GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU STANDARD NINE SOCIAL SCIENCE A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu Department Of School Education Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime IX_History Unit-1.indd 1 04-04-2019 12:13:21 Government of Tamil Nadu First Edition - 2018 Revised Edition - 2019 (Published under New Syllabus) NOT FOR SALE Content Creation The wise possess all State Council of Educational Research and Training © SCERT 2019 Printing & Publishing II IX_History Unit-1.indd 2 04-04-2019 12:13:21 Table of Contents History Unit 1 Evolution of Humans and Society - Prehistoric Period 001 Unit 2 Ancient Civilisations 016 Unit 3 Early Tamil Society and Culture 033 Unit 4 Intellectual Awakening and Socio-Political Changes 053 Unit 5 The Classical World 066 Unit 6 The Middle Ages 077 Unit 7 State and Society in Medieval India 088 Unit 8 The Beginning of the Modern Age 101 Unit 9 The Age of Revolutions 113 Unit 10 Industrial Revolution 130 Unit 11 Colonialism in Asia and Africa 142 III III IX_History Unit-1.indd 3 04-04-2019 12:13:21 Geography Unit 1 Lithosphere – I Endogenetic Processes 157 Unit 2 Lithosphere – II Exogenetic Processes 167 Unit 3 Atmosphere 180 Unit 4 Hydrosphere 192 Unit 5 Biosphere 202 Unit 6 Man and Environment 210 Unit 7 Mapping Skills 220 Unit 8 Disaster Management: Responding to Disasters 230 Civics Unit 1 Forms of Government and Democracy 238 Unit 2 Election, Political Parties and Pressure Groups 246 Unit 3 Human Rights 253 Unit 4 Forms of Government 265 Unit 5 Local Self Government 271 Unit 6 Road Safety 279 IV IX_History Unit-1.indd 4 04-04-2019 12:13:21 Economics Unit 1 Understanding Development: Perspectives, Measurement and Sustainability 284 Unit 2 Employment in India and Tamil Nadu 293 Unit 3 Money and Credit 300 Unit 4 Agriculture in Tamil Nadu 307 Unit 5 Migration 313 E - book Assessment DIGI links V . Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime IX_History Unit-1.indd 5 04-04-2019 12:13:21 HOW TO USE THE BOOK Learning Objectives The scope of the lesson is presented QR Code Leads the students to animated audio, video aids for getting experiential learning Infographs Visual representations intended to make the complex simple and make the students grasp diffi cult concepts easily Summary Describes the main points briefl y in bullets for recapitulation Glossary Key words and technical terms explained at the end of each subject for clarity ICT Corner Using technology for learning activites, which enables the students to access degital sources relevant to their lessons. VI IX_History Unit-1.indd 6 04-04-2019 12:13:21 Introduction The subject to be discussed in the lesson is introduced Do You Know? Provides additional information related to the subject in boxes to stir up the curiosity of students Fun with Activities Activities for ‘learning by doing’ individually or in groups Exercise For self-study and self evaluation Reference List of books and net sources for further reading VII IX_History Unit-1.indd 7 04-04-2019 12:13:22 STANDARD NINE HISTORY VIII IX_History Unit-1.indd 8 04-04-2019 12:13:22 UNIT Evolution of Humans and Society - Prehistoric Period 1 Learning Objectives To trace the world's early history To understand human evolution To know prehistoric Tamilagam up to the Iron Age Introduction Palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists excavate the soil and rock layers on the We live in the age of Information earth and extract evidence about human Technology. The mobile phones have literally ancestors. These layers and the fossils are put the world on our finger tips. The all- scientifically dated to study the various encompassing knowledge that we possess stages in human evolution and prehistory. now, which has helped in the development Through the gathered evidence, they attempt of powerful technology, did not emerge all to understand the evolution of human history of a sudden. The foundation of our modern and developments in a chronological order. life was facilitated by the development of the process of cognition among the human Archaeology is the study of human past through ancestors in the prehistoric age. the analysis and interpretation of material remains. Prehistoric people were the pioneers of creative knowledge. From the artefacts and Palaeoanthropology is the study of the human the languages they developed, we are able to ancestors and their evolution by the study of the understand how intelligent they were. fossil remains. The earth was formed approximately Origin of the Earth and 4.54 billion years ago. Gradually, conditions 1.1 the Geological Ages emerged for the growth of organisms. Then plants and animals came into being, and The history of humans thereby foundation was laid for the evolution is closely related to the of humans. The long span of time in the history of the earth. The history of earth is divided into eras, periods earth contains geological, and epochs by the geologists archaeological and biological records of historical times 1 billion = 100 crore in its upper layers. They are 1 million = 10 lakh important for reconstructing the history of the Australopithecines were the apes from which earth and various living organisms. The fossil modern humans evolved. Now they are extinct, bones of the human ancestors are embedded in but they are considered to be the close relatives the earth’s layers. of humans. 