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Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule
TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A COMPILATION OF REFUGEE STATEMENTS 1958-1975 A SERIES OF “EXPERT ON TIBET” PROGRAMS ON RADIO FREE ASIA TIBETAN SERVICE BY WARREN W. SMITH 1 TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A Compilation of Refugee Statements 1958-1975 Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule is a collection of twenty-seven Tibetan refugee statements published by the Information and Publicity Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1976. At that time Tibet was closed to the outside world and Chinese propaganda was mostly unchallenged in portraying Tibet as having abolished the former system of feudal serfdom and having achieved democratic reforms and socialist transformation as well as self-rule within the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans were portrayed as happy with the results of their liberation by the Chinese Communist Party and satisfied with their lives under Chinese rule. The contrary accounts of the few Tibetan refugees who managed to escape at that time were generally dismissed as most likely exaggerated due to an assumed bias and their extreme contrast with the version of reality presented by the Chinese and their Tibetan spokespersons. The publication of these very credible Tibetan refugee statements challenged the Chinese version of reality within Tibet and began the shift in international opinion away from the claims of Chinese propaganda and toward the facts as revealed by Tibetan eyewitnesses. As such, the publication of this collection of refugee accounts was an important event in the history of Tibetan exile politics and the international perception of the Tibet issue. The following is a short synopsis of the accounts. -
The Functions of Mountain Settiembnts in Relation to Their Physical Environment
THE FUNCTIONS OF MOUNTAIN SETTIEMBNTS IN RELATION TO THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT RUTH HANNAM ProQuest Number: 10107214 All rights reserved INF0RMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10107214 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION THE FUNCTIONS OF MOUNTAIN SETTLEMENTS IN RELATION TO THEIR PHYSICAL ENVIROmŒNT A settlement is an expression of man’s activity, therefore they can be classed according to the predom ant activity in a particular place. The effect of mo conditions on the choice of site and the mode of livi in different types of settlements is discussed, I* Agricultural and Pastoral Settlements, These are the most numerous; the effects of altitu exposure, degree of slope, the nature of soils and la: forms, water supply and type of farming are discussed Examples(personal knowledge),Reichenbach(Kander Valle; and Devoluy in the Alps, Pyrenean Navarre and the Pic< de Europe in Spain, Others,The Val d*Anniviers; the Hunza Valley in the Karakoram; the Altiplano of Bolivia, II, Mining and Other Industrial Settlement, Mining in relation to geology and structure; artif: character of mining towns; areas where they are most important. -
China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage
MANEKSHAW PAPER No. 70, 2018 China Shaping Tibet for Strategic Leverage Praggya Surana D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V KNOWLEDGE WORLD Centre for Land Warfare Studies KW Publishers Pvt Ltd New Delhi New Delhi Editorial Team Editor-in-Chief : Lt Gen Balraj Nagal ISSN 23939729 D W LAN ARFA OR RE F S E T R U T D N IE E S C CLAWS VI CT N OR ISIO Y THROUGH V Centre for Land Warfare Studies RPSO Complex, Parade Road, Delhi Cantt, New Delhi 110010 Phone: +91.11.25691308 Fax: +91.11.25692347 email: [email protected] website: www.claws.in CLAWS Army No. 33098 The Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi, is an autonomous think-tank dealing with national security and conceptual aspects of land warfare, including conventional and sub-conventional conflicts and terrorism. CLAWS conducts research that is futuristic in outlook and policy-oriented in approach. © 2018, Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi Disclaimer: The contents of this paper are based on the analysis of materials accessed from open sources and are the personal views of the author. The contents, therefore, may not be quoted or cited as representing the views or policy of the Government of India, or Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) (Army), or the Centre for Land Warfare Studies. KNOWLEDGE WORLD www.kwpub.com Published in India by Kalpana Shukla KW Publishers Pvt Ltd 4676/21, First Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002 Phone: +91 11 23263498 / 43528107 email: [email protected] l www.kwpub.com Contents Introduction 1 1. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
