/road axis (Priority Project 12), which links the capitals of Finland, TSweden, Norway and Denmark to each other and further to central Europe and Russia. The project supports the upgrade of approximately 60 km of railway line on the Kouvola-Kotka/Hamina sec ons and the construc on of a new railway yard at Kotolah . The improvements to the hinterland connec on are essen al to allow for a more effi cient use of freight traffi c on railways, for intermodal transport opera ons using the Motorways of the Sea ports of Kotka and Hamina. The planning and implementa on of the project also takes into due account reliability, func onality, traffi c safety and environmental considera ons. MAP Review The MidMid-Term Term evalua on concluded that the project proje can be completed by the end of 2013, provided any fi nancial uncertainty is eff ec vely removed. Moreover, administra ve procedures for diff erent works on the sec on Kouvola-Kotka/Hamina need to be approved before the end of 2010 and 2011. -
Chapter 31 Notes: Societies at Crossroads
Chapter 31 Notes: Societies at Crossroads Chapter Outline I. Introduction: Ottoman empire, Russia, China, and Japan A. Common problems 1. Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats 2. Internal weakness due to economic problems, financial difficulties, and corruption B. Reform efforts 1. Attempts at political and educational reform and at industrialization 2. Turned to western models C. Different results of reforms 1. Ottoman empire, Russia, and China unsuccessful; societies on the verge of collapse 2. Reform in Japan was more thorough; Japan emerged as an industrial power II. The Ottoman empire in decline A. The nature of decline 1. Military decline since the late seventeenth century a. Ottoman forces behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training b. Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined c. Provincial governors gained power, private armies 2. Extensive territorial losses in nineteenth century a. Lost Caucasus and central Asia to Russia; western frontiers to Austria; Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia b. Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 (a) Egyptian general Muhammad Ali built a powerful, modern army (b) Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province 3. Economic difficulties began in seventeenth century a. Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin b. Exported raw materials, imported European manufactured goods c. Heavily depended on foreign loans, half of the revenues paid to loan interest d. Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882 4. The "capitulations": European domination of Ottoman economy a. Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law within the empire b. -
The 1800S Elisabeth Thorsell
Swedish American Genealogist Volume 28 | Number 3 Article 11 9-1-2008 A century of change--the 1800s Elisabeth Thorsell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/swensonsag Part of the Genealogy Commons, and the Scandinavian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Thorsell, Elisabeth (2008) "A century of change--the 1800s," Swedish American Genealogist: Vol. 28 : No. 3 , Article 11. Available at: https://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/swensonsag/vol28/iss3/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Swenson Swedish Immigration Research Center at Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swedish American Genealogist by an authorized editor of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A century of change - the 1800s In 1800 Sweden was not much better than a third world-country of today. But many things happened during the 1800s. 1804 An Edict of Inoculation was proclaimed, which soon brought down the epidemics of smallpox. 1805-07 War against Napoleon in Pomerania, many Swedish soldiers were taken prisoners of war. 1808 War with Russia, which mostly took place in Finland. 1809 The King was dethroned and replaced by his uncle Karl XIII. A new constitution was adopted. 1809 In the Peace Treaty of Fredrikshamn, Sweden had to give up Finland to Russia. 1810 The French field marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte was elected Crown Prince. 1812 The army was reinforced by more or less compulsory militia units (lantvärn and beväring). 1812-13 War against Napoleon and Denmark, which mostly took place in Germany. 1814 In the Peace Treaty of Kiel, Denmark gave up Norway to Sweden. -
Kotka Hamina Pyhtää Virolahti Miehikkälä Kotkan–Haminan Seudun Strateginen Vaiheyleiskaava
KOTKA HAMINA PYHTÄÄ VIROLAHTI MIEHIKKÄLÄ KOTKAN–HAMINAN SEUDUN STRATEGINEN VAIHEYLEISKAAVA Yhteenveto kaavaehdotuksesta saaduista lausunnoista ja muistutuksista sekä niihin laaditut vastineet 31.5.2018 Sisällys LAUSUNNOT ............................................................................................................ 4 1 Gasum Oy ........................................................................................................ 4 2 HaminaKotka Satama Oy.................................................................................. 4 3 Kaakkois-Suomen ELY-keskus ........................................................................... 4 4 Kotkan Energia Oy............................................................................................ 6 5 Kymenlaakson liitto ......................................................................................... 7 6 Kymenlaakson museo ...................................................................................... 8 7 Kymenlaakson pelastuslaitos............................................................................ 8 8 Liikennevirasto ................................................................................................ 8 9 MTK-Kaakkois-Suomi ....................................................................................... 9 10 Museovirasto................................................................................................. 10 11 Puolustusvoimat ........................................................................................... -
