DOCSLIB.ORG

Mass Spectrometer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mass Spectrometer MS training course Vikas Kumar, PhD "In recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.“ 1906 Nobel Prize Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ First MS called “Parabola spectrograph” Ion were separated by different parabolic trajectories in electromagnetic field. Detection by the ions striking a fluorescent screen or photographic plate. Designed a mass spectrometer in which ions were dispersed by mass and focused by velocity--which improved MS resolving power by an order of magnitude over the resolution Thomson had been able to achieve. Aston’s design was the basis of his later instruments with which he systematically and accurately measured the masses of the isotopes of many of the elements. Francis William Aston 1922 Nobel Prize "For his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule." Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ In 1920 A. J. Dempster developed single focusing magnetic deflection instrument. He also developed the first electron impact source, which ionizes volatilized molecules with a beam of electrons from a hot wire filament. In 1940s Alfred O. C. Nier developed sector field MS. It was used during World War II to do isotopic analysis, with separation of uranium-235 from uranium-238. The Calutron, a three-story-high version of Nier's magnetic sector instrument, separated uranium-235 for the first atomic bomb. Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ In 1946 W. E. Stephen from University of Pennsylvania proposed TOF in that ions are separated by differences in their velocities as they move in a straight path toward a collector in order of increasing mass-to-charge ratio. Improved by W. C. Wiley and I. H. McLaren from Bendix Corp., Detroit, Mich in mid 1950s and further improved by invention of reflectron B. A. Mamyrin in 1974. When commercial TOF instruments first came out their performance in resolution was so poor that they never lived up to even single-focusing magnetic instruments. However, this analyzer has been greatly improved recently to almost match the most sophisticated, and very expensive Ion cyclotron resonance MS. Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ Quandrupole was first reported in the mid-1950s by Wolfgang Paul of the University of Bonn. Then Paul also developed quadrupole ion Wolfgang Paul trap, which can trap and mass-analyze ions using a three-dimensional quadrupolar radiofrequency electric field. An ion trap system was first introduced Hans Georg Dehmelt commercially in 1983 by Finnigan MAT. “For the development of the ion trap technique.” 1989 Nobel prize Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ 1956 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) 1956 Identifying Organic Compounds with Mass Spectrometry 1962 Mass Spectrometry Imaging 1966 Chemical Ionization 1966 Peptide Sequencing 1966 Tandem Mass Spectrometry 1966 Metabolomics 1968 Electrospray Ionization 1968 Collision Induced Dissociation Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ 1974 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance 1974 Extra-Terrestrial Mass Spectrometry 1975 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) 1978 Triple Quadrupole Mass Analyzer 1980 Inductively Coupled Plasma MS 1984 Quadrupole/Time-Of-Flight Mass Analyzer 1987 Soft Laser Desorption of Proteins 1989 Monitoring Enzyme Reactions with ESI-MS Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ 1990 Protein Conformational Changes with ESI-MS 1990 Clinical Mass Spectrometry 1991 MALDI Post-Source Decay 1991 Non-covalent Interactions with ESI 1992 Low Level Peptide Analysis 1993 Oligonucleotide Ladder Sequencing 1993 Protein Mass Mapping 1996 Intact Virus Analyses Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ Two recently developed MS techniques have had a major impact on the ability to use MS for the study of large biomolecules: electrospray ionization MS (ESI MS) and ESI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS (MALDI MS). ESI was first conceived in the 1960s by Malcolm Dole of John B. Fenn Northwestern University, Evanston, but it was put into practice in the early 1980s by John B. Fenn of Yale University. MALDI MS, a form of laser desorption MS, was developed in MALDI 1985 at the University of Frankfurt, Germany, by Franz Hillenkamp, and independently by Koichi Tanaka and coworkers at Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan. Koichi Tanaka "For the development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules.