University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Mythological
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An Ethnically Cleansed Faery? Tolkien and the Matter of Britain
An Ethnically Cleased Faery? An Ethnically Cleansed Faery? Tolkien and the Matter of Britain David Doughan Aii earlier version of this article was presented at the Tolkien Society Seminar in Bournemouth, 1994. 1 was from early days grieved by the Logres” (p. 369), by which he means a poverty of my own beloved country: it had specifically Arthurian presence. It is most no stories of its own (bound up with its interesting that Lewis, following the confused or tongue and soil), not of the quality 1 sought, uninformed example of Williams, uses the name and found (as an ingredient) in legends of “Logres”, which is in fact derived from Lloegr other lands ... nothing English, save (the Welsh word for England), to identify the impoverished chap-book stuff. Of course Arthurian tradition, i.e. the Matter of Britain! No there was and is all the Arthurian world, but wonder Britain keeps on rebelling against powerful as it is, it is imperfectly Logres. And despite Tolkien's efforts, he could naturalised, associated with the soil of not stop Prydain bursting into Lloegr and Britain, but not with English; and does not transforming it. replace what I felt to be missing. (Tolkien In The Book of Lost Tales (Tolkien, 1983), 1981, Letters, p. 144) Ottor W<efre, father of Hengest and Horsa, also To a large extent, Tolkien is right. The known as Eriol, comes from Heligoland to the mediaeval jongleurs, minstrels, troubadours, island called in Qenya in Tol Eressea (the lonely trouvères and conteurs could use, for their isle), or in Gnomish Dor Faidwcn (the land of stories, their gests and their lays, the Matter of release, or the fairy land), or in Old English se Rome (which had nothing to do with Rome, and uncujm holm (the unknown island). -
“Pregnant Moment of Poise”: Pagan Doom and Christian Eucatastrophe Made Incarnate in the Dark Age Setting of the Lord of the Rings
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2008 Recreating Beowulf’s “Pregnant Moment of Poise”: Pagan Doom and Christian Eucatastrophe Made Incarnate in the Dark Age Setting of The Lord of the Rings Scott Davis Howard The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Howard, Scott Davis, "Recreating Beowulf’s “Pregnant Moment of Poise”: Pagan Doom and Christian Eucatastrophe Made Incarnate in the Dark Age Setting of The Lord of the Rings" (2008). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 805. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/805 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i RECREATING BEOWULF’S “PREGNANT MOMENT OF POISE”: PAGAN DOOM AND CHRISTIAN EUCATASTROPHE MADE INCARNATE IN THE DARK AGE SETTING OF THE LORD OF THE RINGS By Scott Davis Howard B.S., Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont, 2000 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English, Literature The University of Montana Missoula, MT Spring 2008 Approved by: Dr. David A. Strobel, Dean Graduate School Dr. John Hunt, Chair English Dr. Ashby M. Kinch English Dr. Eric Reimer English Dr. Paul Dietrich Liberal Studies ii Howard, Scott, M.A., May 2008 English Recreating Beowulf’s “Pregnant Moment of Poise”: Pagan Doom and Christian Eucatastrophe Made Incarnate in the Dark Age Setting of The Lord of the Rings Chairperson: John Hunt In The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien recreates the “pregnant moment of poise” that inspired him in his study of Beowulf . -
Studies in the Sources of J.R.R. Tolkien's the Lord of the Rings
.-- . .,l,.. .I~ i . ,. s._ .i. -_. _..-..e.. _ . (3 f Preface i In the Spring of 1968 while I was studying the Old English poem Beowulf with Dr. Rudolph Bambas, my colleague and classmate Judith Moore suggested that I might enjoy reading a new work by J:R.R. Tolkien, known to us as the editor of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the author of that seminal article -- “Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics.” The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings delighted me that summer. In the fall, at the urging of another colleague, I enrolled in the Old Norse seminar. That conjunction of events proved to be the beginning of a lifelong study of Northern literature and its contributions to the cauldron of story which produced The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, The Silmarillion, and The Unfinished Tales. The first version of this study became my doctoral dissertation -- “Studies in the Sources of J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings.“1 Throughout the years that followed while I was either teaching college English or working as a librarian, I have continued my research. The original study was based on about twenty-five sagas; that number has been tripled. Christopher Tolkien’s careful publication of The Silmarillion, The Unfinished Tales, and six volumes of The Historv of Middle-earth has greatlyreatly expanded the canon available for scholarly study. Humphrey Carpenter’s authorized biography has also been helpful. However, the Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien have produced both the . greatest joy and the greatest terror. -
