DOCSLIB.ORG

The Yimas Language of New Guinea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Yimas Language of New Guinea The Yimas Language of New Guinea William A. Foley Stanford University Press Stanford, California Stanford University Press Stanford, California Copyright © 1991 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America of CIP data appear at the end the book For the Yimas people as they find their way in the modern world Preface This book is the result of a research project spread over some ten years and funded largely by the Australian Research Grants Scheme (Grant A176/15655), with some supplementary funding in 1985 from the Fac­ ulties Research Fund of the Australian National University. The goal of the project was a complete study of the Yimas language, its grammar and lexicon, the social and cultural contexts of the use of the language, its history and genetic relations, and its interactions with neighboring languages. Some of the results of this project have been reported in pre­ vious works, notably Foley (1986, 1988), but this book represents the most complete document on the language to date. Still to come are a Yimas dictionary and a volume of traditional legends, presented in Yi­ mas with Tok Pisin and English translations. Further, the result of the Yimas language project will play a central role in a long term research project I have just commenced-a reconstruction of the prehistory of the Sepik-Ramu basin, using largely linguistic data. The following grammar is not written in any set theoretical frame­ work. I wanted the organization of the grammar to reflect the structure of the language as closely as possible. Hence, I have deliberately chosen to be eclectic, choosing various ideas from different theories when these Heem to elucidate the structure of the language best. Thus, the reader will find that the phonology is largely cast in an autosegmental frame­ work, while the syntax reflects a rather broad structuralist/functionalist pmspective. Still, these frameworks are not rigidly adhered to, but are adapted as needs be in order to make the grammar widely accessible. This seemed to me to be the best approach, because this work is likely to hP the only documentation ever of the grammar of the Yimas language, and hence it is esset;1tial that it be intelligible to the widest possible au­ di«�nce. Those who find in the labyrinth of Yimas grammar, facts which vii viii PREFACE are confirmations (or disconfirmations!) of their favorite linguistic hy­ potheses are welcome to make whatever use they like of this grammar and restate it in whatever theoretical model they fancy. This book is the last I will write at the Australian National Univer­ sity, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank my colleagues and the general staffof the University for their help and kindnesses over the years, which have made my twelve years here such a pleasant time. The conditions at the Australian National University must be among the very best in the world, and whatever value the reader may find in this work is due in no small part to the excellent support provided by the University over the years. For the completion of this work, I owe a great debt to several people. The two most important are Mrs. Ellalene Seymour, who patiently and uncomplainingly typed the manuscript from untidy handwritten drafts, and Rosemary Butt, whose electronic wizardry made the correcting and editing of the manuscript much less painful than it otherwise would have been. Thanks also go to Val Lyons, who drew the maps. Finally, a simple thanks is inadequate to express my debt to my main language teacher Stephen Yakayapan Mambi and my other language helpers at Yimas: Paul Api, Pius Taki, Marikin, Malkior Yumbwi, and Bruno Yumbwi. It was their hard work and