“ 2002 Nobel prize Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ 1998 Electron Capture Dissociation (ECD) 1999 Quantitative Proteomics and Metabolomics with Isotope Labels 2000 Orbitrap 2004 Electron Transfer Dissociation (ETD) 2005 Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) 2014 Draft of Human Proteome Cited from: http://masspec.scripps.edu/mshistory/ Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that is used to Identify unknown compounds. Quantify known compounds. Elucidate the structure and chemical properties of molecules. Highly sensitive, It can detect compounds in very minute quantities (femtomoles). Mass Spectrometer (Smallest scale) A mass spectrometer is an instrument that measures the masses of individual molecules that have been converted to ions; i.e., molecules that have been electrically charged. Ionization Mass Sorting (filtering) Detection Ion Ion Source Mass Analyzer Detector Form ions Sort Ions by Mass (m/z) (charged molecules) Detect ions 100 75 Inlet • Solid 50 • Liquid 25 0 • Vapor 1330 1340 1350 Mass Spectrum Atmospheric Low Pressure (~10-6 torr) Pressure (760 torr) Direct Insertion: Done using insertion plate/probe. The sample is placed onto a probe having loading chamber separated from ionization region of the mass spectrometer through a vacuum interlock. Direct Infusion: A simple capillary or a capillary column is used to introduce a sample as a gas or in solution. Direct infusion is also useful because it can efficiently introduce small quantities of sample into a mass spectrometer without compromising the vacuum. Capillary columns are routinely used to interface separation techniques with the ionization source of a mass spectrometer. Protonation: In this method proton is added to a molecule, producing a net positive charge of 1+ for every proton added. M + H+ MH+ Positive charges tend to reside on the more basic residues of the molecule, such as amines, to form stable cations. MALDI, ESI and APCI use this approach. Some compounds are not stable to protonation (i.e. carbohydrates) or cannot accept a proton easily (i.e. hydrocarbons). Deprotonation: in this method net negative charge is achieved through the removal of a proton from a molecule. M - H+ M-H- This mechanism of ionization, commonly achieved via MALDI, ESI, and APCI is very useful for acidic species including phenols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids. This method is compound specific. Cationization: in this positively charged ion is produced by non-covalently adding a positively charged ion to a neutral molecule. M + C+ MC+ Although similar to protonation however it refers to addition of a cation adduct other than a proton (e.g. alkali, ammonium). Cationization is commonly achieved via MALDI, ESI, and APCI. Carbohydrates are excellent candidates for this ionization mechanism, with Na+ a common cation adduct. Limited information in MS/MS Electron ejection: In this method ionization through the ejection of an electron to produce a 1+ net positive charge, often forming radical cations. M -e- M+ Observed most commonly with electron ionization (EI) sources, electron ejection is usually performed on relatively nonpolar compounds with low molecular weights and it is also known to generate significant fragment ions. Often generates too much fragmentation, it can be unclear whether the highest mass ion is the molecular ion or a fragment. Electron capture: In this method a net negative charge of 1- is achieved with the absorption or capture of an electron. M +e- M- It is a mechanism of ionization primarily observed for molecules with a high electron affinity, such as halogenated compounds. Often generates too much fragmentation, it can be unclear whether the highest mass ion is the molecular ion or a fragment. Ionization Source Acronym Event Electrospray ionization ESI evaporation of charged droplets Nanoelectrospray ionization nanoESI evaporation of charged droplets Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APCI corona discharge and proton transfer Matrix- assisted laser desorption/ionization MALDI photon absorption/proton transfer Fast atom/ion bombardment FAB ion desorption/proton transfer Electron ionization EI electron beam/electron transfer Chemical ionization CI proton transfer • A mass spectrometer does not measure mass, it measures