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T.C. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali
T.C. KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİNDE KADIN’IN SİYASİ VE SOSYAL ROLÜ (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) İlknur GÜNDOĞDU DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU KASTAMONU 2018 T.C. KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİNDE KADIN’IN SİYASİ VE SOSYAL ROLÜ İlknur GÜNDOĞDU Danışman Prof. Dr. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU Jüri Üyesi Prof. Dr. İlhan ERDEM Jüri Üyesi Doç. Dr. Namıq MUSALI KASTAMONU – 2018 iv ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi ANADOLU BEYLİKLERİNDE KADIN’IN SİYASİ VE SOSYAL ROLÜ İlknur GÜNDOĞDU Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Cevdet YAKUPOĞLU Türk tarihi boyunca kadın; her daim hayatın başlangıcı, yönetiminde hâkimiyetin ortağı olarak değerlendirilmiş ve bu konuda ikinci plana atılmamıştır. Kadın; yeri geldiğinde şefkatli ana oluş, yeri geldiğinde ise; eline kılıç alıp, atına binip, cesurca erlerle birlikte savaşmaktan geri kalmamıştır. Eri ile neredeyse aynı haklara sahip olan Türk kadınına verilen değer abidelerde, yazıtlarda ve destanlarda kendini göstermiştir. Her daim bir otoriteye dâhil olan kadın, siyasi ve sosyal haklarını uzun bir süre korumayı başarmıştır. Türk kadını; Anadolu coğrafyasına ayak basmasından itibaren, var olan ve sonradan var olacak gerek ekonomik, gerekse siyasi hadiseler neticesinde Türkiye Selçuklu Devletinin yıkılışına kadar bir nebze geri planda kalmıştır. Anadolu Beylikleri’nde, Türk kadını eski haklarını ve özgürlüklerini geri almayı başarmıştır. Yeni oluşan siyasi otoriteler arasında yer bulmuştur. Öyle ki yönetime doğrudan katılarak bir bölgenin sorumluluğunu, yani valiliğini üstlenmiştir. Hatunlar bağlı bulundukları siyasal otoritenin hâkimiyetlerini ve devamlılığını sürdürmek için birçok siyasi evliliğe de imza atmış oldukları görülmektedir. Bu evlilikler doğrultusunda iki siyasal güç arasında denge unsuru oluşturmuşlardır. Türk kadınının siyasi varlıkları bunlarla sınırlı kalmamıştır. -
Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………….... -
Turkish Plastic Arts
Turkish Plastic Arts by Ayla ERSOY REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM PUBLICATIONS © Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Libraries and Publications 3162 Handbook Series 3 ISBN: 978-975-17-3372-6 www.kulturturizm.gov.tr e-mail: [email protected] Ersoy, Ayla Turkish plastic arts / Ayla Ersoy.- Second Ed. Ankara: Ministry of Culture and Tourism, 2009. 200 p.: col. ill.; 20 cm.- (Ministry of Culture and Tourism Publications; 3162.Handbook Series of General Directorate of Libraries and Publications: 3) ISBN: 978-975-17-3372-6 I. title. II. Series. 730,09561 Cover Picture Hoca Ali Rıza, İstambol voyage with boat Printed by Fersa Ofset Baskı Tesisleri Tel: 0 312 386 17 00 Fax: 0 312 386 17 04 www.fersaofset.com First Edition Print run: 3000. Printed in Ankara in 2008. Second Edition Print run: 3000. Printed in Ankara in 2009. *Ayla Ersoy is professor at Dogus University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 Sources of Turkish Plastic Arts 5 Westernization Efforts 10 Sultans’ Interest in Arts in the Westernization Period 14 I ART OF PAINTING 18 The Primitives 18 Painters with Military Background 20 Ottoman Art Milieu in the Beginning of the 20th Century. 31 1914 Generation 37 Galatasaray Exhibitions 42 Şişli Atelier 43 The First Decade of the Republic 44 Independent Painters and Sculptors Association 48 The Group “D” 59 The Newcomers Group 74 The Tens Group 79 Towards Abstract Art 88 Calligraphy-Originated Painters 90 Artists of Geometrical Non-Figurative -
Mighty Guests of the Throne Note on Transliteration
Sultan Ahmed III’s calligraphy of the Basmala: “In the Name of God, the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate” The Ottoman Sultans Mighty Guests of the Throne Note on Transliteration In this work, words in Ottoman Turkish, including the Turkish names of people and their written works, as well as place-names within the boundaries of present-day Turkey, have been transcribed according to official Turkish orthography. Accordingly, c is read as j, ç is ch, and ş is sh. The ğ is silent, but it lengthens the preceding vowel. I is pronounced like the “o” in “atom,” and ö is the same as the German letter in Köln or the French “eu” as in “peu.” Finally, ü is the same as the German letter in Düsseldorf or the French “u” in “lune.” The anglicized forms, however, are used for some well-known Turkish words, such as Turcoman, Seljuk, vizier, sheikh, and pasha as well as place-names, such as Anatolia, Gallipoli, and Rumelia. The Ottoman Sultans Mighty Guests of the Throne SALİH GÜLEN Translated by EMRAH ŞAHİN Copyright © 2010 by Blue Dome Press Originally published in Turkish as Tahtın Kudretli Misafirleri: Osmanlı Padişahları 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher. Published by Blue Dome Press 535 Fifth Avenue, 6th Fl New York, NY, 10017 www.bluedomepress.