patience which made this book possible. Finally, I hope the dedication of this book to the Yimas people goes part of the way in repaying their kindness and trust in me over the last ten years. Contents List of Maps and Tables xiii Abbreviations xv 1 The Language and Its Speakers 1 1.1 Linguistic Type 1 1.2 Neighboring Languages 7 1.3 Ethnographic Sketch 11 1.4 Sepik Area Languages and the Lower Sepik Family 18 1.5 Sources for This Study 34 2 Phonology 37 2.1 Consonants 38 2.1.1 Segmental Phonemes 38 2.1.2 Consonant Clusters 41 2.2 Vowels 44 2.3 Segmental Phonological Rules 50 2.3.1 Palatalization 51 2.3.2 Liquid Strengthening 53 2.3.3 Palatalization Again 54 2.3.4 The Spreading of the Autosegment R [round] 58 2.3.5 Consonant Truncation 70 2.4 Reduplication 71 2.5 Suprasegmentals 75 2.6 Boundaries and the Notion of the Word 80 2.7 A Note on Orthography 87 3 Word Classes 89 3.1 Nouns 90 3.2 Verbs 92 3.3 Adjectives 93 IX CONTENTS X 3.4 Quantifiers 101 3.5 Locationals 105 3.6 Temporals 109 3. 7 Pronouns 111 3.8 Deictics 112 3.9 Conjunctions 116 3.10 Interjections 117 4 Nouns and Noun Phrases 119 4.1 Noun Classes 119 4.1.1 Class I 119 4.1.2 Class II 126 4.1.3 Class III 128 4.1.4 Class IV 132 4.1.5 Class V 136 4.1.6 Class VI 141 4.1. 7 Class VII 144 4.1.8 Class VIII 147 4.1.9 Class IX 153 4.1.10 Class X 158 4.1.11 Minor Classes 163 4.2 The Oblique Suffix -n "' -nan 165 4.3 Proper Nouns 169 4.4 Noun Compounds 171 4.5 Possession 176 4.6 Nominals and Noun Phrases 180 5 Basic Verbal Morphology 193 5.1 The Pronominal AffixSystem for Core Nominals 193 5.1.1 The Basic Schema for Role Marking 193 5.1.2 The Prefixes and Their Combinations 200 5.1.3 Ditransitive Verbs and the Expression of the Dative 208 5.1.4 The Indication of Paucal Number 216 5.1.5 The Forms of the Copula 225 5.1.6 The Grammatical Status and Pragmatic Functions of the Pronominal Affixes 227 5.2 Tense, Aspect, and Mood 235 5.2.1 The Tense/Aspect System 236 5.2.1.1 Irrealis 237 5.2.1.2 The Suffix k 240 - i 5.2.1.3 The Past Tensesa 241 5.2.1.3.1 The Remote Past 241 CONTENTS xi 5.2.1.3.2 The Far Past 242 5.2.1.3.3 The Near Past 243 5.2.1.4 The Present Tenses 244 5.2.1.4.1 The Perfective 244 5.2.1.4.2 The Imperfective 245 5.2.1.4.3 The Habitual 246 5.2.1.5 The Future Tenses 247 5.2.1.5.1 The Near Future 247 5.2.1.5.2 The Remote Future 248 5.2.1.6 Aspectual Suffixes 249 5.2.1.6.1 The Completive Aspect 249 5.2.1.6.2 The Durational Aspect 249 5.2.1.6.3 The Immediate Aspect 250 5.2.2 Modality 251 5.2.2.1 Negation 251 5.2.2.2 Potential Modality 263 5.2.2.3 Likely Modality 265 5.2.3 Mood 268 5.2.3.1 Imperative Mood 269 5.2.3.2 Hortative Mood 273 5.2.3.3 Negative Imperatives and Hortatives 275 6 The Verb Theme and Clause Structure 277 6.1 Yimas as a Polysynthetic Language 277 6.2 Stem Derivational Processes 281 6.2.1 The Concept of Transitivity 281 6.2.2 Verb Stem Derivations: Reciprocal Formation and Valence Decreasing 284 6.2.3 Verb Stem Derivations: Valence Increasing 288 6.2.3.1 Causativization 288 6.2.3.1.1 Lexical Causatives 289 6.2.3.1.2 Non-productive Morphological Causatives 289 6.2.3.1.3 Productive Morphological Causatives 291 6.2.3.2 Possessor Raising 300 6.2.3.3 Promotion to Core 303 6.2.3.3.1 Comitative tav- 303 6.2.3.3.2 Benefactive -va 308 6.2.3.3.3 Allative ira- 311 6.2.3.3.4 Visual tavkway- 314 6.2.3.3.5 Kinetic pampay- 316 6.2.3.3.6 Following tur- 318 6.2.4 Verb Stem Derivations: Reduplication 318 6.2.5 Verb Stem Derivations: Noun Incorporation 319 xii CONTENTS 6.3 Theme Derivational Processes 321 6.3.1 Serial Verb Constructions 321 6.3.1.1 Specializations in Serial Verb Constructions: Modality 332 6.3.1.2 Specializations in Serial Verb Constructions: tt- 'do, feel, become' 334 6.3.2 Adverbial Incorporation 336 6.3.2.1 Obligatorily Incorporated Adverbials 336 6.3.2.1.1 Continuative yakal- 336 6.3.2.1.2 