the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), z must not be zero. • Ionization can be achieved by adding or removing a charged particle. • A mass spectrum is an intensity vs. m/z plot representing a chemical analysis. • Peak intensity is NOT a linear response to the abundance because of the differences in ionization and detection efficiencies. It is also energy dependent. The most intense peak is called the base peak and is arbitrarily assigned the relative abundance of 100 %. F: FTMS + c NSI Full ms [300.00-1000.00] 421.76 100 90 80 450.25 70 60 50 529.81 40 674.86 Relative Abundance Relative 30 540.80 353.54 20 523.29 842.51 10 652.85 310.83 396.24 465.74
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physics Teaching and Research at Göttingen University 2 GREETING from the PRESIDENT 3
    Physics Teaching and Research at Göttingen University 2 GREETING FROM THE PRESIDENT 3 Greeting from the President Physics has always been of particular importance for the Current research focuses on solid state and materials phy- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. As early as 1770, Georg sics, astrophysics and particle physics, biophysics and com- Christoph Lichtenberg became the first professor of Physics, plex systems, as well as multi-faceted theoretical physics. Mathematics and Astronomy. Since then, Göttingen has hos- Since 2003, the Physics institutes have been housed in a new ted numerous well-known scientists working and teaching physics building on the north campus in close proximity to in the fields of physics and astronomy. Some of them have chemistry, geosciences and biology as well as to the nearby greatly influenced the world view of physics. As an example, Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Biophysical Chemistry, the MPI I would like to mention the foundation of quantum mecha- for Dynamics and Self Organization and the MPI for Solar nics by Max Born and Werner Heisenberg in the 1920s. And System Research. The Faculty of Physics with its successful Georg Christoph Lichtenberg and in particular Robert Pohl research activities and intense interdisciplinary scientific have set the course in teaching as well. cooperations plays a central role within the Göttingen Cam- pus. With this booklet, the Faculty of Physics presents itself It is also worth mentioning that Göttingen physicists have as a highly productive and modern faculty embedded in an accepted social and political responsibility, for example Wil- attractive and powerful scientific environment and thus per- helm Weber, who was one of the Göttingen Seven who pro- fectly prepared for future scientific challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Sterns Lebensdaten Und Chronologie Seines Wirkens
    Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens Diese Chronologie von Otto Sterns Wirken basiert auf folgenden Quellen: 1. Otto Sterns selbst verfassten Lebensläufen, 2. Sterns Briefen und Sterns Publikationen, 3. Sterns Reisepässen 4. Sterns Züricher Interview 1961 5. Dokumenten der Hochschularchive (17.2.1888 bis 17.8.1969) 1888 Geb. 17.2.1888 als Otto Stern in Sohrau/Oberschlesien In allen Lebensläufen und Dokumenten findet man immer nur den VornamenOt- to. Im polizeilichen Führungszeugnis ausgestellt am 12.7.1912 vom königlichen Polizeipräsidium Abt. IV in Breslau wird bei Stern ebenfalls nur der Vorname Otto erwähnt. Nur im Emeritierungsdokument des Carnegie Institutes of Tech- nology wird ein zweiter Vorname Otto M. Stern erwähnt. Vater: Mühlenbesitzer Oskar Stern (*1850–1919) und Mutter Eugenie Stern geb. Rosenthal (*1863–1907) Nach Angabe von Diana Templeton-Killan, der Enkeltochter von Berta Kamm und somit Großnichte von Otto Stern (E-Mail vom 3.12.2015 an Horst Schmidt- Böcking) war Ottos Großvater Abraham Stern. Abraham hatte 5 Kinder mit seiner ersten Frau Nanni Freund. Nanni starb kurz nach der Geburt des fünften Kindes. Bald danach heiratete Abraham Berta Ben- der, mit der er 6 weitere Kinder hatte. Ottos Vater Oskar war das dritte Kind von Berta. Abraham und Nannis erstes Kind war Heinrich Stern (1833–1908). Heinrich hatte 4 Kinder. Das erste Kind war Richard Stern (1865–1911), der Toni Asch © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland 2018 325 H. Schmidt-Böcking, A. Templeton, W. Trageser (Hrsg.), Otto Sterns gesammelte Briefe – Band 1, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55735-8 326 Sterns Lebensdaten und Chronologie seines Wirkens heiratete.
