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Poor Ottoman Turkish Women During World War I : Women’S Experiences and Politics in Everyday Life, 1914-1923 Ikbal Elif Mahir-Metinsoy

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Poor Ottoman Turkish Women During World War I : Women’S Experiences and Politics in Everyday Life, 1914-1923 Ikbal Elif Mahir-Metinsoy Poor Ottoman Turkish women during World War I : women’s experiences and politics in everyday life, 1914-1923 Ikbal Elif Mahir-Metinsoy To cite this version: Ikbal Elif Mahir-Metinsoy. Poor Ottoman Turkish women during World War I : women’s experiences and politics in everyday life, 1914-1923. History. Université de Strasbourg, 2012. English. NNT : 2012STRAG004. tel-01885891 HAL Id: tel-01885891 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01885891 Submitted on 2 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES / PERSPECTIVES EUROPÉENS Cultures et Sociétés en Europe THÈSE présentée par : Ikbal Elif MAHIR METINSOY soutenue le : 29 juin 2012 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’Université de Strasbourg Discipline/ Spécialité : Histoire contemporaine Les femmes défavorisées ottomanes turques pendant la Première Guerre mondiale Les expériences des femmes et la politique féminine dans la vie quotidienne, 1914-1923 [Poor Ottoman Turkish Women during World War I : Women’s Experiences and Politics in Everyday Life, 1914-1923] THÈSE dirigée par : M. DUMONT Paul Professeur des universités, Université de Strasbourg Mme. KOKSAL Duygu Professeur associé HDR, Université de Boğaziçi RAPPORTEURS : M. GEORGEON François Directeur de recherche émérite, CNRS M. GRANDHOMME Jean-Noël Maître de conférences HDR, Université de Strasbourg M. TOPRAK Zafer Professeur des universités, Université de Boğaziçi AUTRES MEMBRES DU JURY : M. KARAKISLA Yavuz Selim Professeur assistant HDR, Université de Boğaziçi This Ph.D. dissertation was performed under the joint supervision of Prof. Dr. Paul Dumont and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Duygu Köksal. Ce travail de thèse a été réalisé dans le cadre d’une co-tutelle sous la direction du Prof. Dr. Paul Dumont et du Assoc. Prof. Dr. Duygu Köksal. Prof. Dr. Paul DUMONT Directeur du Département d'études turques Faculté des Langues et des Cultures Etrangères Département d'études turques Le Patio. Bât. 4 22, rue René Descartes F-67084 STRASBOURG Cedex Tél : +33 (0)3 68 85 65 99 Tél 2 : +33 (0)3 68 85 60 95 (secr.) E-mail : [email protected] Assoc. Prof. Dr. Duygu KOKSAL The Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History Bogaziçi University 34342 Bebek-Istanbul / Turkey Tél.: +90-212-359 66 45 Fax : +90-212-265 80 03 (Atatürk Institute) E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT İkbal Elif Mahir Metinsoy, “Poor Ottoman Turkish Women during World War I: Women’s Experiences and Politics in Everyday Life, 1914-1923” This dissertation examines the social impact of World War I in the Ottoman Empire on ordinary poor Turkish women and their everyday response to the adverse wartime conditions and the state policies concerning them. Based on new archival sources giving detailed information about the voice, experience and agency of these women and based on the history from below approach, this study focuses on poor, underprivileged and working Turkish women’s everyday experiences, especially their struggle against and perception of wartime conditions, mobilization and state policies about them. By doing so, it contributes to filling the great gap in late Ottoman historiography and women studies, which rarely examine ordinary women and their everyday problems and struggles for survival and rights. This monograph, in this respect, is centered on two major themes. First, it scrutinizes how ordinary women experienced the war and argues that, in contrast to the modernization accounts that overlook women’s sufferings at the cost of post-war developments in women’s rights and liberties and of upper and middle class educated women’s activities and experiences, ordinary Turkish women had great difficulties during the war years. In this regard, it presents a major caveat to accounts accepting the war years as a period during which Turkish women monolithically experienced a gradual liberty and “emancipation.” Second, focusing on their everyday activities to deal with difficulties, problems and sufferings, it brings the undiscovered and unexamined forms and aspects of women’s critical and subjective views, their everyday politics to circumvent the adverse conditions and state policies, to make their voices heard, to pursue their rights, and to receive government support into the light. Keywords: World War I, women’s history, Ottoman women, poor women, ordinary women, social impact of the war, home front, women’s everyday