El Tibet Y La Republica Popular De China

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El Tibet Y La Republica Popular De China El Tibet y la Republica Popular de China Informe presentado a la Comision Internacional de Juristas por el Comite de Encuesta Juridica sobre el Tibet COMISI6N internacional d e j u r is t a s GINEBRA 1960 La Comision International de Juristas es una organization no gubema- mental que tiene el caracter de entidad consultiva, categoria B, ante el Con- sejo Economico y Social de las Naciones Unidas. iLa Comision promueve el conocimiento y el respeto del principio del imperio de la ley. Esta integrada por: JOSEPH T. THORSON Presidente del Tribunal de Hacienda del Canada (Presidente de honor) VIVIAN BOSE Ex magistrado del Tribunal Supremo de la India (Presidente) PER T. FEDERSPIEL Presidente del Consejo de Europa; diputado del (Vicepresidente) Parlamento danes; abogado, Copenhague JOSE T. NABUCO Miembro del Colegio de Abogados de Rio d© (Vicepresidente) Janeiro, Brasil SIR ADETOKUNBO A. ADEMOLA Presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Nigeria ARTURO A. ALAFRIZ Presidente de la Federation de Asociaciones de Abogados de Filipinas GIUSEPPE BETTIOL Diputado del Parlamento italiano; profesor de derecho de la Universidad de Padua DUDLEY B. BONSAL Penultimo presidente de la Asociaci6n de Abo­ gados de la ciudad de Nueva York, EE.UU. PHILIPPE N. BOULOS Gobernador de Beirut; ex ministro de Justicia del Llbano -UAN J. CARBAJAL VICTORICA Abogado; profesor de derecho publico de la Uni* versidad de Montevideo; ex ministro U CHAN HTOON Magistrado del Tribunal Supremo de la Uni6n de Birmania A. J. M. VAN DAL Abogado ante el Tribunal Supremo de los Paises Bajos SIR OWEN DIXON Presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Australia ISAAC FORSTER Primer presidente del Tribunal Supremo del Senegal OSVALDO ILLANES BENITEZ Ministro de la Corte Suprema de Chile RUDOLF KATZ Vicepresidente del Tribunal Constitucional Fede­ ral de Alemania JEAN KRtaER Abogado ante el Tribunal de Apelacion de Paris AXEL HENRIK MUNKTELL Diputano del Parlamento sueco; profesor de derecho de la Universidad de Upsala PAUL-MAURICE ORBAN Profesor de derecho de la Universidad de Gante; ex ministro; ex senador STEFAN OSUSKY Ex ministro de Checoeslovaquia en Gran Bretana y Francia; ex ministro del Gobierno de Checo­ eslovaquia LORD SHAWCROSS Ex fiscal general del Reino Unido BENJAMIN R. SHUTE Abogado, Nueva York KOTARO TANAKA Presidente del Tribunal Supremo del Jap6n PURSHOTTAM TRIKAMDAS Abogado de la ante el Tribunal Supremo de la India; secretario de la Asociacion India de Abogados; ex secretario del Mahatma Gandhi H. B. TYABJI Abogado, Karachi, Pakistan; ex magistrado del Tribunal Supremo de Sind Secretario general: JEAN-FLAVIEN LALIVE, miembro del Colegio de Abogados de Ginebra; ex primer secretario del Tribunal International de Justicia Secretario administrative : EDWARD S. KOZERA, ex profesor de Teoria y Practica de la Universidad de Columbia COMISION internacional d e j u r i s t a s 6, rue du Mont-de-Sion, GINEBRA. SUIZA « Dia vendra que hasta en el corazon del Tibet la religion y el gobierno sufran, por igual, las asechanzas de enemigos de fuera y de dentro; los guardianes de la fe, los gloriosos reencarnados, veran quebrantados y borrados sus nombres. Los monasterios y sacerdotes, despojados de sus tierras y bienes. Los funcionarios del gobierno, eclesiasticos y seglares, desposeidos de sus tierras y riquezas. El ene- migo les hard esclavos o vagardn como mendigos por su propia tierra. La miseria y el terror reinardn sobre todos los seres, y transcurrira, lenta, la noche del sufrimiento... » — Del testamento politico del Dalai Lama XIII (fallecido en 1933), Sir Charles Bell, Portrait o f the Dalai Lama (1946) pag. 380. r• INDICE P r o l o g o del Secretario General de la Comision Intemacional de Juristas.................................................................. ... vu N o ta s explicativas Abreviaturas ........................................................................... XI Notas sobre las personalidades que apareCen en este Inform e................................................................... XI Notas sobre terminos y costumbres tibetanos................ XII Notas sobre las fuentes chinas utilizad as....................... xni INFORME PRESENTADO A LA COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JURISTAS POR EL COMITE DE ENCUESTA JURIDICA SOBRE EL TIBET Informe del comite al Secretario G en eral........................... 3 I ntroduccion ....................................... .......................................................... 7 Capitulo I T estim onios rela tiv o s a l g e n o c id io Introduccion.......................................................................... 11 El prop6sito de destruir el budismo en el Tibet: 1. Declaraciones procedentes de fuentes chinas . 