Durative nanav- 337 6.3.2.1.3 pay- 'at first, right now' 338 6.3.2.1.4 Visual tavkway- 339 6.3.2.1.5 taray- 'free, clear, loose' 339 6.3.2.1.6 kwanan- 'badly, incorrectly, aimlessly' 341 6.3.2.1.7 kwanti- 'now, today' 341 6.3.2.1.8 pwi- 'later, then' 342 6.3.2.1.9 mamav- 'slowly' 342 6.3.2.1.10 kaykaykay- 'quickly' 342 6.3.2.2 Optionally Incorporated Adverbials 342 6.3.3 Elevationals/Directionals 346 6.4 An Explicit Account of Yimas Verbal Morphology 353 6.5 Yimas Clause Structures 369 7 Interclausal Relations 377 7.1 Non-Finite Nominalizations 377 7.1.1 The Suffix -ru and Agentive Nominalizations 377 7.1.2 Complementation 384 7.1.3 Purpose Clauses 402 7.1.4 Non-Finite Relative Clauses 403 7.1.5 Non-Finite Oblique Clauses 407 7.2 Finite Nominalizations 412 7.2.1 Finite Relative Clauses 413 7.2.2 Perception Complements 433 7.2.3 Finite Oblique Clauses 435 7.3 Clause Chaining and Coordination 445 7.3.1 Clause Chaining and Dependent Verbs 445 7.3.2 Clause Coordination 449 Appendix: Yimas Texts 457 Text 1: Origins of Yimas Village 457 Text 2: The Flood 477 Text 3: How Men's Penises Got Shortened 483 Bibliography 487 List of Maps and Tables Map 1 Yimas and Neighboring Languages 6 Map 2 The Lower Sepik Family 24 Table 1 Lower Sepik Cognate Sets 25 Table 2 Cognate Sets for Class VI 26 Table 3 Distinctive Features of Yimas Consonants 40 Table 4 Yimas Noun Classes 167 Table 5 Inflection with Pronominal Affixes of Intransitive Verbs 215 Table 6 Inflection with Pronominal Affixes of Transitive Verbs 217 Table 7 Inflectionwith Pronominal Affixes of Ditransitive Verbs 218 xiii Abbreviations A - subject of transitive verb HAB - habitual ACC- accusative HORT- hortative ADJ- adjective IMM- immediate ADV- adverbial IMP- imperative AGR- agreement IMPERF- imperfective ALL - allative INCH- inchoative ASP- aspect INDIC- indicative BEN - benefactive INVIS- invisible CAUS- causative IRR- irrealis COM - comitative KIN - kinetic COMP - completive L - low CONT - continuative LIKE- likely COP- copula LOC - locative D
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Status of the Least Documented Language Families in the World
    Vol. 4 (2010), pp. 177-212 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4478 The status of the least documented language families in the world Harald Hammarström Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig This paper aims to list all known language families that are not yet extinct and all of whose member languages are very poorly documented, i.e., less than a sketch grammar’s worth of data has been collected. It explains what constitutes a valid family, what amount and kinds of documentary data are sufficient, when a language is considered extinct, and more. It is hoped that the survey will be useful in setting priorities for documenta- tion fieldwork, in particular for those documentation efforts whose underlying goal is to understand linguistic diversity. 1. InTroducTIon. There are several legitimate reasons for pursuing language documen- tation (cf. Krauss 2007 for a fuller discussion).1 Perhaps the most important reason is for the benefit of the speaker community itself (see Voort 2007 for some clear examples). Another reason is that it contributes to linguistic theory: if we understand the limits and distribution of diversity of the world’s languages, we can formulate and provide evidence for statements about the nature of language (Brenzinger 2007; Hyman 2003; Evans 2009; Harrison 2007). From the latter perspective, it is especially interesting to document lan- guages that are the most divergent from ones that are well-documented—in other words, those that belong to unrelated families. I have conducted a survey of the documentation of the language families of the world, and in this paper, I will list the least-documented ones.