    [Show full text]
  • Early History of Charged-Particle Traps
    Appendix A Early History of Charged-Particle Traps Abstract Today, we see a broad variety of particle traps and related devices for confinement and study of charged particles in various fields of science and indus- try (Werth, Charged Particle Traps, Springer, Heidelberg; Werth, Charged Particle Traps II, Springer, Heidelberg; Ghosh, Ion Traps, Oxford University Press, Oxford; Stafford, Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 13(6):589). The multitude of realisations and applications of electromagnetic confinement cannot be easily overlooked as the vari- ability of particle confinement and the vast number of experimental techniques avail- able has allowed traps and related instrumentation to enter many different fields in physics and chemistry as well as in industrial processes and applied analysis, mainly in the form of mass spectrometry (Stafford, Am Soc Mass Spectrom. 13(6):589; March and Todd, Practical Aspects of Ion Trap Mass Spectometry, CRC Press, Boca Raton). Here, we would like to give a brief account of the main historical aspects of charged-particle confinement, of the principles, technical foundations and beginnings that led to the realisation of traps and to the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Hans Georg Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul ‘for the invention of the ion trap technique’, at which point we choose to end our discussion. Mainly, we will look at the work of the people who pioneered the field and paved the way to the first working traps. These can be seen as belonging to two different families of traps, Penning traps and Paul traps, each of these families nowadays with numerous variations of the respective confinement concepts.
    [Show full text]
  • ECPR General Conference
    13th General Conference University of Wrocław, 4 – 7 September 2019 Contents Welcome from the local organisers ........................................................................................ 2 Mayor’s welcome ..................................................................................................................... 3 Welcome from the Academic Convenors ............................................................................ 4 The European Consortium for Political Research ................................................................... 5 ECPR governance ..................................................................................................................... 6 Executive Committee ................................................................................................................ 7 ECPR Council .............................................................................................................................. 7 University of Wrocław ............................................................................................................... 8 Out and about in the city ......................................................................................................... 9 European Political Science Prize ............................................................................................ 10 Hedley Bull Prize in International Relations ............................................................................ 10 Plenary Lecture .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus
    ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 IARJSET ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 2018 The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus Dr.(Prof.) V.C.A NAIR* Educational Physicist, Research Guide for Physics at Shri J.J.T. University, Rajasthan-333001, India. *[email protected] Abstract: The Research Paper consists mainly of the birth dates of scientists and philosophers Before Christ (BC) and After Death (AD) starting from Thales of Miletus with a brief description of their work and contribution to the development of Physics. The author has taken up some 400 odd scientists and put them in a chronological order. Nobel laureates are considered separately in the same paper. Along with the names of researchers are included few of the scientific events of importance. The entire chain forms a cascade and a ready reference for the reader. The graph at the end shows the recession in the earlier centuries and its transition to renaissance after the 12th century to the present. Keywords: As the contents of the paper mainly consists of names of scientists, the key words are many and hence the same is not given I. INTRODUCTION As the material for the topic is not readily available, it is taken from various sources and the collection and compiling is a Herculean task running into some 20 pages. It is given in 3 parts, Part I, Part II and Part III. In Part I the years are given in Chronological order as per the year of birth of the scientist and accordingly the serial number.