14 2. Actuacion y declaraciones de los chinos segun las fuentes tibetanas ........................................... 23 a) Evidencia de un sistematico designio de destruir la fe religiosa................................... 23 b) Intento de destruir un grupo religioso por asesinato de sus miembros ....................... 41 c) Destruccion del grupo por lesion grave a la integridad fisica o moral de sus miembros 48 d) Sometimiento del grupo a condiciones de existencia que acarrean su destruccion fisica 49 e) Medidas encaminadas a evitar los nacimientos 49 f ) Traslado por la fuerza de ninos de un grupo a o tr o .............................................................. 51 Apendice a los testimonios relativos al genocidio ..... 59 h i Capitulo n DERECHOS HUMANOS Y PROGRESO In tro d u ctio n ........................................................................ 65 El acceso a los dereclios hum anos................................. 82 Acusaciones tibetanas de violaciones de derechos humanos 83 Acusaciones chinas de violaciones de derechos humanos cometidas por los tibetanos..................................... 136 Capitulo III POSICION JURIDICA DEL T IB E T ............................................................. 143 La autoridad del Gobierno tibetano en asuntos internos 147 La autoridad del Gobierno tibetano en asuntos extranjeros 153 Capitulo IV A c u e r d o sobre m edid as DE LIBERACION PACIFICA d e l T ibet 173 Violaciones del Acuerdo de los Diez y Siete Puntos atri- buidas a la Republica Popular de C h in a .................. 173 Violaciones del Acuerdo de los Diez y Siete Puntos atri- buidas al Gobierno del T ib e t....................................... 215 Texto del A c u e rd o .............................................................. 223 Apendices A pe n d ic e I Declaraciones de refugiados tibetanos............................... 229 A pe n d ic e II Declaraciones del Dalai Lama y de los miembros de su Gabinete al Comite de Encuesta J u rfd ic a ................... 297 Documento n° 1 : Acta de la entrevista de Su Santidad el Dalai Lama, celebrada en Mussoorie, el 29 de agosto de 1959 . ................... ... 297 Documento n° 2 : Respuestas por escrito del Dalai Lama a las preguntas del C om ite........................................... 304 Documento n° 3 : Respuestas verbales del Dalai Lama a las preguntas formuladas por el Comite de Encuesta Jurfdica en Mussoorie, India, el 14 de noviembre de 1959 .......................................................................... 308 Documento n° 4 : Declaraciones del Kashag (Gabinete del Dalai Lama).............................................................. 318 IV Documento n° 5 : Declaraciones del Dalai Lama al Comite de Encuesta Juridica en Mussoorie, India, el 14 de noviembre de 1959 ....................................................... 320 Documento n° 6: memorandum sometido a la Comision Internacional de Juristas por el Sr. T. Shakabpa . 326 A pen d ice III Documentos oficiales Documento n° 1 : La actitud del Gobierno Britanico ante las reivindicaciones chinas de 1 912 ..................... 330 Documento n° 2 : Intentos de establecer una ruta de aprovisionamiento a China, a traves del Tibet. Actitud de los Estados Unidos respecto a la position juridica del T i b e t....................................................................... 331 Documento n° 3 : Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y el Tibet, firmado en Lhasa el 7 de septiembre de 1904 339 Documento n° 4: Convenio entre la Gran Bretana y el Tibet, 1 9 1 4 ................................................................... 342 Documento n° 5 : Reglamento de comercio anglotibetano, 1 9 1 4 ............................................................................... 346 A pendice IV Solicitud de entrada en el Tibet Documento n° 1 : Carta del Presidente del Comite de Encuesta Juridica al Embajador de la Republica Popular de China en la In d ia .................................... 350 Documento n° 2 : Nota sobre la respuesta del Embajador c h in o ..................................................................... 352 v PROLOGO Se han cumplido casi diez anos de la entrada de las fuerzas de la Republica Popular de China en el Tibet con el declarado proposito de « liberar » al pais del imperialismo. La resistencia militar tibetana, organizada, fue rapidamente sofocada en 1950, y tras una fallida apelacion a las Naciones Unidas, el Gobierno del Tibet cedio, en 1951, a la ocupacion china. Durante los nueve anos que siguieron, el Tibet ha conocido el levantamiento de los Khambas en 1956; la insurreccion de Lhasa en marzo de 1959 y, desde entonces, e incluso en nuestros dias, prosigue en la parte occidental la resistencia armada contra los chinos. En el informe preliminar sobre el Tibet: « La cuestion del Tibet y el Imperio de la Ley », publicado por la Comision Internacional
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