An Outline of Bukiyip Grammar
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PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series C - 113 AN OUTLINE OF BUKIYIP GRAMMAR ROBERT J. CONRAD with KEPAS WOGIGA Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: K.A. Adelaar, T.E. Dutton, A.K. Pawley, M.D. Ross, D.T. Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender K.A. McElhanon University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics Da vid Bradley H.P. McKaughan La Trobe UniversityUniversity of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. MiihlMusler Monash University Bond University S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. K.J. Fr anklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Gillian Sankoff University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K. Halbday W.A.L. Stokhof University of Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K. T'sou Harvard University City Polytechnic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbeck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A. Hercus J.W.M. Verhaar Australian National University The Hague, The Netherlands John Lynch C.L. Voortioeve UnIversity of Papua New Guinea University of Leidcn All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Departmentof Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, AC.T. 260 1 Australia Copyright © The Authors Map drawn by Theo Baumann Typeset by Sue Tys Printed by AN.U. Printing Service First Published 1991 Bound by F & M Perfect Bookbinding The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grant fromthe Hunter Douglas Fund. ISSN 0078-7558 ISBN 085883 39 1 3 EDITOR IAL NOTE Although typeset in 1989 the publication of this volume was regrettably delayed. For this reason the volume does not conform to PacificLinguistics' current style. TABLE OF CONTENTS SYMBOLS ANDABB REVIATIONS vi MAP: THEBUKIYlP LANGUAGE AREA X O. INTRODUCTION 1 1. PHONOLOGY 2 2. MORPHOPHONEMICS 4 3. WORD 8 3.1 Noun 8 3.2 Pronoun 11 3.3 Demonstrative 13 3.4 Verb 13 3.5 Adjective 36 3.6 Numeral 38 3.7 Locative 39 3.8 Temporal 40 3.9 Adverb 40 3.10 Interrogative 41 3.11 Response 42 3.12 Conjunctions 43 3.13 Negation Particles 43 3.14 Evaluation Particles 43 3.15 Relators 44 4. STEM 44 4.0 Introduction 44 4.1 Nouns derived from Adjectives 44 4.2 Nouns derived from Locatives 45 4.3 Nouns derived from Verbs 45 4.4 Temporal Stems 46 4.5 Quantitative Stems 46 4.6 Verb Steml 47 4.7 Verb Stem2 48 4.8 ReflexiveVerb Stems 49 4.9 Adjective Stem2 49 5. PHRASE 50 5.0 Introduction 50 5.1 Verb Phrase 50 5.1.1 Modified Verb Phrase 50 5.1.2 Repeated Verb Phrase 52 5.1.3 Coordinate Verb Phrase 54 5.1.4 Motion Verb Phrase 55 iii iv 5.2 Noun Phrase 57 5.2.1 ModifiedNoun Phrasel 57 5.2.2 Modified Noun Phrase2 60 5.2.3 Apposition Noun Phrase 61 5.2.4 Coordinate Noun Phrase 63 5.3 Possessive Phrase 65 5.4 Limiter Phrase 65 5.5 Intensive Phrase 66 5.6 Instrumental-Benefactive Phrase 67 5.7 Similarity Phrase 68 5.8 Accompaniment Phrase 69 5.9 Locative Phrasel 69 5.10 Locative Phrase2 71 5.11 Locative Phrase3 71 5.12 Temporal Phrasel 72 5.13 Temporal Phrase2 72 5.14 Serial Temporal Phrase 73 5.15 Numeral Phrase 73 5.16 Interrogative Phrase 76 5.17 Adjective Phrase 77 5.18 Adverb Phrase 78 6. CLAUSE 78 6.0 Introduction 78 6.1 Indicative Clause Types 80 6.1.1 Transitive Clause 80 6.1.2 Intransitive Clause 87 6.1.3 Stative Clause 89 6.1.4 Equational Clause 90 6.1.5 Topic Comment Clause 90 6.1.6 Ordinal Clause 91 6.1.7 Temporal Clause 92 6.2 Transformations 93 6.2.1 Topicalisation 93 6.2.2 Imperative Transformation 94 6.2.3 Interrogative Transformation 96 6.2.4 Yes-No Question Transformation 98 6.2.5 Negation Transformation 99 6.2.6 Relative Clause Transformation 102 7. SENTENCE 103 7.0 Introduction 103 7.1 Simple Sentence and Sentence Periphery 105 7. 1. 