    [Show full text]
  • Contrastive Linguistics; Determiners Language Classification
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 430 401 FL 025 837 TITLE Notes on Linguistics, 1998. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Dallas, TX. ISSN ISSN-0736-0673 PUB DATE 1998-00-00 NOTE 242p.; For the 1997 "Notes on Linguistics," see ED 415 721. PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Notes on Linguistics; n80-83 1998 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Book Reviews; Computer Software; Computer Software Development; Contrastive Linguistics; Determiners (Languages); Doctoral Dissertations; English; Greek; Language Classification; Language Patterns; *Language Research; *Linguistic Theory; Research Methodology; *Semantics; Technical Writing; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Workshops IDENTIFIERS Alamblak; Bungku Tolaki Languages; Chamicuro; Kham ABSTRACT The four issues of the journal of language research and linguistic theory include these articles: "Notes on Determiners in Chamicuro" (Steve Parker); Lingualinks Field Manual Development" (Larry Hayashi); "Comments from an International Linguistics Consultant: Thumbnail Sketch" (Austin Hale); "Carlalinks Workshop" (Andy Black); "Implications of Agreement Languages for Linguistics" (W. P. Lehmann); and "The Semantics of Reconciliation in Three Languages" (Les Bruce) . Dissertation abstracts, book reviews, and professional notes are included in each issue.(MSE) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** NOTES ON LINGUISTICS Number 80 February 1998 Number 81 May 1998 Number 82 August 1998 Number 83 November 1998 SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS 7500 WEST CAMP WISDOM ROAD DALLAS, TEXAS 75236 USA U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND office ot Educatlonal Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) \This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it.
    [Show full text]
  • Primitive Art Bibliographies
    Primitive Art Bibliographies The Library The Museum of Primitive Art 15 West 54 Street New York 19, New York NO. IV 1965 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SEPIK DISTRICT ART ANNOTATED FOR ILLUSTRATIONS, PART 1 by DOUGLAS NEWTON BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SEPIK DISTRICT ART ANNOTATED FOR ILLUSTRATIONS, PART 1 by Douglas Newton The Museum of Primitive Art This is a working list of material on the visual arts in the Sepik District of New Guinea published up to 31 December 1964, its purpose being the provision of a guide to the very considerable amount of documentation already in print. It does not ad­ here strictly to the administrative boundaries of the District: some items on the coastal area to the east of the Ramu have been included, since these are obviously stylistically related to work from the District itself. The first part, printed here, is a listing of individual documents, each followed by notes on the illustra­ tions it includes. The second part, to appear in the near future, will be an index, by provenience and class of object, to these notes. The entries are of two main kinds. The first consists of books and articles, whether illustrated or not, specifically devoted to the area. Here I have gone beyond the limitations implied by "the arts", and have included some works primarily dealing with general ethnology. To some extent this is unavoidable, owing to the authors' methods of presenting their material; but I have added rather generously to this cate­ gory in the hope that some items may provide background, or side-lights, for the sub­ ject.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania
    Abstract of http://www.uog.ac.pg/glec/thesis/ch1web/ABSTRACT.htm Abstract of Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania by Glendon A. Lean In modern technological societies we take the existence of numbers and the act of counting for granted: they occur in most everyday activities. They are regarded as being sufficiently important to warrant their occupying a substantial part of the primary school curriculum. Most of us, however, would find it difficult to answer with any authority several basic questions about number and counting. For example, how and when did numbers arise in human cultures: are they relatively recent inventions or are they an ancient feature of language? Is counting an important part of all cultures or only of some? Do all cultures count in essentially the same ways? In English, for example, we use what is known as a base 10 counting system and this is true of other European languages. Indeed our view of counting and number tends to be very much a Eurocentric one and yet the large majority the languages spoken in the world - about 4500 - are not European in nature but are the languages of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas. If we take these into account we obtain a quite different picture of counting systems from that of the Eurocentric view. This study, which attempts to answer these questions, is the culmination of more than twenty years on the counting systems of the indigenous and largely unwritten languages of the Pacific region and it involved extensive fieldwork as well as the consultation of published and rare unpublished sources.