TIBET INSIGHT April 1-15, 2021
TIBET INSIGHT April 1-15, 2021 1 News in/from Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) Shigatse transfers 240,000 farmers and herdsmen for employment generation March 26, 2021 The Human Resource and Social Security Bureau of Shigatse reported that 240,000 farmers and herdsmen were transferred within and outside of Shigatse through the mediation of 31 labour dispatch organizations, 1662 labour cooperatives, 1547 village labour brokers, 125- county level and 38 Municipal and 9 District level transfer bases. After completion of “vocational skill training” at the Skill Service Centre based in Shigatse, trainees comprising farmers and herdsmen are transferred to different cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). “Skill training” includes breeding, forest resource and waste picking, planting, woodwork and cooking in addition to tailoring skills to the needs of new and emerging industries. Under the auspices of the TAR Party Committee, Shigatse plans to build 30 more employment bases in Shigatse alone by 2021 and generate “employment” to 10,000 more farmers and herdsmen. Law EnforCement Team of TAR People’s Congress ConduCts inspeCtions in Shigatse and Lhoka March 10, 2021 Coinciding with the 62nd anniversary of the Tibetan National Uprising Day, the Law Enforcement Team of TAR People’s Congress conducted several inspections in Shigatse (Ch: Xigaze) and Lhoka (Ch: Shannan. Led by the Deputy Secretary of TAR People’s Government and Deputy Director of the Standing Committee of TAR People’s Congress, Doto (Tibetan), the inspections were carried out in villages, counties and cities in Shigatse and Lhoka. One purpose of the inspections was to oversee the progress of ethnic unity under the theme “Regulations on the Establishment of Ethnic Unity in TAR” and how the regulation is being implemented by the Local Enforcement Committees. -
The History of Gyalthang Under Chinese Rule: Memory, Identity, and Contested Control in a Tibetan Region of Northwest Yunnan
THE HISTORY OF GYALTHANG UNDER CHINESE RULE: MEMORY, IDENTITY, AND CONTESTED CONTROL IN A TIBETAN REGION OF NORTHWEST YUNNAN Dá!a Pejchar Mortensen A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: Michael Tsin Michelle T. King Ralph A. Litzinger W. Miles Fletcher Donald M. Reid © 2016 Dá!a Pejchar Mortensen ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii! ! ABSTRACT Dá!a Pejchar Mortensen: The History of Gyalthang Under Chinese Rule: Memory, Identity, and Contested Control in a Tibetan Region of Northwest Yunnan (Under the direction of Michael Tsin) This dissertation analyzes how the Chinese Communist Party attempted to politically, economically, and culturally integrate Gyalthang (Zhongdian/Shangri-la), a predominately ethnically Tibetan county in Yunnan Province, into the People’s Republic of China. Drawing from county and prefectural gazetteers, unpublished Party histories of the area, and interviews conducted with Gyalthang residents, this study argues that Tibetans participated in Communist Party campaigns in Gyalthang in the 1950s and 1960s for a variety of ideological, social, and personal reasons. The ways that Tibetans responded to revolutionary activists’ calls for political action shed light on the difficult decisions they made under particularly complex and coercive conditions. Political calculations, revolutionary ideology, youthful enthusiasm, fear, and mob mentality all played roles in motivating Tibetan participants in Mao-era campaigns. The diversity of these Tibetan experiences and the extent of local involvement in state-sponsored attacks on religious leaders and institutions in Gyalthang during the Cultural Revolution have been largely left out of the historiographical record. -
India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments
HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 38 Number 1 Article 7 June 2018 India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments Pramesh Chettri Sikkim University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Chettri, Pramesh. 2018. India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments. HIMALAYA 38(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/7 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments Acknowledgements The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the peer reviewers for their valuable review of the article, and to Mark Turin, Sienna R. Craig, David Citrin, and Mona Bhan for their editorial support, which helped to give it the present shape. The author also wants to extend his appreciation to the Commerce and Industries and Tourism Department in the Government of Sikkim, to Sikkim University Library, and to the many local traders of Sikkim with whom he spoke while conducting this research. This research article is available in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol38/iss1/7 India-China Border Trade Through Nathu La Pass: Prospects and Impediments Pramesh Chettri This paper attempts to examine and analyze aspects, the Nathu La border trade has faced the prospects and impediments of the many problems. -