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available ISBN 978-1-935295-04-4 Front cover: An 1867 painting of the Ottoman sultans from Osman Gazi to Sultan Abdülaziz by Stanislaw Chlebowski Front flap: Rosewater flask, encrusted with precious stones Title page: Ottoman Coat of Arms Back flap: Sultan Mehmed IV’s edict on the land grants that were deeded to the mosque erected by the Mother Sultan in Bahçekapı, Istanbul (Bottom: 16th century Ottoman parade helmet, encrusted with gems). -
A BRIEF History of Serbia
A BRIEF history of Serbia From the Foundation to the Ottomans To Look for: • Look for the following themes in history (write down examples) • 1-political intrigue • (using greater powers to get something, switching sides) • 2-example of tolerance • (getting along w/ other ethnicities/religions) • 3-examples of infighting • (Serbians fighting Serbians for power) • 4-examples of a ‘Holy’ empire (leaders doing things for God, Serbia being a faithful servant to God) Serbia today Kingdom of Serbia, (1555) greatest extent A little Background on the Serbs • 1st Serbian Kingdom began around 1036 in the area of modern day Montenegro. • It was started by Stefan Vojislav, who renounced his allegiance to the emperor in Constantinople and moved his support to Rome and began to bring neighboring Serbian tribes under his control • (Playing ruling powers off one another) Zeta Serbs become Orthodox • -the land became known as Zeta and was 1st ruled by a Catholic • -civil wars and power struggles broke and power shifted to Raska where Sefan Nemanja founded a dynasty and that would rule for the next 200 yrs. and created an expanding Serbia • -The Nemanjas united the Serbs and gave them a Serbian identity centered around the church (Stefan had become a prisoner of Emperor Emanuel in Constantinople and had been introduced to Byzantine culture, when he returned he was determined to bring back to the Serbs The Nemanjan Serbian Kingdom in pink The Nemanjas • -As the Bulgarian state grew in the Balkans, they did not capture the Nemanja’s capital of Raska • the -
Science Versus Religion: the Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960
Science versus Religion: The Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Serdar Poyraz, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Carter V. Findley, Advisor Jane Hathaway Alan Beyerchen Copyright By Serdar Poyraz 2010 i Abstract My dissertation, entitled “Science versus Religion: The Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960,” is a radical re-evaluation of the history of secularization in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. I argue that European vulgar materialist ideas put forward by nineteenth-century intellectuals and scientists such as Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899), Karl Vogt (1817-1895) and Jacob Moleschott (1822-1893) affected how Ottoman and Turkish intellectuals thought about religion and society, ultimately paving the way for the radical reforms of Kemal Atatürk and the strict secularism of the early Turkish Republic in the 1930s. In my dissertation, I challenge traditional scholarly accounts of Turkish modernization, notably those of Bernard Lewis and Niyazi Berkes, which portray the process as a Manichean struggle between modernity and tradition resulting in a linear process of secularization. On the basis of extensive research in modern Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Persian sources, I demonstrate that the ideas of such leading westernizing and secularizing thinkers as Münif Pasha (1830-1910), Beşir Fuad (1852-1887) and Baha Tevfik (1884-1914) who were inspired by European materialism provoked spirited religious, philosophical and literary responses from such conservative anti-materialist thinkers as Şehbenderzade ii Ahmed Hilmi (1865-1914), Said Nursi (1873-1960) and Ahmed Hamdi Tanpınar (1901- 1962). -
Legitimizing the Ottoman Sultanate: a Framework for Historical Analysis