    [Show full text]
  • The Freshwater Ichthyofauna of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea!
    Pacific Science (1999), vol. 53, no. 4: 346-356 © 1999 by University of Hawai'i Press. All rights reserved The Freshwater Ichthyofauna of Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea! J. H. POWELL AND R. E. POWELL2 ABSTRACT: Tailings disposal from the Bougainville Copper Limited open-cut porphyry copper mine on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea (1972-1989) impacted the ichthyofauna of the Jaba River, one of the largest rivers on the island. To assess the 'extent of this impact, comparative freshwater ichthyologi­ cal surveys were conducted in five rivers on the island during the period 1975­ 1988. Fifty-eight fish species were recorded, including one introduction, Oreo­ chromis mossambicus. The icthyofauna is dominated by euryhaline marine spe­ cies consistent with that of the Australian region, but more depauperate. There are more than 100 species present on mainland New Guinea that are absent from Bougainville streams. Oreochromis mossambicus was the most abundant species in the sampled streams, accounting for 45% of the catch. The most abundant native fishes were the mainly small Gobiidae and Eleotridae. There were few native fish of potential value as food and these were restricted to an eleotrid gudgeon (Ophieleotris aporos), tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides), eel (An­ guilla marmorata), and snappers (Lutjanus argentimaculatus and Lutjanus fus­ cescens). Fish production in the rivers is limited by the morphology of the streams and the depauperate ichthyofauna. Fish yield from the Jaba River in its premining state is estimated to have ranged from 7 to 12 t/yr. The popula­ tion living in the Jaba ,catchment in 1988 (approximately 4,600 persons) shared this resource, resulting in an extremely low per-capita fish consumption rate of less than 3 kg/yr.
    [Show full text]
  • AMBAKICH [Aew]
    Endangered languages listing: AMBAKICH [aew] Number of speakers: 770; Total population of language area: 1,964 (2003). Ambakich (also called Aion or Porapora) is a language spoken in the Angoram district of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Ambakich is classified as one of the “Grass” languages (Laycock 1973); these languages are now regarded as members of the “Lower Sepik-Ramu” family (Foley 2005). Ambakich speakers mostly live in villages along the Porapora River, which flows northward into the Sepik River. One village (Yaut) is located on the Keram River, southwest of the other villages. Speakers call their language “Ambakich”, whereas “Aion” is the name of the ethnic group. The population in 2003 was probably greater than the 1,964 reported. The language has SOV structure. An SIL survey in 2003 (Potter et al, forthcoming) found that Ambakich has very low vitality. While most adults were able to speak Ambakich, both children and youth spoke and understood Tok Pisin far better than Ambakich. Ambakich speakers report positive attitudes toward their language, stating they value it as an important part of their culture. However, parents use more Tok Pisin than Ambakich when speaking to their children. Communities verbally support the use of Ambakich in schools and teacher attitudes are positive; however teachers feel that the children are not learning the language because it is not being used in the home. Tok Pisin is used in all domains, including home, cultural, religious, social, legal, trade and other interactions with outsiders. Ambakich speakers are close neighbours to the Taiap language studied by Kulick (1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Mission: New Guinea]