Russian Sociological Review. Volume 13. Issue 4
RUSSIAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW. 2014. VOL. 13. NO 4 105 Territoriality, State, and Nationality in the Making of Borders of Finland: The Evolving Concept of Border in the Peace Treaties between Russia and Sweden, 1323–1809 Ilkka Liikanen Professor, Karelian Institute, University of Eastern Finland Address: Yliopistokatu 2, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland E-mail: [email protected] This paper examines conceptual change in negotiating borders in the European North. By analyzing the definitions of the status given to Finland in peace treaties between Russia and Sweden, the paper strives to enlighten how through the centuries Russia was involved in negotiating key concepts of European political language, state, territoriality and nationality. With the theoretical discussions in conceptual history as starting point, the paper illustrates how a concept of state, separated from the person of the ruler, emerges in mediaeval and early modern peace treaties, and how the estates of the ruler gradually gain status as political units. With special focus on how notions of a linear state border were attached to the terri- tory of Finland, the paper discusses broader processes of the development of ideas of territo- rial state and linear state borders. The paper asks how and at which political junctures new understandings of sovereignty appear in the treaties between Russia and Sweden and how international recognition of territorial integrity and the rights of citizens were introduced as part of the relations between the two countries. The broader aim of the paper is to contribute to a comparative discussion on how state-making and bordering processes in the European North were linked to political modernization, and how and to what degree the redefinition of borders and territories were connected to new kinds of conceptualizations of state, sover- eignty and nationality characteristic to modern politics. -
Welcome to Your Getaway Destination
Welcome to Your Getaway Destination PORT OF HAMINAKOTKA port area in numbers: HAMINA KOTKA Kotka is a city on the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of • 1,100 ha of land areas Hamina is a small city nearby the Russian border on the Gulf of Finland by the Baltic sea. Hamina originates from Kymijoki River, by the Baltic Sea, with the city centre on an • 1,400 ha of sea areas the year 1653, when the town was awarded the rights to island. The stories of the town begin from the stone age, • 9 km of quays be engaged in foreign trade. It was destroyed in the Great and when the Vikings travelled to the east, the importance • 76 berths Northern War, and rebuilt in the 1720’s when it also was of the location for trade of the area was recognized. The given its circular town plan and the name Fredrikshamn Hanseatic era had its inluence in Kotka becoming an impor- • 90 km of railways after Frederick I, the King of Sweden, at the time when tant trading place. From being a border town between Swe- the area was a part of Sweden. The name soon gained den and Russia, the city developed in the late 1800’s into the form Hamina in Finnish. Sweden started to fortify its modern times from being an important fortress town into eastern border against Russia, whereby Hamina became a one of the biggest industrialized towns in Finland. The city fortress town. The fortress and the town plan were based belonged previously to the Kymi Parish in the 17th century on an Italian star-shaped Renaissance fortress from the and got its town rights in the year of 1879. -
The United States and the Crimean War, 1853-1856
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1972 The nitU ed States and the Crimean War, 1853-1856. William F. Liebler University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Liebler, William F., "The nitU ed States and the Crimean War, 1853-1856." (1972). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1319. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1319 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNITED STATES and the CRIMEAN WAR 1853 - 1856 A Dissertation Presented By William F. Liebler Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in for the degree of partial fulfillment of the requirements DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ^972 September ^ ^^onth) {year) Major Subject History 11 (C) William Frederick Liebler 1972 All Rights Reserved 111• • • THE UNITED STATES and the CRIMEAN WAR 1853 - 1856 A Dissertation By William F. Liebler Approved as to style and content by; Sep tejTiber 1972 n[mbnth) ~ TJear) CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I 1 CHAPTER II 28 CHAPTER III CHAPTER IV 77 CHAPTER V 101 CHAPTER VI 126 CHAPTER VII 153 CHAPTER VIII 165 CHAPTER IX 202 CHAPTER X 251 CHAPTER XI 258 CONCLUSION 291 NOTES 504 BIBLIOGRAPHY 519 CHAPTER I The first link in the chain of events leading up to the Crimean War was a dispute between Catholic and Ortho- dox monks over the custody of the Holy Places of the Chris- tian religion in Jerusalem. -