Kalevala: Land of Heroes
U II 8 u II II I II 8 II II KALEVALA I) II u II I) II II THE LAND OF HEROES II II II II II u TRANSLATED BY W. F. KIRBY il II II II II II INTRODUCTION BY J. B. C. GRUNDY II II II II 8 II II IN TWO VOLS. VOLUME TWO No. 260 EVEWMAN'S ME VOLUME TWO 'As the Kalevala holds up its bright mirror to the life of the Finns moving among the first long shadows of medieval civilization it suggests to our minds the proto-twilight of Homeric Greece. Its historic background is the misty age of feud and foray between the people of Kaleva and their more ancient neighbours of Pohjola, possibly the Lapps. Poetically it recounts the long quest of that singular and prolific talisman, the Sampo, and ends upon the first note of Christianity, the introduction of which was completed in the fourteenth century. Heroic but human, its men and women march boldly through the fifty cantos, raiding, drinking, abducting, outwitting, weep- ing, but always active and always at odds with the very perils that confront their countrymen today: the forest, with its savage animals; its myriad lakes and rocks and torrents; wind, fire, and darkness; and the cold.' From the Introduction to this Every- man Edition by J. B. C. Grundy. The picture on the front of this wrapper by A . Gallen- Kallela illustrates the passage in the 'Kalevala' where the mother of Lemminkdinen comes upon the scattered limbs of her son by the banks of the River of Death. -
By Marie 'Barnfieicf
ilQoRG CeLtic InfLaences: Ylumenon anxy the Seconty Oge by Marie 'Barnfieicf The genesis o f the legend Ireland and many names besides, and its dwellers come not into these tales."4 In my article on Celtic influences on the (I should stress that the concept of Britain and First Age (in M a llorn 28) I claimed that the Ireland having once formed a single island has Second Age was "worthy of separate study in its no historical validity; both were originally own right” , despite the fact that it is joined to the continental mass, and Ireland dominated not by the encouragingly Arthurian- broke away much earlier than Britain.5) sounding Beleriand but by the island of Numenor, which owes its story to the Greek The pre-Akallab£th legends all centre legend of Atlantis, its culture to ancient Egypt around the coming of a Saxon elf-friend, Eriol and its religion to the Hebrews1. I shall start or Alfwine, to an Elvish island; in the earliest by stressing that Tolkien’s purpose in versions the story was to end with the Elves beginning his island tales was not to invent a conveniently annihilated by other agencies and, new Celtic mythology. The work that he in due course, the Saxons inheriting the land. planned was an Anglo-Saxon English mythology, So far we have a very anglocentric tale, with needed, he felt, because England lacked "stories the B rlth on in and Guidlln dismissed as hostile of its own (bound up with its tongue and soil) mortal invaders who preceded the Saxons and .. -
Old Norse Elements in the Work of JRR Tolkien
Old Norse elements in the work of J.R.R. Tolkien by Martin Wettstein When John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was 23 Years old, he had already learned Greek, Latin, Anglo Saxon, Old English, Finnish, Welsh and Gothic and had already invented two own languages, called Nevbosh and Qenya. Together with his interest in languages there came up an interest in myths and legends of the countries behind these languages and he read eagerly all the old legends he came across. During these studies he became aware of the fact that England itself had no own mythology. There was the Celtic, the Roman, the Norse and the Christian Mythology but none especially of England. The awareness of this fact and the lack of a mythology behind his own language, Qenya, made him write poems and short stories that told of events and persons as could have taken place in an English mythology. In the invention of these stories he was inspired by the Bible, the Edda [17][18], Celtic Tales, Fairy stories and the pieces of William Shakespeare, just to name the most important sources. In this Essay I would like to focus on the Norse elements that served as sources for the ideas of Tolkien. It is not the aim of this Essay to compare each idea Tolkien had with similar elements in the Norse Mythology. there are already more than enough articles on the ring as Norse element and the attempt to apply Odin to almost each of the Ainur or Tom Bombadil. It shall simply give an idea about how much this mythology served Tolkien as a source of inspiration. -
Creating a Game Character Based on Finnish Mythology and the Impact of Costume Design
