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La Cuestion Del Tibet El Imperio De La La Cuestion del Tibet y el Imperio de la Ley COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JURISTAS GINEBRA La Comision International de Juristas es una organization no gubemamental que tiene el car&cter de entidad consultiva, categoria B, ante el Consejo Economico y Social de las Naciones Unidas. La Comision promueve el conocimiento y el respeto del principio del imperio de la ley. Esta integrada por: JOSEPH T. THORSON Presidente de honor, Ottawa, Canada VIVIAN BOSE Presidente, Nueva Delhi, India PER T. FEDERSPIEL Vicepresidente, Copenhague, Dinamarca JOSfi T. NABUCO Vicepresidente, RJo de Janeiro, Brasil ARTURO A. ALAFRIZ Manila, Filipinas GIUSEPPE BETTIOL Roma, Italia DUDLEY B. BONSAL Nueva York, USA PHILIPPE N. BOULOS Beirut, Libano U CHAN HTOON Rangun, Birmania A.J.M. VAN DAL La' Haya, Pafses Bajos SIR OWEN DIXON Melbourne, Australia OSVALDO ILLANES BENtTEZ Santiago de Chile JEAN KRfiHER Paris, Francia HENRIK MUNKTELL Upsala, Suecia PAUL-MAURICE ORBAN Gante, Belgica STEFAN OSUSKY Washington, D.C. LORD SHAWCROSS Londres, Inglaterra BENJAMIN R. SHUTE Nueva York, USA KOTARO TANAKA Tokio, Japon PURSHOTTAM TRIKAMDAS Nueva Delhi, India H. B. TYABJI Karachi, Pakistan JUAN J. CARBAJAL’ VICTORIC Montevideo, Uruguay EDOUARD ZELLWEGER Zurich, Suiza Secretario general JEAN-FLAVIEN LALTVE Secretario administrativo EDWARD S. KOZERA Publicado en espanol, franc6s e ingles y distribuido por la COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JURISTAS 6, RUE DU MONT-DE-SION GINEBRA, SUIZA In d ic e I n tro d u cci6 n ............................................................................................. I Primera parte E l T ibet Geografla y poblacion.......................................................... 1 Mapa del T ib e t...................................................................... 5 Cronologfa de los acontecimientos . ................................... 6 El levantamiento tibetano y la huida del Dalai Lama . 13 Segunda parte I n tro d u cci6 n a las pruebas relativas a las actividades CHINAS EN EL T lB E T ............................................................................. 19 A. VIOLACIONES DE LAS OBLIGACIONES CONTRAIDAS POR LA R epublica P opular de C hina en virtu d del C onvenio DE LOS DlECISIETE PUNTOS I. Obligation de otorgar la autonomia regional com- pleta al T ib e t................................................... 23 II. Libertad de religion y protecci6n de los monasterios 37 III. Polltica comercial y respeto a los bienes propiedad del pueblo tib etan o ...................................... 48 IV. Reformas en el Tibet .................................. 51 B. Violaciones de los derechos humanos ....... 62 C. La cuestion de g e n o c id io ...................... ................. 74 Tercera parte L a posici6 n del T ibet con arreglo al derecho in tern a- CIONAL..................................................................................... 81 Cuarta parte D ocumentos Documento 1 : Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y China, relativo a Sikkim y el Tibet. — Firmado en Calcuta, el 17 de marzo de 1890 . 115 Documento 2 Reglamento sobre comercio, comunica- ciones y pastoreo, anexo al Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y China de 17 de marzo de 1890 relativo a Sikkim y el Tibet. — Firmado en Darjeeling, el 5 de diciembre de 1893 ............................... 117 Documento 3 Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y el Tibet. — Firmado en Lhasa, el 7 de septiembre de 1904 ........................... 120 Documento 4 Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y China relativo al Tibet. — Firmado en Pekin, el dla 27 de abril de 1906 ................... 124 Documento 5 Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y Rusia relativo a Persia, Afganistan y el Tibet. — Firmado en San Petersburgo, el 31 de agosto de 1907. Acuerdo relativo al Tibet 127 Documento 6 Acuerdo entre la Gran Bretana, China y el Tibet por el que se modifica el Regla­ mento sobre comercio en el Tibet, de 5 de diciembre de 1893. — Firmado en Calcuta, el 20 de abril de 1908 .... 129 Documento 7 Convenio entre la Gran Bretana, China y el Tibet, de fecha 3 de julio de 1914 (Simla) .............................................. 136 Documento 8 Reglamento sobre comercio anglotibe- tano. — Firmado en Simla, el 3 de julio de 1 9 1 4 .................................................. 141 Documento 9 Canje de notas entre los Gobiemos de la India y de la Republica Popular de China relativo a la penetration de unidades del ejercito chino en el Tibet, 1950 .... 145 Documento 10 Convenio sobre medidas encaminadas a la liberation patifica del Tibet (Con­ venio de los Diecisiete Puntos de 23 de mayo de 1 9 5 1 )...................................... 152 Documento 11 Carta de los dirigentes tibetanos al Sr. Jawaharlal Nehru .................................. 