    1 Bibliography 1. L. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1896; 14: 139-140. Note: [mission: New Guinea]. 2. L., M. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1891; 9: 139, 142. Note: [mission: Inawi]. 3. L., M. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1891; 9: 203. Note: [mission: Inawi]. 4. L., M. [Letter]. Annalen van onze lieve vrouw van het heilig hart. 1891; 9: 345, 348, 359-363. Note: [mission: Inawi]. 5. La Fontaine, Jean. Descent in New Guinea: An Africanist View. In: Goody, Jack, Editor. The Character of Kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1973: 35-51. Note: [from lit: Kuma, Bena Bena, Chimbu, Siane, Daribi]. 6. Laade, Wolfgang. Der Jahresablauf auf den Inseln der Torrestraße. Anthropos. 1971; 66: 936-938. Note: [fw: Saibai, Dauan, Boigu]. 7. Laade, Wolfgang. Ethnographic Notes on the Murray Islanders, Torres Strait. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 1969; 94: 33-46. Note: [fw 1963-1965 (2 1/2 mos): Mer]. 8. Laade, Wolfgang. Examples of the Language of Saibai Island, Torres Straits. Anthropos. 1970; 65: 271-277. Note: [fw 1963-1965: Saibai]. 9. Laade, Wolfgang. Further Material on Kuiam, Legendary Hero of Mabuiag, Torres Strait Islands. Ethnos. 1969; 34: 70-96. Note: [fw: Mabuiag]. 10. Laade, Wolfgang. The Islands of Torres Strait. Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Anthropological and Ethnological Research. 1966; 8: 111-114. Note: [fw 1963-1965: Saibai, Dauan, Boigu]. 11. Laade, Wolfgang. Namen und Gebrauch einiger Seemuscheln und -schnecken auf den Murray Islands. Tribus. 1969; 18: 111-123. Note: [fw: Murray Is].
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Redacted September 7,2017 Certified By
    The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirli BA, Middle East Technical University (2010) MA, Bogazigi University (2012) Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY September 2017 2017 Isa Kerem Bayirli. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Author......................... ...... ............................. Departmeyf)/Linguistics and Philosophy Sic ;nature redacted September 7,2017 Certified by...... David Pesetsky Ferrari P. Ward Professor of Linguistics g nThesis Supervisor redacted Accepted by.................. Signature ...................................... David Pesetsky Lead, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEP 2 6 2017 LIBRARIES ARCHiVES The Universality of Concord by Isa Kerem Bayirh Submitted to the Deparment of Linguistics and Philosophy on September 7, 2017 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics Abstract In this dissertation, we develop and defend a universal theory of concord (i.e. feature sharing between a head noun and the modifying adjectives). When adjectives in a language show concord with the noun they modify, concord morphology usually involves the full set of features of that noun (e.g. gender, number and case). However, there are also languages in which concord targets only a subset of morphosyntactic features of the head noun. We first observe that feature combinations that enter into concord in such languages are not random.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Tok Pisin Grammar
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Senie� B - No. 66 ASPECTS OF TOK PIS IN GRAMMAR by Ellen B. Woolford Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Woodford, E.B. Aspects of Tok Pisin grammar. B-66, vi + 123 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1979. DOI:10.15144/PL-B66.cover ©1979 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUIS TICS is issued through the Lingui�tie Ci�ete 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRAPHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurrn. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii J. Lynch, University of Papua D. Bradley, University of Melbourne New Guinea A. Capell, University of Sydney K.A. McElhanon, University of Texas S. Elbert, University of Hawaii H. McKaughan, university of Hawaii K. Franklin, Summer Institute of P. MUhlh�usler, Linacre College, Linguistics oxford W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of G.N. O'Grady, University of Linguistics victoria, B.C. G. Grace, University of Hawaii A.K. pawley, University of Hawaii M.A.K. Halliday, university of K. Pike, Univeraity of Michigan; Sydney Summer Institute of Linguistics A. Healey, Summer Institute of E.C. Pol orne, University of Texas Linguistics G. Sankoff, Universite de Montreal L. Hercus, Australian National E. Uhlenbeck, University of Leiden University J.W.M. Verhaar, University of N.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Style and Meaning Anthropology’S Engagement with Art Has a Complex and Uneven History