Creating a game character based on Finnish mythology and the impact of Costume design Elin Masar Degree Thesis Film and Media 2017, Online Media Förnamn Efternamn20 21 EXAMENSARBETE Arcada Utbildningsprogram: Online Media Identifikationsnummer: 8148 Författare: Elin Masar Arbetets namn: Att skapa en karaktär baserat på finsk mytologi och påverkan av kostymdesign Handledare (Arcada): Mirko Ahonen Uppdragsgivare: - Sammandrag: Kostym design och de kreativa val som designers gör, från deras perspektiv, är något som sällan diskuteras i spelvärlden. Mera specifikt, den emotionella påverkan som kläder och accessoarer har på en karaktär och hur dessa faktorer kan hjälpa att bygga en personlighet åt karaktären i fråga. Detta arbete är baserat på tre karaktärer som gjordes för spelet Destination: Nowhere som är inspirerat på finsk mytologi och folktro. Under själva projektet låg fokus på att lära sig om folktron och undersöka ämnet. I efterhand var det viktigt att lära sig hur andra såg på karaktärerna och hur dom passar in i det som har blivit sagt om karaktärsdesign och den emotionella påverkan som kostym design har genom att använda sig av historia. Konstnärlig undersökning var metoden som användes för att göra noggrann analys av karaktärerna. När det väl kom till att läsa teori om kostym design övergick metoden till textanalys för att utveckla sin kunskap om ämnet. Med hjälp av de två undersökningarna kunde man lägga märke till hur viktigt det egentligen är med kostym design då man skapar karaktärer. Målet med arbetet var att få en bättre uppfattning om ämnet och förstå tyngden av kostym design och hur det påverkar en karaktär, samt hur stor del av historien som egentligen kan berättas genom kläderna. -
1455189355674.Pdf
THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN Cover by: Peter Bradley LEGAL PAGE: Every effort has been made not to make use of proprietary or copyrighted materi- al. Any mention of actual commercial products in this book does not constitute an endorsement. www.trolllord.com www.chenaultandgraypublishing.com Email:[email protected] Printed in U.S.A © 2013 Chenault & Gray Publishing, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Storyteller’s Thesaurus Trademark of Cheanult & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. Chenault & Gray Publishing, Troll Lord Games logos are Trademark of Chenault & Gray Publishing. All Rights Reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE STORYTeller’S THESAURUS 1 FANTASY, HISTORY, AND HORROR 1 JAMES M. WARD AND ANNE K. BROWN 1 INTRODUCTION 8 WHAT MAKES THIS BOOK DIFFERENT 8 THE STORYTeller’s RESPONSIBILITY: RESEARCH 9 WHAT THIS BOOK DOES NOT CONTAIN 9 A WHISPER OF ENCOURAGEMENT 10 CHAPTER 1: CHARACTER BUILDING 11 GENDER 11 AGE 11 PHYSICAL AttRIBUTES 11 SIZE AND BODY TYPE 11 FACIAL FEATURES 12 HAIR 13 SPECIES 13 PERSONALITY 14 PHOBIAS 15 OCCUPATIONS 17 ADVENTURERS 17 CIVILIANS 18 ORGANIZATIONS 21 CHAPTER 2: CLOTHING 22 STYLES OF DRESS 22 CLOTHING PIECES 22 CLOTHING CONSTRUCTION 24 CHAPTER 3: ARCHITECTURE AND PROPERTY 25 ARCHITECTURAL STYLES AND ELEMENTS 25 BUILDING MATERIALS 26 PROPERTY TYPES 26 SPECIALTY ANATOMY 29 CHAPTER 4: FURNISHINGS 30 CHAPTER 5: EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 ADVENTurer’S GEAR 31 GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 31 2 THE STORYTeller’s Thesaurus KITCHEN EQUIPMENT 35 LINENS 36 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS -
Earth Goddess in English Paganism
The Place of the Earth- Goddess Cult in English Pagan Religion By Gary G. Stanfield Kansas City, Missouri, USA. Copyright 2014 (USA Copyright Office). Page 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................... 2 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................. 5 A)Purposes and Objectives ...................................................... 5 B)Vocabulary, Grammar, and Spelling ...................................... 6 C)The Concept of Theological Diversity ..................................... 7 D)The Unified Theology Model in Previous Studies .................... 10 E)Lack of Importance of an Earth Goddess in Prior Studies ........ 11 F)Advice On How Works are Cited .......................................... 13 G)Preview of the Substantive Chapters ................................... 16 Chapter 2: Cultic Practice and Formal Lore ................................. 19 A)Folk Religion .................................................................... 20 B)Cult and Myth ................................................................... 22 C)Conclusion ....................................................................... 27 Chapter 3: Kwoth — Holy Spirit and a Supreme Deity ................. 29 A)The Nuer as a People ........................................................ 29 B)Holy Spirit in Nuer Religion ................................................ 30 C)Example of the Refraction Principle ..................................... 33 D)Kwoth and -
Narrating England: Tolkien, the Twentieth Century, and English Cultural Self- Representation