LEGITIMIZING THE OTTOMAN SULTANATE: A FRAMEWORK FOR HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Hakan T. K Harvard University Why Ruled by Them? “Why and how,” asks Norbert Elias, introducing his study on the 18th-century French court, “does the right to exercise broad powers, to make decisions about the lives of millions of people, come to reside for years in the hands of one person, and why do those same people persist in their willingness to abide by the decisions made on their behalf?” Given that it is possible to get rid of monarchs by assassination and, in extreme cases, by a change of dynasty, he goes on to wonder why it never occurred to anyone that it might be possible to abandon the existing form of government, namely the monarchy, entirely.1 The answers to Elias’s questions, which pertain to an era when the state’s absolutism was at its peak, can only be found by exposing the relationship between the ruling authority and its subjects. How the subjects came to accept this situation, and why they continued to accede to its existence, are, in essence, the basic questions to be addressed here with respect to the Ottoman state. One could argue that until the 19th century political consciousness had not yet gone through the necessary secularization process in many parts of the world. This is certainly true, but regarding the Ottoman population there is something else to ponder. The Ottoman state was ruled for Most of the ideas I express here are to be found in the introduction to my doc- toral dissertation (Bamberg, 1997) in considering Ottoman state ceremonies in the 19th century. -
Büyükada, Its Summer Residences, and the Bourgeois Ottoman Interior at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
BÜYÜKADA, ITS SUMMER RESIDENCES, AND THE BOURGEOIS OTTOMAN INTERIOR AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ZEYNEP CEYLANLI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE MARCH 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha AltunışıkDirector I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Belgin Turan Özkaya Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan (METU,AH) Prof. Dr. Belgin Turan Özkaya (METU,AH) Prof. Dr. Cânâ Bilsel (METU,ARCH) Doç. Dr. Lale Özgenel (METU,AH) Doç. Dr. Paolo Girardelli (BOUN,HIST) ii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Zeynep Ceylanlı Signature: iii ABSTRACT BÜYÜKADA, ITS SUMMER RESIDENCES, AND THE BOURGEOIS OTTOMAN INTERIOR AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Ceylanlı, Zeynep Ph.D., Department of History of Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Belgin Turan Özkaya March 2015, 283 pages This dissertation examines the social history of Büyükada specifically from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century by looking at the interiors of summer residences through new sources on Büyükada. -
FROM BYZANTINE CONSTANTINOPLE to OTTOMAN KOSTANTINIYYE GOLRU Neclpoglu
FROM BYZANTINE THE conquest of Constantinople engendered Mehmed II's lifelong CONSTANTINOPLE ambition to revive the ruinous city's ancient status as the prosperous to OTTOMAN capital of a world empire. This essay interprets the sultan's negotiation of the western and eastern cultural horizons of his rapidly expanding KOSTANTINIYYE: domains through visual cosmopolitanism, a process of "creative CREATION ofa translation" and fusion that contributed to the construction of a COSMOPOLITAN multifaceted imperial identity. Mehmed II engaged with diverse artistic CAPITAL and VISUAL traditions in refashioning his public persona and self-image upon the CULTURE UNDER reconstructed stage of his new capital, which continued to be called Kostantiniyye (Costantinopolis), alongside its popular name, Istanbul SULTAN MEHMED II (from the Greek eis tin polin, meaning "to the city,,).l Strategically Gulru Necipoglu situated at the juncture of two continents (Asia, Europe) and two seas (Black Sea, Mediterranean), this was the ide~l center for an emerging empire that combined Perso-Islamic, Turco-Mongol, and Roman Byzantine traditions of universal sovereignty. The artistic patronage of Mehmed II (r. 1444-46, 1451-81) was shaped not only by his personal tastes but also by the Rum? (Eastern Roman) geopolitical and cultural identity he was forging for his empire, a polity mediating between multiple worlds at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.,,2 By systematically promoting kuls (converted Christian-born slave serv~nts) to the highest posts of his increasingly -
The Turkish ORDEAL