Tibet and China-Tibet-Fact Finding Mission Report-1960-Eng
[ M P P Z^tLr’ Ui\rJjLlsdsL’Yl Oi^ ‘ -'■-- I^C"' • ’--O-. t -£ ','~ ? ■ *•«..;;%--I - • • •-.-**- • -:"*-•*• '~;2^' -: .£&i<.Z•*, •„r, ’•’•.. •. ji. 1 : ■'■;\K<i>:'" •’....'. -u -iv ' ‘j;x. “It may happen that here in the centre o f Tibet the religion and the secular administration will be similarly attacked from without and within, and the holders o f the Faith, the glorious Rebirths, will be broken down and left without a'name. As regards the monasteries and the priesthood, their lands and properties will be destroyed. The officers o f State, ecclesiastical and lay, will find their lands seized and their other property confiscated, and they themselves made to serve their enemies or wander about the country as beggars do. All beings will be sunk in hardship and fear, and the nights will drag on slowly in suffering ,! —from the Political Testameot of the thirteenth Dalai Lama (d. 1933). Sir Charles Bell, Portrait o f the Dalai Lama (1946), p. 380. CONTENTS • F orew ord by the Secretary-General of the International Com mission of Jurists ............................................................... VII Explanatory notes A bbreviations............................................... ....................... xi Notes on the principal persons m en tioned ....................... xi Notes on Tibetan words and customs referred to . xu Note on Chinese sources q u o t e d ....................................... xiu REPORT TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF JURISTS BY THE LEGAL INQUIRY COMMITTEE ON TIBET R eport by the Committee to the Secretary-General................. 3 Introduction . ^ ................................................. 7 Chapter One T he Evidence relating to Genocidb Introduction........................................................................... 10 The intent to destroy Buddhism in Tibet: 1. Chinese statements from Chinese sources .... 14 2. -
Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo
Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder Manfred Gerner Translated from German by Gregor Verhufen དཔལ་འག་ཞབ་འག་ི ེ་བ། Thangtong Gyalpo: Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder Copyright ©2007 the Centre for Bhutan Studies First Published: 2007 The Centre for Bhutan Studies PO Box No. 1111 Thimphu, Bhutan Tel: 975-2-321005, 321111 Fax: 975-2-321001 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt ISBN 99936-14-39-4 Cover photo: Statue of Drupthob Thangtong Gyalpo, believed to have been made by Drupthob himself, is housed in a private lhakhang of Tsheringmo, Pangkhar village, Ura, Bumthang. Photo by Karma Ura, 2007. Block print of Thangtong Gyalpo in title page by Lauf, 1972. To His Majesty, the Druk Gyalpo of the Royal Kingdom of Bhutan, the Bhutanese people and the Incarnation Line of Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo. ནད་མ་འོངམ་ལས་རིམ་ོ། ་མ་འོངམ་ལས་ཟམ། Appease the spirits before they turn foes Build a bridge before the river swells Contents Preface ......................................................................................i I. Biographical notes on Thangtong Gyalpo ...................... 1 The King of the Empty Plains.............................................................. 1 Tibet of his times.................................................................................... 6 Thangtong Gyalpo’s journeys to Bhutan ........................................... 8 Fragments from his life’s work.......................................................... 12 Incarnation lineage............................................................................. -
La Cuestion Del Tibet El Imperio De La