    [Show full text]
  • EYLSA Laser for Atom Cooling
    Application Note by QUANTELQUANTEL 1/7 Distribution: external EYLSA laser for atom cooling For decades, cold atom system and Bose-Einstein condensates (obtained from ultra-cold atoms) have been two of the most studied topics in fundamental physics. Several Nobel prizes have been awarded and hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in this research. In 1975, cold atom research was enhanced through discoveries of laser cooling techniques by two groups: the first being David J. Wineland and Hans Georg Dehmelt and the second Theodor W. Hänsch and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. These techniques were first demonstrated by Wineland, Drullinger, and Walls in 1978 and shortly afterwards by Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toschek and Dehmelt. One conceptually simple form of Doppler cooling is referred to as optical molasses, since the dissipative optical force resembles the viscous drag on a body moving through molasses. Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips were awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work in “laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms”. In 2001, Wolfgang Ketterle, Eric Allin Cornell and Carl Wieman also received the Nobel Prize in Physics for realization of the first Bose-Einstein condensation. Also in 2012, Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland were awarded a Nobel prize for “ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”. Even though this award is more directed toward photons studies, it makes use of cold atoms (Rydberg atoms). Laser cooling Principle Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_cooling and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_cooling Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in which atomic To a stationary atom the laser is neither red- and molecular samples are cooled to near absolute zero through nor blue-shifted and the atom does not absorb interaction with one or more laser fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering of Microfabricated Ion Traps and Integration Of
    Engineering of Microfabricated Ion Traps and Integration of Advanced On-Chip Features Zak David Romaszko*, Seokjun Hong, Martin Siegele, Reuben Kahan Puddy, Foni Raphaël Lebrun- Gallagher, Sebastian Weidt, Winfried Karl Hensinger Sussex Centre for Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom Abstract Atomic ions trapped in electromagnetic potentials have long been used for fundamental studies in quantum physics. Over the past two decades trapped ions have been successfully used to implement technologies such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, atomic clocks, mass spectrometers and quantum sensors. Advanced fabrication techniques, taken from other established or emerging disciplines, are used to create new, reliable ion trap devices aimed at large-scale integration and compatibility with commercial fabrication. This Technical Review covers the fundamentals of ion trapping before discussing the design of ion traps for the aforementioned applications. We overview the current microfabrication techniques and the various considerations behind the choice of materials and processes. Finally, we discuss current efforts to include advanced, on-chip features into next generation ion traps. 1. Introduction The trapping of atomic ions in confining electric fields in vacuum was first conceived and demonstrated by Wolfgang Paul and Hans Georg Dehmelt, earning them a share of the 1989 Nobel prize in physics [1], [2]. An ion isolated in this way can be extremely well decoupled from its environment and thus cooled to very low temperatures using laser techniques (such as those in Ref. [3]). The extreme isolation and low thermal energy mean that the energy levels of the laser-cooled ion are highly stable and well resolved, with quantum states having been observed to remain coherent over several minutes [4], [5].
    [Show full text]
  • Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline
    1972 – 1975 First oil-free piston Johan K. Fremerey vacuum pump Spinning rotor John L. Farrant vacuum gauge 1974 1972 Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Dioxide from Tetraethoxysilane Dan L. Burt, Richard F. Taraci and John E. Zavion U.S. Patent 3934060 (1976), filed 1973 Altair 8800 Computer 1975 Structure Zone Model for sputter-deposited films John A. Thornton 1974 R. C. Merrill G.J. Egan, B.W. Paszek and A.J. Aronson Roll coater for deposition on Ferrofluidic™ rotary shaft seal plastic film Reactive ion etching Ferrofluidics Corp. 1972 Horuhiko Abe, Japan Steven Yoneo Muto 1974 Plasma etching of semiconductors U.S. Patent 3971684 (1976) U.S. Patent 3880684 (1975) filed 1973 filed 1973 Kalrez ® perfluorocarbon elastomers E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. c. 1975 Last Apollo Mission Cryo-pumps for The Earth in the vacuum Space Simulation and of space – from Apollo-17 semiconductor fabrication (NASA - 1972) John S. Chapin 1975 Planar magnetron sputter Low-Pressure Chemical Deposition deposition source Special Report: Vacuum of Polysilicon U.S. Patent 4166018 (1979 ) Zenith shuts down Physics Today Jerry L. Kruma and Paul G. Hilton filed 1974 Lansdale, PA unit August 1972 U.S. Patent 3900597 (1975) 1975 filed 1973 1972 1975 Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn Nicolaas Bloembergen Ernst August Friedrich Ruska 1976 – 1989 (1919–1981) and Arthur L. Schawlow (1906-1988) Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize for transmission for high resolution for laser spectroscopy electron microscope electron spectroscopy 1981 1981 1986 Wolfgang Paul Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Physics for for Paul Trap for scanning tunneling microscopy Intel 8086 charged particles 1986 Viking I and II 16-bit microprocessor.