Issue125 – Jan 2016
CASCABEL Journal of the ROYAL AUSTRALIAN ARTILLERY ASSOCIATION (VICTORIA) INCORPORATED ABN 22 850 898 908 ISSUE 125 Published Quarterly in JANUARY 2016 Victoria Australia Russian 6 inch 35 Calibre naval gun 1877 Refer to the Suomenlinna article on #37 Article Pages Assn Contacts, Conditions & Copyright 3 The President Writes & Membership Report 5 From The Colonel Commandant + a message from the Battery Commander 6 From the Secretary’s Table 7 A message from the Battery Commander 2/10 Light Battery RAA 8 Letters to the Editor 11 Tradition Continues– St Barbara’s Day Parade 2015 (Cont. on page 51) 13 My trip to the Western Front. 14 Saint Barbara’s Day greeting 15 RAA Luncheon 17 Broome’s One Day War 18 First to fly new flag 24 Inspiring leadership 25 Victoria Cross awarded to Lance Corporal for Afghanistan rescue 26 CANADIAN tribute to the results of PTSD. + Monopoly 27 Skunk: A Weapon From Israel + Army Remembrance Pin 28 African pouched rats 29 Collections of engraved Zippo lighters 30 Flying sisters take flight 31 A variety of links for your enjoyment 32 New grenade launcher approved + VALE Luke Worsley 33 Defence of Darwin Experience won a 2014 Travellers' Choice Award: 35 Two Hundred and Fifty Years of H M S Victory 36 Suomenlinna Island Fortress 37 National Gunner Dinner on the 27th May 2017. 38 WHEN is a veteran not a war veteran? 39 Report: British Sniper Saves Boy, Father 40 14th Annual Vivian Bullwinkel Oration 41 Some other military reflections 42 Aussies under fire "like rain on water" in Afghan ambush 45 It’s something most of us never hear / think much about.. -
TR 12 Lahti-Kouvola Impacts on the Community Structure and Employment
TR 12 Lahti-Kouvola Impacts on the community structure and employment Taloustutkimus Oy Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä Further information: [email protected]; tel. +358(0) 50 374 7462 20 June 1 Taloustutkimus Oy / Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä 2018 A second transverse connection for Southern Finland ▪ In recent decades, the road network has mainly been developed radially, leading away from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. ▪ The east-west connection Turku – Helsinki region – Hamina – Vaalimaa is finally complete. ▪ The next development area: West coast – Tampere – Lahti – Kouvola – Lappeenranta – Nuijamaa? - Kotka/Hamina is the main export port of the forest industry.* - The significance of Russian trade and tourism will increase in the long term; political and economical trends vary - Asian trade flows; Kouvola logistics centre; Containers on rubber tires across the country ▪ Growth circle of Southeast Finland to accompany the growth triangle of Helsinki-Tampere-Turku: Helsinki-Lahti- Kouvola-Lappeenranta-Hamina * Centralising import and export logistics to Vuosaari is not a fully natural process; it is also based on infrastructural solutions. 20 June 2 Taloustutkimus Oy / Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä 2018 Prioritising the development corridors of Southern Finland Road Railroad Densely populated area 10 km zone Ports Prioritised points of the transport corridor https://www.uudenmaanliitto.fi/uudenmaan_liitto/uutishuone/artikkelit/etela- suomen_kehityskaytavilla_nelja_erilaista_profiilia.27145.blog 20 June 3 Taloustutkimus Oy / Pasi Holm and Juho Tyynilä 2018 Key sectors in the TR12 area ▪ The area includes Lahti Region, Kymenlaakso, Tavastia Proper, the Tampere region (Pirkanmaa), Satakunta, Southwest Finland and South Karelia. Review of the significance of trunk road 12’s area of influence for business life. -
THE GREAT POWERS and the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Boston University THE GREAT POWERS and the EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN CAS IR 325 / HI 229 Fall Semester 2014 Tuesday and Thursday 11:00-12:30 Prof. Erik Goldstein Office Hours: Tues./ Thurs. 2-3 Office: 152 Bay State Road, 3rd Floor Wednesday 10-11 Telephone: 353-9280 tel. preferred to email COURSE SYLLABUS Course Description This course will look at the Eastern Mediterranean as a centre of Great Power confrontation, and consider such issues as the impact of the competition on wider international relations, the domestic impact on the region of this involvement, the role of seapower, the origins and conduct on wars in the region, and attempts at conflict resolution. Objectives To provide an understanding of the nature of Great Power rivalry, to gain insight into the underlying factors affecting international relations in the Eastern Mediterranean, and to consider how governments evolve and implement policy. Requirements Mid-term examination 30% (16 Oct. 2014) Comprehensive final examination. 70% (to be detemined by University Registrar) All class members are expected to maintain high standards of academic honesty and integrity. The College of Arts and Sciences’ pamphlet “Academic Conduct Code” provides the standards and procedures. Cases of suspected academic misconduct will be referred to the Dean’s Office. Students are reminded that attendance is required, and reasons for non-attendance should be notified to the instructor. Cell phones are to be turned off. Repeated disruption caused by phones ringing will result in a grade penalty to be determined by the instructor. Core Readings Donald Quataert. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 (2000) Peter Mansfield.