1 Inner Periphery 105 7.1.2 Outer Periphery 112 7.1.3 Simple Sentence 112 7.2 Tight Sentences 117 7.2.1 Alternative Sentence 117 7.2.2 Contrary to Fact Conditional Sentence 121 7.2.3 Continuation Sentence 124 v 7.2.4 Negation Sentence 129 7.2.5 Limitation Sentence 132 7.2.6 Direct Quote Sentence 134 7.2.7 Explanatory Sentence 138 7.2.8 Amplification Sentence 141 7.2.9 Succession Sentence 146 7.3 Loose Sentences 147 7.3.1 Purpose Sentence 147 7.3.2 Conditional Sentence 153 7.3.3 Conjunction Sentence 157 7.3.4 Evaluation Sentence 166 7.3.5 Narrative Sentence 170 7.3.6 Indirect Quote Sentence 177 7.3.7 Contrast Sentence 183 7.3.8 Parallel Sentence 187 7.3.9 Warcing Sentence 191 7.3.10 Completed Action Sentence 198 8. BUKIYIP PARAGRAPH 200 8.0 Introduction 200 8.1 Narrative Paragraph 203 8.2 ContrastParagraph 208 8.3 Hortatory Paragraph 215 8.4 Reason Paragraph 220 8.5 Explanatory Paragraph 223 8.6 Execution Paragraph 228 8.7 Dialogue Paragraph 234 8.8 Procedural Paragraph 239 8.9 Interrogative Paragraph 244 9. BUKIYIP DISCOURSE 247 9.0 Introduction 247 9.1 Narrative Genre 249 9.2 Explanatory Discourse 257 9.3 Hortatory Discourse 260 9.4 Procedural Discourse 261 9.5 EpistolaryDisco urse 263 9.6 Texts 264 NOTE 295 APPENDIX: SUMMARY OF MORPHOPHONOLOG ICAL RULES 295 BIBL IOGRAPHY 296 vi SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS The following symbolsand abbreviations are used in this paper. ADJ Adjectiviser AFF Mfected person AG Agent ASP aspect BENEF benefactive CFC contrary to fact conditional cl l, 2 ... 17 represent noun class numbers, so that cl 2SG means noun class 2 singular, while 2 SG means second person singular CL clause D different DEM demonstrative DIAL.GP dialect group DIRECf directional tagmeme DL dual D. REF displaced reference EXP experiencer F feminine FI and/or . final intonation FUT future IMP imperative mood INDOBJ indirect object INSTR instrument IRR irrealis mood LOC locative word M masculine MIX mixed gender n indicates a tagmeme can be repeated a certain number of times NEG negative NFl and/or , non-fmal intonation NOM nominaliser OBJ object PAT Patient PERM permanently; permanent aspect PL plural POSS possessive vii PAST past tense R realis mood REF reference/referent REFL reflexive SiD same or different SG singular SUBJ subject V any vowel; verb we 2 we dual � zero morpheme ? morpheme of uncertain meaning becomes / in the context X 4 Y(Z, / means 'in the environment of', so that the entire expression means 'X becomes Y in the environment of Z' ± optional + obligatory or # morpheme boundary within phonological word <fl-> the class of affixes of which n- is a member + betweenvernacular words means that these words are to be translated as one unit rather than separately + in formulae means that the immediately following tagmeme is obligatory between words in the English translation means that the words so joined correspond to one vernacularmorp heme / is used to mean 'or' when occurring with the English translation. 3 preceding F, M, or MIX means third person deep structurerepr esentation is shown below this line * indicates probably no other flllers possible ( ) words in English translationso enclosed are implied information The symbolism for deep structure representation is as in Longacre (1972) with the following additions: /P/ Predicate P is optional. This is used to save space in combining deep structure representations of two or more very similar deep structures. eP the predicate P has an evaluationrelationship to the associatedpredicate with which it is conjoined by 1\ The symbols in Longacre (1972) will be listed here for convenience: a E U term is an element of set U a, b, ..., n terms of predicates, always written immediately to the right of the predication containing them x, y further predicate terms with a spatial or temporal function a' synonym or situational equivalent of term 'a' Vlll a" antonym or situational opposite of term 'a' Eab equational predication, 'term a is b' P, Q, R (but not U) predicates. If terms have been assigned to some or all of the variables to form an acceptable statement, the result is called a predication. With no terms specified, predicate symbols without temporal quantifiersrefer to the entirepredication. With terms specified, they refer to the predicator only. P negation of predicate P P' predication involving a synonym or situational equivalent of a lexical item with the same function in P P" predication involving an antonym or situational opposite of a lexical item with the same function as in P The following three symbols are used as temporal quantifiers of predicates: . £ P denoting a non-punctiliar activity or state P P denoting a punctiliar event LI\<;2 P denoting a non-punctiliar activity or state which overlaps in time with a punctiliar event in Q P:::lQ if P, then Q Pa P with first term (actor) 'a' Pab P with firstterm (actor) 'a' and a subsequent term 'b' which mayor may not function as goal PaAQb P with first term (actor) 'a', and Q with firstterm (actor) 'b', distinct from 'a'.