1 1. Evolution of Humans and Society - Prehistoric Period IX_History Unit-1.indd 1 04-04-2019 12:13:22 The geological eras Human Enquiries into Scientific Foundations of Geology, 1.2 the Past and Origin of Biology and Archaeology the World The beginning of history writing can be traced to the ancient Greeks. Herodotus The Age of Speculation (484–425 BC (BCE)) is considered the Father of History, because the history he wrote was Humans are the only humanistic and rationalistic.The rise of scientific species on earth concerned enquiry into the origin of humans was possible with understanding as because of well as explaining the world and the universe. In The interest in collection of archaeological the course of evolution, remains and the opening of museums after humans became conscious the Renaissance Movement; and knowledgeable. They turned curious The development of ideas of stratigraphy and began to think and ask questions about and geology; nature, organisms and the world around them. At first, they considered nature as God. Darwin’s theory of biological evolution; They worshipped sun, moon and various The discovery of human and animal natural forces about which they developed fossils, stone tools, and artefacts of early their own understanding, some of which is civilizations; and not scientific. The lack of scientific knowledge The ability to decipher early scripts. on the creation of the world is reflected in the ancient writings and religious literature. Stratigraphy – The study of origin, nature and relationships of rock and soil layers that BC (BCE) – Before Common Era were formed due to natural and cultural AD (CE) - Common Era activities. 1. Evolution of Humans and Society - Prehistoric Period 2 IX_History Unit-1.indd 2 04-04-2019 12:13:22 Oldest Museum – The museum of Ennigaldi- human origins and the early civilisations. Nanna in Mesopotamia was established in Now the theory of human evolution is widely 530 BC (BCE). The Princess Ennigaldi was accepted. the daughter of the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus.The Capitoline Museum in Italy is Prehistory: From perhaps the oldest surviving museum (1471 Australopithecus 1.3 AD (CE)) at present. Ashmolean Museum through Homo erectus at Oxford University is the oldest university to Homo sapiens museum in the world. It was established in 1677 AD (CE). Who are we? What is the name of our species? Herbert Spencer’s (1820–1903 AD (CE)) We are Homo sapiens biological evolution, and Charles Darwin’s (1809–1882 AD (CE)) theory on concepts of Human Evolution and Migration natural selection and survival of the fittest The chimpanzee, gorillas and orangutans, contributed to the scientific understanding of along with humans, are collectively called the human origins. Charles Darwin published the Great Apes. Among them, the chimpanzee is books On the Origin of Species in 1859 and genetically the closest to humans. The Descent of Man in 1871. The ancestors to humans were called Natural selection – The process by which Hominins, and their origins have been traced organisms that are better adapted to their in Africa. They evolved from those origins environment would survive and produce more and then began to move to other parts of the offspring. world in due course of time. The Hominins Survival of the fittest means “survival of the emerged around 7 to 5 million years ago. form that will leave the most copies of itself in Skeletons of Australopithecus, one of the successive generations.” early species of this tribe, have been found in Africa. Fossil – Prehistoric animal or plant that turns into stone over a period of time (millions The Great Rift Valley in Africa has many of years) because of chemical and physical sites that have evidence for the prehistoric processes. Animal bones are preserved due period. to mineralization. Palaeontology is the study The DNA of a chimpanzee of fossils. is 98% identical to that of a Stone Age – the period when stone was mainly human being. used for making implements. Bronze Age – the period when bronze The Great Rift Valley is a valley-like metallurgy (extraction of metal from ores) formation that runs for about 6,400 km developed. from the northern part of Syria to Central Mozambique in East Africa. This geographical Iron Age – the period when iron was smelted to feature is visible even from the space, and produce implements.