La Cuestion del Tibet y el Imperio de la Ley COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JURISTAS GINEBRA La Comision International de Juristas es una organization no gubemamental que tiene el car&cter de entidad consultiva, categoria B, ante el Consejo Economico y Social de las Naciones Unidas. La Comision promueve el conocimiento y el respeto del principio del imperio de la ley. Esta integrada por: JOSEPH T. THORSON Presidente de honor, Ottawa, Canada VIVIAN BOSE Presidente, Nueva Delhi, India PER T. FEDERSPIEL Vicepresidente, Copenhague, Dinamarca JOSfi T. NABUCO Vicepresidente, RJo de Janeiro, Brasil ARTURO A. ALAFRIZ Manila, Filipinas GIUSEPPE BETTIOL Roma, Italia DUDLEY B. BONSAL Nueva York, USA PHILIPPE N. BOULOS Beirut, Libano U CHAN HTOON Rangun, Birmania A.J.M. VAN DAL La' Haya, Pafses Bajos SIR OWEN DIXON Melbourne, Australia OSVALDO ILLANES BENtTEZ Santiago de Chile JEAN KRfiHER Paris, Francia HENRIK MUNKTELL Upsala, Suecia PAUL-MAURICE ORBAN Gante, Belgica STEFAN OSUSKY Washington, D.C. LORD SHAWCROSS Londres, Inglaterra BENJAMIN R. SHUTE Nueva York, USA KOTARO TANAKA Tokio, Japon PURSHOTTAM TRIKAMDAS Nueva Delhi, India H. B. TYABJI Karachi, Pakistan JUAN J. CARBAJAL’ VICTORIC Montevideo, Uruguay EDOUARD ZELLWEGER Zurich, Suiza Secretario general JEAN-FLAVIEN LALTVE Secretario administrativo EDWARD S. KOZERA Publicado en espanol, franc6s e ingles y distribuido por la COMISION INTERNACIONAL DE JURISTAS 6, RUE DU MONT-DE-SION GINEBRA, SUIZA In d ic e I n tro d u cci6 n ............................................................................................. I Primera parte E l T ibet Geografla y poblacion.......................................................... 1 Mapa del T ib e t...................................................................... 5 Cronologfa de los acontecimientos . ................................... 6 El levantamiento tibetano y la huida del Dalai Lama . -
Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue
Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Tsetan Dolkar aus Dharamsala, Indien 29 Februar 2008 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wilfried von Bredow Sino-Tibetan Relations 1990-2000: the Internationalisation of the Tibetan Issue Submitted by Tsetan Dolkar Political Science Department, Philipps University First Advisor: Professor Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser Second Advisor: Professor Dr. Wilfried von Bredow A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Social Sciences and Philosophy of Philipps University in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Philipps University, Marburg 29 February 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement vi Maps viii List of Abbreviations xi PART I A GLIMPSE INTO TIBET’S PAST Chapter 1 Tibet: A Brief Historical Background 1 1.1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.2 Brief Historical Background 4 1.1.2.1 Tibetan Kings (624-842 AD) and Tang China (618-756 AD) 4 1.1.2.2 The Buddhist Revolution in Tibet (842-1247) and the Song Dynasty (960-1126) 8 1.1.2.3 The Sakya Lamas of Tibet (1244-1358) and the Mongol Empire (1207-1368) 10 1.1.2.4 The Post-Sakya Tibet (1337-1565) and the Ming China (1368-1644) 11 1.1.2.5 The Gelugpa’s Rule (1642-1950) and the Manchu Empire (1662-1912) 13 1.1.2.6 Tibet in the Twentieth Century 19 -
Helophoridae: the Helophorus Species of China, with Notes on the Species from Neighbouring Areas (Coleoptera) 185-206 © Wiener Coleopterologenverein, Zool.-Bot
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Water Beetles of China Jahr/Year: 1995 Band/Volume: 1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Angus Robert B. Artikel/Article: Helophoridae: The Helophorus species of China, with notes on the species from neighbouring areas (Coleoptera) 185-206 © Wiener Coleopterologenverein, Zool.-Bot. Ges. Österreich, Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at M.A. JACH K L. JI (als.): Water Hectics of China , Vol. I 185-206 ' Wien, November 1995 HELOPHORIDAE: The Helophorus species of China, with notes on the species from neighbouring areas (Coleoptera) R.B. ANGUS Abstract An account is given of the 20 Helophorus species known or suspected to occur in China, with additional notes on the 43 non-Chinese species known from the surrounding area. One new subgenus, Thaumhelopliorus subgen.n., is erected, and four new species are described: //. (Tluiitmlielophonix) invxpectatus sp.n. lAssain], H. (s.str.) jaechi sp.n. [China], //. (Rhopcilhelophorus) kazakhstcmicus sp.n. |Kazakhstan], and H. (R.) loferi sp.n. [Priinorye]. Helophorus (R.) nuitsiimumi NAKANE is redescribed and its aedeagophore figured. Helophorus lainicola ZAITZEV is designated as the type species of the subgenus Lihelophorus ZAITZEV, and lectotypes are designated for H. Icimicola and H. ser ZAITZEV. Helophorus mukiiwaensis WATANA3E, 1983 is synonymized with Helophorus Sibiriens MoTSCHULSKY, 1860. It is noted that the Helophorus fauna becomes attenuated in the Far East, especially in the Primorye and Japan, and it is suggested that the 20 species so far listed from China may represent about two thirds of the actual fauna. Key words: Coleoptera, Helophoridae, Helophorus, China, east Palcarctic, Oriental, new species, new subgenus Introduction Wilhin the Palcarctic region, China occupies an important and unique position.