    [Show full text]
  • Das Göttinger Nobelpreiswunder Ł 100 Jahre Nobelpreis
    1 Göttinger Bibliotheksschriften 21 2 3 Das Göttinger Nobelpreiswunder 100 Jahre Nobelpreis Herausgegeben von Elmar Mittler in Zusammenarbeit mit Monique Zimon 2., durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage Göttingen 2002 4 Umschlag: Die linke Bildleiste zeigt folgende Nobelpreisträger von oben nach unten: Max Born, James Franck, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Manfred Eigen, Bert Sakmann, Otto Wallach, Adolf Windaus, Erwin Neher. Die abgebildete Nobelmedaille wurde 1928 an Adolf Windaus verliehen. (Foto: Ronald Schmidt) Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der © Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen 2002 Umschlag: Ronald Schmidt, AFWK • Satz und Layout: Michael Kakuschke, SUB Digital Imaging: Martin Liebetruth, GDZ • Einband: Burghard Teuteberg, SUB ISBN 3-930457-24-5 ISSN 0943-951X 5 Inhalt Grußworte Thomas Oppermann ............................................................................................. 7 Horst Kern ............................................................................................................ 8 Herbert W. Roesky .............................................................................................. 10 Jürgen Danielowski ............................................................................................ 11 Elmar Mittler ...................................................................................................... 12 Fritz Paul Alfred Nobel und seine Stiftung ......................................................................... 15 Wolfgang Böker Alfred Bernhard Nobel ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Manipulação Quântica Individual, O
    CURIOSIDADES DA FÍSICA José Maria Filardo Bassalo www.bassalo.com.br A Manipulação Quânca Individual, o Prêmio Nobel de Física (PNF) de 2012 e os Físicos Brasileiros. O Prêmio Nobel de Física (PNF) de 2012 foi concedido aos sicos, o francês Serge Haroche (n.1944) e o norte-americano David Geffrey Wineland (n.1944) pelo desenvolvimento de técnicas experimentais capazes de medir e manipular sistemas quâncos individuais, usando a Ópca Quânca. Eles, no entanto, usaram técnicas diferentes e complementares: Haroche aprisionou fótons em uma cavidade formada por espelhos altamente refletores e os controlou com átomos ionizados (íons) enviados através dessa cavidade; por sua vez, Wineland usou campos eletromagnécos para aprisionar íons em uma armadilha, e usou fótons para manipulá-los sem mudar seu estado quânco [Luiz Davidovich, Sulezas Quâncas (Ciência Hoje 299, p. 14, Dezembro de 2012)]. Vejamos, então, a vida e os trabalhos desses nobelistas, assim como a parcipação, em alguns desses trabalhos, de sicos brasileiros como Nicim Zagury (n.1934), Luiz Davidovich (n.1946) e Paulo Alberto Nussenzveig (n.1966) (no grupo do Haroche) e Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato (n.1958) (no grupo do Wineland). Haroche nasceu em Casablanca, Marrocos, no dia 11 de setembro de 1944. Depois de realizar seus primeiros estudos em Casablanca, foi para Paris, em 1956. Lá, estudou na École Normale Supérieure (ENS) entre 1963 e 1967, parcipando do Grupo de Pesquisas do sico francês Claude N. Cohen-Tannoudji (n.1933; PNF, 1997), tendo obdo os Diplomas de Agrégaon de Physique e Doctorat de Troisième Cycle, ambos em 1967. Em 1971, recebeu o Doctorat d´État da Université de Paris VI, tendo Cohen-Tannoudji como orientador.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2017