Narrating England: Tolkien, the Twentieth Century, and English Cultural Self- Representation. A I Jackson PhD 2015 1 Narrating England: Tolkien, the Twentieth Century, and English Cultural Self- Representation. AARON ISAAC JACKSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Department of English, Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English The Manchester Metropolitan University 2015 2 Abstract This thesis addresses the representation of England and Englishness in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Farmer Giles of Ham (1949), The Hobbit (1937), and The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955). Primarily questioning Tom Shippey’s interpretation of the same themes in The Road to Middle-Earth (1982, 2005) and J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (2000), and offering a sustained analysis and evaluation of Shippey’s position and critical methodology as well as their endorsement by subsequent criticism, this thesis argues that Tolkien’s work does not position its representations of England as the unchanging pastoral idylls Shippey suggests. Rather, it proposes that through their prolonged examination of the importance of the relationship of location to narratives of English history, identity, and cultural self-representation, these texts self-consciously engage with the ways in which ideas of Englishness are serially made and remade. While focused on Tolkien’s treatment of England and Englishness throughout, the thesis takes the following trajectory. It begins by examining Shippey’s contention that the representation of these themes by Tolkien’s fiction was recuperative, idealising, and enshrining, investigating how and why this perspective has been critically endorsed and recycled. -
Historiallinen Fantasia Mikko Kamulan Ikimetsien Sydänmailla - Romaanissa
”Omituisia asioita oli vain tapahtunut itsestään” Historiallinen fantasia Mikko Kamulan Ikimetsien sydänmailla - romaanissa Tuuli Manninen Pro gradu -tutkielma Oulun yliopisto Humanistinen tiedekunta Kirjallisuus Marraskuu 2018 1 SISÄLLYS 1 JOHDANTO ............................................................................................................ 3 2 FANTASTISTA VAI HISTORIALLISTA? TEORIAPOHJA KOHDETEOKSEN KÄSITTELYYN ....................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Fantasian tutkimuksen lähtökohdista, luonteesta ja teoretisoinnista ...................................... 11 2.2 Lajien muuttuva luonne ja evoluutio kirjallisuudentutkimuksessa ........................................ 16 2.3 Myytit, symbolit ja narratiivien jaottelu Northrop Fryen kirjallisuuskritiikissä .................... 19 2.4 Suomalaisen mytologian ja myyttien tutkimukset ................................................................. 24 3 MUINAISET JUMALAT, MYYTTISET HAHMOT JA TAIKUUS ALALAJIN MÄÄRITTELIJÖINÄ ............................................................................................... 30 3.1 Jumalten yhteys luontoon ja vaikutus sekundaarimaailman muodostumiseen ...................... 32 3.2 Haltijat uskomuksena ............................................................................................................. 39 3.3 Taikuuden ja magian kuvaukset ............................................................................................. 45 3.4 Karhu myyttinä ja symbolina -
A Finnic Holy Word and Its Subsequent History
A Finnic Holy Word and its Subsequent History BY MAUNO KOSKI This article concentrates on a specific ancient holy word in Finnic and its subsequent development.' The word in question is hiisi. In- flection contains a strong vowel stem (basic phonological form) in hide+ , a weak vowel stem in hiibe+, a consonant stem in hiit+, e.g, Finnish hiisi, illative sing. hiiteen, genitive sing. hiiden, partitive sing. hiittä; Estonian (h)iis, genitive sing. (h)iie. Estonian and Finnish, particularly western Finnish dialects, allow us to conclude that the primary sense of the word, at least comparatively speaking, is 'cult place', or possibly — at an earlier stage — even 'burial place'. The sporadic appearance of hii(t)ta in Finnish and Estonian place names and folklore is clearly a secondary phenomenon (see Koski 1967-70, 2, 234 ff.). Labial vowel derivatives are Estonian hiid (genitive sing. hiiu), and Finnish, Karelian and Ingrian hiito hiitto) and hitto, all of which suggest their origin in Finnic *hiito(i). These were originally possessive derivatives signifying a relationship to the concept of 'Hsi' in its broadest sense. The derivative hittunen, 'ghost, spirit of the dead', appears in central Óstrobothnian dialects. Ä number of place names indicate that, alongside the inflection model hiisi: hiite+ , there existed a non-assibilated type hiiti: hiite+ hiiti,2 This article is largely based on my earlier research work (Koski 1967-70; see also Koski 1977), but I have also included certain other data published subse- quently. I have decided to take the subject up here because my previous study has only appeared in Finnish, apart from a short paper in English on the theoretical methodology of my work, semantic component analysis.