156 Documento 12 Manifesto de los dirigentes tibetanos . 158 Documento 13 Memorandum preparado por los dirigen­ tes tib e ta n o s.......................................... 164 Documento 14 Alegaciones de origen chino sobre el Dalai Lama y la In d ia ........................... 178 Documento 15 : Declaration del Sr. Nehru en el Parla- mento indio, 27 de abril de 1959 . 186 Documento 16 : La revolution del Tibet y la filosofia de Nehru (Peking Review)....................... 193 Documento 17: Declaration del Dalai Lama en Tezpur, India, el 18 de abril de 1959 ................... 210 Documento 18 : Declaration hecha por el Dalai Lama el 22 de abril de 1959 ................................... 213 Documento 19 : Texto de la declaration hecha por el Dalai Lama el 20 de junio de 1959 en Mussoorie, I n d ia .................................... 214 Documento 20: Extractos de una conferencia de prensa celebrada por el Dalai Lama el 20 de junio de 1959 en Mussoorie, India . 218 Documento 21 : Declaraciones de testigos tibetanos, reco- gidas en la I n d ia .................................... 222 La cuestion del Tibet y el imperio de la ley INFORME PRELIMINAR Introduction La creation, en 1952, de la Comision Internacional de Juristas obedecio al deseo de vigorizar y proteger la libertad y la justicia bajo el imperio de la ley. Desde entonces la Comision ha porfiado por mantener y extender el imperio de la ley y. movilizar la opinion juridica mundial cuando se ha producido una violation sistematica y general de los principios representados por el imperio de la ley. Por ejemplo, ha expresado su resuelta oposicion contra las violaciones del imperio de la ley y de los derechos humanos en el Africa del Sur, Espana y Portugal. Merecen especial mention los esfuerzos desple- gados por la Comision en 1957 con respecto a la tragedia de Hungrla.1 En vista de lo ocurrido recientemente en el Tibet, la Comision consi- dera su deber presentar a la opinion juridica mundial su Informe preliminar sobre « la cuestion del Tibet y el imperio de la ley ». La Comision Internacional de Juristas es una organizaci6n no gubernamental y apolitica. Es una asociacion privada mundial, formada por jueces, abogados y profesores de derecho a la que prestan su apoyo unos treinta mil juristas de mas de cincuenta paises. En varios de ellos, los simpatizantes estan organizados en agrupa- ciones y secciones nacionales. A pesar de las diferencias de opinion que les separan en las esferas poli'tica, economica y social, estos juristas integran una comunidad espiritual basada sobre creencias e ideales analogos. Coinciden en los principios basicos de libertad y justicia bajo la ley y en las reglas comunes que debieran servir al hombre como normas de conducta 1 V6anse los tres mformes sobre Hungria publicados por la Comisi6n: La situation en Hungria y la regia de derecho, El persistente desafio de la situacidn hungara al Estado de Derecho, y La justicia en la Hungria de hoy. I en sus relaciones con el projimo. A su juicio, el concepto del imperio de la ley reviste tanta importancia en los ordenamientos juridicos intemos como en las relaciones internacionales : el imperio de la ley debiera prevalecer en ambos casos. La Comision, que tiene el caracter de entidad consultiva del Consejo Economico y Social de las Naciones Unidas, organizo un Congreso Internacional de Juristas en enero de 1959, en Nueva Delhi. Tomaron parte en el jurisconsultos y abogados de cincuenta y tres pafses; la mayoria de los congresistas procedi'a de Asia y de Africa. El Congreso se esforzo por definir y aclarar el concepto del imperio de la ley y todas sus aplicaciones practicas en los terrenos institucional, procesal y doctrinal2. Los distinguidos hombres de leyes congregados, entre los que habia una importante selection de jurisperitos asiaticos, aprobaron por unanimidad una serie de conclu- siones relativas a las instituciones, procedimientos y principios. Como se deduce de lo antedicho, la Comision persigue un doble proposito : proteger y fortalecer el imperio de la ley y movilizar la opinion juridica mundial cuando se viole de manera sistematica y general el imperio de la ley. La segunda tarea exige mantenerse cons- tantemente en guardia. Se comprende pues el gran interes sentido por la Comision, como muchas personas y organizaciones en todo el mundo, cuando en marzo del ano actual se desarrollo en el Tibet una secuencia de dramaticos acontecimientos. En vista de la gravedad de la situation, la Comision estim6 que le incumbia la responsabilidad y el deber de investigar la cuestion. Asf lo ha hecho. Este Informe tiene por objeto someter a la opinion piiblica y a los gobiernos los resultados de la encuesta preliminar. De conformidad con su procedimiento habitual, la Comision llevo a cabo, con vistas a establecer los hechos, un estudio cuidadoso y objetivo
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