politics, social policy. iii ÖZET İkbal Elif Mahir Metinsoy, “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Yoksul Osmanlı Türk Kadınları: Gündelik Yaşamda Kadınların Deneyimleri ve Politikaları, 1914-1923” Bu doktora tezi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sıradan yoksul Türk kadınları üzerindeki sosyal etkilerini ve kadınların olumsuz savaş koşullarına ve kendileriyle ilgili devlet politikalarına yönelik tavırlarını incelemektedir. Kadınların sesleri, deneyimleri ve tarihsel rolleri hakkında detaylı bilgiler veren yeni arşiv kaynaklarına ve aşağıdan tarih yaklaşımına dayanan bu tez yoksul, temel sosyal haklardan yoksun ve çalışan Türk kadınlarının gündelik deneyimlerine, özellikle de savaş koşulları, seferberlik ve devlet politikalarını algılayış ve bunlarla mücadele biçimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu tez, sıradan kadınları ve onların gündelik problemleriyle hayatta kalma ve hak mücadelelerini çok az inceleyen Osmanlı tarihçiliği ve kadın araştırmalarındaki büyük bir boşluğu doldurmaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu tez, bu anlamda, iki temel temaya odaklanmaktadır. Öncelikle, sıradan kadınların savaşı nasıl deneyimlediklerini mercek altına almakta ve onların çektikleri acıları savaş sonrası kadın hak ve özgürlüklerindeki ve üst ve orta sınıf eğitimli kadınların etkinlik ve deneyimlerindeki gelişmelerin bir bedeli olarak algılayıp gözden kaçıran modernleşme anlatılarının tersine sıradan kadınların savaş yıllarında büyük güçlükler çektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Türk kadınlarının savaş yıllarında bütün olarak görece bir “özgürleşme” yaşadıklarını kabul eden anlatılara önemli bir uyarıdır. İkincil olarak, bu tez, kadınların zorluklarla gündelik mücadelelerine odaklanarak kadınların eleştirel ve öznel tutumlarının ve olumsuz koşullar ve devlet politikalarından kaçmak, seslerini duyurmak, haklarının peşine düşmek ve destek görebilmek amaçlı gündelik politikalarının keşfedilmemiş biçim ve yönlerini gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Birinci Dünya Savaşı, kadın tarihi, Osmanlı kadını, yoksul kadınlar, sıradan kadınlar, savaşın sosyal etkileri, iç cephe, kadınların gündelik yaşam politikaları, sosyal politika. iv RÉSUMÉ İkbal Elif Mahir Metinsoy, “Les femmes défavorisées ottomanes turques pendant la Première Guerre mondiale : les expériences des femmes et la politique féminine dans la vie quotidienne, 1914-1923” Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l’expérience de la vie quotidienne des femmes défavorisées turques (les femmes de la classe ouvrière, les paysannes, les femmes à faibles revenus, les migrantes pauvres, les veuves de guerre) pendant la Première Guerre mondiale dans l’Empire ottoman jusqu’à la signature du traité de paix final à Lausanne en 1923. Elle examine à la fois les souffrances et les réactions quotidiennes des femmes ordinaires face à l’impact social de la guerre, aux mesures de l’État concernant les femmes, aux conditions négatives dans lesquelles elles vivaient et au traitement défavorable qu’elles ont reçu. À cet égard, cette thèse étudie les expériences de guerre des femmes, leurs stratégies pour survivre, leurs négociations avec l’État et leur résistance contre les difficultés socio-économiques, la mobilisation de guerre et autres pratiques exploitantes, oppressives et contraignantes dont elles souffraient dans la vie quotidienne. L’argument principal de cette thèse est que les femmes turques défavorisées ont vécues des grandes difficultés pendant la guerre tout en devenant des actrices sociales et politiques importantes par leurs expériences quotidiennes de la mobilisation et leurs stratégies pour survivre et renforcer leurs pouvoirs. Cependant, la grande majorité des études historiques concernant les expériences de guerre des femmes dans l’Empire ottoman portent sur les femmes qui ont contribué à la mobilisation ou sur les activités des femmes des classes supérieures ou moyennes qui ont publié des journaux ou fondé des associations. Contrairement à ces études, cette thèse, basée sur l’analyse de nouveaux documents officiels des archives nationales turques, tente de lever le voile sur le rôle des femmes pauvres et ordinaires en tant v qu’actrices historiques qui avaient leurs propres buts, différents de ceux qui leurs étaient imposés par l’État et une société patriarcale. L’histoire de ces femmes est encore inconnue. L’objet principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à combler cette lacune. Cette thèse de doctorat tente d’affirmer que les femmes turques n’ont pas eu un expérience de guerre homogène qui peut être expliquée par une certaine « émancipation » et que les luttes quotidiennes des femmes défavorisées pendant la Première Guerre
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