The Turkish ORDEAL Being the further memoirs of HALIDE EDIB With a frontispiece in color by ALEXANDRE PANKOFF And many illustrations from photographs THE CENTURY CO. New York London DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OF THE NATIONS REPRESENTED IN THE TURKISH ORDEAL “My story is simple. It does not aim at a moral. But I pray that the future Youth who will read it may tear away the veil behind which they slew each other and were slain . recognize their likeness in the eyes of their brothers . grip each other’s hands . and on the old Ruins of hatred and Desolation erect a New World of Brotherhood and Peace.” CONTENTS PART I IN ISTAMBOUL CHAPTER I PREPARATORY EVENTS TO THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT II THE OCCUPATION OF SMYRNA AND THE INTERNAL UPHEAVAL III REFUGEE FOR THE SECOND TIME PART II IN ANGORA IV ANGORA, MUSTAFA KEMAL, AND THE STRUGGLE V IMPORTANT PHASES OF THE CIVIL WAR VI PEOPLE, HORSES, AND DOGS VII THE LAST OF THE IRREGULARS AND THE NEW ARMY VIII THE FIRST GLIMPSE PART III AT THE FRONT IX HOW I JOINED THE ARMY X SAKARIA XI CORPORAL HALIDE XII THROUGH ORDEAL TO IDEAL XIII IN SMYRNA XIV FROM SMYRNA TO BROUSSA XV THE RESPITE CHAPTER I PREPARATORY EVENTS TO THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT (October 30, 1918 – May 15, 1919) My own condition – physical and mental – at that time might be taken as typical of the general feeling in my country after the armistice was signed and the Allied troops had entered. I felt stupefied, tired, and utterly sick of all that had happened since 1914. -
Mahkeme Sicillerine Göre Xvi. Yüzyil Ilk Yarisinda Bursa Vakiflari
T.C. ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ İSLÂM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANABİLİM DALI İSLÂM TARİHİ BİLİM DALI MAHKEME SİCİLLERİNE GÖRE XVI. YÜZYIL İLK YARISINDA BURSA VAKIFLARI (YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ) Danışman Prof. Dr. Osman ÇETİN Hâle DEMİREL BURSA 2006 İSLÂM TARİHİ VE SANATLARI ANABİLİM DALI İSLÂM TARİHİ BİLİM DALI MAHKEME SİCİLLERİNE GÖRE XVI. YÜZYIL İLK YARISINDA BURSA VAKIFLARI ÖZET Hâle DEMİREL (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) İslâm Tarihi’nin ilk dönemlerinden itibaren Müslümanların sosyal hayatında önemli fonksiyonlar icra eden vakıflar, Osmanlı Devleti döneminde İslâm Medeniyeti’nin köşe taşlarından biri olmuştur. Eğitim, sağlık, din, ticaret gibi insanların ihtiyaç duyduğu hemen her alan vakıfların hizmet sahaları içindedir. Bu çalışma ise Bursa Mahkeme Sicilleri’nde yer alan vakfiyeler ışığında, 16. yy. ilk yarısında Bursa vakıflarını incelemektedir. Vakıflar, vakıf kurucularının sosyal statüleri, vakfedilen mülklerin çeşitleri ve vakıfların hizmet alanlarına göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Vakıf kurucuları toplumdaki işlevsel rollerine göre gruplandırılırken statüler arasında yatay ve dikey hareketliliğin olduğu görülmektedir. Bu alanda özellikle azatlı kölelerin vakıflara iştirak oranlarının yüksek olması dikkat çekmektedir. Vakfedilen mülkler konusunda çeşitli tartışmaların yapıldığı fakat toplumun ulemâ arasındaki bu polemiklerden etkilenmediği, güçleri nispetinde menkul-gayr-i menkul mülklerini vakfettikleri görülmektedir. Vakıfların hizmet alanları ise vâkıfların niyetlerini yansıtmaktadır. Vakıflar daha çok dinî hizmetlere tahsis edilmekle -
Department of History and Welsh History
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND WELSH HISTORY THE LIVES OF WOMEN IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE FAAEZA ADAMJI JASDANWALLA THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF PhD ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY 2007 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Date.. L]... : J) .<?(. 'f.r:0\:\(;.�'. ...�:��J. 61 STATEMENTl This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where othe1wise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Date .. .J] ... _:\)'.¢'.(!:¢'.Xt.\'1,½r. .:;?JJ:f5]. .. STATEMENT2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. SUMMARY The focus of this doctoral thesis is a study of the lives, roles and status of women in early modern England and the Ottoman Empire in the early modern period. In an attempt at investigating the position that women enjoyed in the early modern period, the study focuses on women's status in the religious, political, social, artistic and literary spheres. The thesis concludes with an analysis of all of the above information, resulting in the parallels that can be drawn between the two cultures as regards women and gender issues. An attempt is made at investigating possible causes for the similarities as well as the differences; the extent to which these can be attributed to biased or inaccurate accounts, as well as the extent to which these similarities and distinctions are based on religious doctrines and/or cultural influences.