    67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting 6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Annual Report 2017 The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Contents »67 th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting (Chemistry) »6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Over the last 67 years, more than 450 Nobel Laureates have come 67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting (Chemistry) Science as an Insurance Policy Against the Risks of Climate Change 10 The Interdependence of Research and Policymaking 82 to Lindau to meet the next generation of leading scientists. 25–30 June 2017 Keynote by Nobel Laureate Steven Chu Keynote by ECB President Mario Draghi The laureates shape the scientific programme with their topical #LiNo17 preferences. In various session types, they teach and discuss Opening Ceremony 14 Opening Ceremony 86 scientific and societal issues and provide invaluable feedback Scientific Chairpersons to the participating young scientists. – Astrid Gräslund, Professor of Biophysics, Department of New Friends Across Borders 16 An Inspiring Hothouse of Intergenerational 88 Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden By Scientific Chairpersons Astrid Gräslund and Wolfgang Lubitz and Cross-Cultural Exchange Outstanding scientists and economists up to the age of 35 are – Wolfgang Lubitz, Director, Max Planck Institute By Scientific Chairpersons Torsten Persson and Klaus Schmidt invited to take part in the Lindau Meetings. The participants for Chemical Energy Conversion, Germany Nobel Laureates 18 include undergraduates, PhD students as well as post-doctoral Laureates 90 researchers. In order to participate in a meeting, they have to Nominating Institutions 22 pass a multi-step application and selection process. 6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Nominating Institutions 93 22–26 August 2017 Young Scientists 23 #LiNoEcon Young Economists 103 Scientific Chairpersons SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME – Martin F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reason for Beam Cooling: Some of the Physics That Cooling Allows
    The Reason for Beam Cooling: Some of the Physics that Cooling Allows Eagle Ridge, Galena, Il. USA September 18 - 23, 2005 Walter Oelert IKP – Forschungszentrum Jülich Ruhr – Universität Bochum CERN obvious: cooling and control of cooling is the essential reason for our existence, gives us the opportunity to do and talk about physics that cooling allows • 1961 – 1970 • 1901 – 1910 1961 – Robert Hofstadter (USA) 1901 – Wilhelm Conrad R¨ontgen (Deutschland) 1902 – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Niederlande) und Rudolf M¨ossbauer (Deutschland) Pieter (Niederlande) 1962 – Lev Landau (UdSSR) 1903 – Antoine Henri Becquerel (Frankreich) 1963 – Eugene Wigner (USA) und Marie Curie (Frankreich) Pierre Curie (Frankreich) Maria Goeppert-Mayer (USA) und J. Hans D. Jensen (Deutschland) 1904 – John William Strutt (Großbritannien und Nordirland) 1964 – Charles H. Townes (USA) , 1905 – Philipp Lenard (Deutschland) Nikolai Gennadijewitsch Bassow (UdSSR) und 1906 – Joseph John Thomson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) Alexander Michailowitsch Prochorow (UdSSR) und 1907 – Albert Abraham Michelson (USA) 1965 – Richard Feynman (USA), Julian Schwinger (USA) Shinichiro Tomonaga (Japan) 1908 – Gabriel Lippmann (Frankreich) 1966 – Alfred Kastler (Frankreich) 1909 – Ferdinand Braun (Deutschland) und Guglielmo Marconi (Italien) 1967 – Hans Bethe (USA) 1910 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Niederlande) 1968 – Luis W. Alvarez (USA) 1969 – Murray Gell-Mann (USA) 1970 – Hannes AlfvAn¨ (Schweden) • 1911 – 1920 Louis N¨oel (Frankreich) 1911 – Wilhelm Wien (Deutschland) 1912 – Gustaf
    [Show full text]