    NICHOLAS THOMAS THOMAS NICHOLAS & CLARK ALISON style and meaning Anthropology’s engagement with art has a complex and uneven history. While style and material culture, ‘decorative art’, and art styles were of major significance for ( founding figures such as Alfred Haddon and Franz Boas, art became marginal as the EDS meaning discipline turned towards social analysis in the 1920s. This book addresses a major ) moment of renewal in the anthropology of art in the 1960s and 1970s. British Essays on the anthropologist Anthony Forge (1929-1991), trained in Cambridge, undertook fieldwork among the Abelam of Papua New Guinea in the late 1950s and 1960s, anthropology of art and wrote influentially, especially about issues of style and meaning in art. His powerful, question-raising arguments addressed basic issues, asking why so much art was produced in some regions, and why was it so socially important? style ANTHONY FORGE meaning Fifty years later, art has renewed global significance, and anthropologists are again considering both its local expressions among Indigenous peoples and its new global circulation. In this context, Forge’s arguments have renewed relevance: they help and edited by scholars and students understand the genealogies of current debates, and remind us of fundamental questions that remain unanswered. ALISON CLARK & NICHOLAS THOMAS This volume brings together Forge’s most important writings on the anthropology anthropology of art Essays on the of art, published over a thirty year period, together with six assessments of his legacy, including extended reappraisals of Sepik ethnography, by distinguished anthropologists from Australia, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom Anthony Forge was born in London in 1929.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Complexity
    Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity Volume I: General issues and specific studies Edited by Francesca Di Garbo Bruno Olsson Bernhard Wälchli language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 26 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J. (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems. 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel, Kristine & Bruna Franchetto (eds.). On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia. 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The languages of Malta. 19. Seržant, Ilja A. & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (eds.). Diachrony of differential argument marking. 20. Hölzl, Andreas. A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective. 21. Riesberg, Sonja, Asako Shiohara & Atsuko Utsumi (eds.). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian languages.
    [Show full text]
  • GRAMMATICALIZATION in TOK PISIN Cindy Tung
    GRAMMATICALIZATION IN TOK PISIN Cindy Tung WHAT IS TOK PISIN? Tok Pisin began as an English-based pidgin spoken by the majority of Papua New Guinea’s population, with many of these people speaking Tok Pisin as a L21, but the language is now classified as a creole. It is hard to pinpoint the exact definitions of the words “pidgin” and “creole,” as both are contact languages that are created out of circumstances where people cannot dialogue with their existing languages. The definition of a pidgin is “a system of communication which has grown up among people who do not share a common language [but desire communication]” (Crystal 2010: 344), and the primary distinction between a creole and a pidgin is that a creole is spoken as a native language and pidgins are only spoken as an L2. Pidgins also tend to be limited in scope, covering only a limited topic, often trade. As a language evolves from a pidgin to a creole, the vocabulary expands to cover more aspects of communication. Tok Pisin traces its history to the pidgin of Samoan plantations located roughly 2,500 miles west of Papua New Guinea. Under German plantation owners and colonial masters, native English input was unavailable, and vocabulary was incorporated into Tok Pisin by a strategy of its own, causing Tok Pisin to develop as a language without heavy English influence (Mühlhausler 2003: 5). Although the majority of the lexicon originates from English, German words were adopted into Tok Pisin during Germany’s rule of Papua New Guinea. Some of these words include beten ‘to pray’, raus ‘get lost’, and borim ‘to drill’ (Mühlhausler 2003: 27).
    [Show full text]