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Okorcik Wvhanas* J a Biography OKORCIK WVHANAS* J A BIOGRAPHY BY D. MACMILLAN, M.A., D.D. MINISTER OF KELVINHAUGII FAKLSH, GLASGOW AUTHOR OF "JOHN KNOX, A BIOGRAPHY" IMPRESSION EDINBURGH GEORGE A, MORTON, 42 GEOROK STKERT LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, St CO. LTD. 1906 ROBERT FLINT D.D,, LL.I>,, F.R.S.R. EMERITUS I'ROFBSSOR 01'" DIVINITY IN TUB UNIVERSITY QV EDINBURGH CORRESPONDING MRMI1EK OF TUB INSTITOTB OF FKANCE AND IJONORAKY MWMiJBR OF THE WOYAt SOCIETY Olf I'AI.BRMO REPRESENTATIVE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AS GEORGE BUCHANAN WAS* IN THE SIXTEENTH OF SCOTTISH LEARNING AND SCHOLARSHIP PREFACE T Y AD Mr. Robert Wallace, M.F. for East ** Edinburgh, lived to finish bis biography of George Buchanan, this work would probably have never been written. But all that he left was a frag- ment in the form of "characteristics,"" rich and suggestive so far as it goes ; the life proper abruptly stops in its opening chapter. Apart from that there is no other biography of Buchanan which attempts to give, within a brief compass, the story of his chequered and remarkable career. It accordingly occurred to me that a# the country- men of Buchanan had resolved to commemorate the quater-century of his birth, which falls this year, they would not take it amiss if I attempted to write his Life after the game manner an I did that of his vii viii PREFACE great contemporary, John Knox, last year. The generous reception given to that work inspired me with a hope that the same favour might be extended to a companion volume. There are, of course, two well-known biographies of Buchanan in existence the one by Dr. David Irving and the other by Dr. P. Hume Brown. But they are written on a large scale and give what may be termed a scientific, full, and exhaustive representation of their subject. Everyone who is desirous of learning all that can be known of Buchanan must turn to them, especially to Dr. Hume Brown's, to which I owe much, and my effort will not have been in vain if it should direct the attention of readers to its informative and interesting pages. I am further indebted to its author for permission to publish his translations of certain of Buchanan's verses. It would be impossible, as it may be unnecessary, to refer in detail to my other sources of obligation. The literature on the period, if not on the subject, is almost inexhaustible. I have again to express my thanks to Mr. William Wallace, LL.D,, for valuable suggestions made PREFACE ix while the work was passing through the press ; to the Rev. George Drummond, B.I).., for kindly revising the the R. S. V. for proofs ; and to Rev. Logic, M. A., preparing the Index. I am also under very special obligation Lo the Librarian of Glasgow University and his assistants for putting the resources of their .Library so generously at my service. D. M. March 1906. CONTENTS CHAP, PAGE I. THE SCHOLAR I II, THE STUDENT . , ,11 III. THE SOLDIER . , . 25 IV. THE REGENT . , . 38 V. THE SATIRIST . , , $6 VL THE DRAMATIST , . 73 VII. THE WANDERER . ,88 VIII. THE POET . * , , . ,107 IX. THE COURTIER . , . .127 X, THE CHURCHMAN , . ISO XI. THE EDUCATIONIST , * . .164 XII. THE POLEMIC . , . , . l8l XIII. THE TUTOR . 204 XIV, THE POLITICIAN , . ,221 XV* THE HISTORIAN . , . .236 XVI. THE FRIEND . 255 XVIL THE END ...... 270 fNDEX . * . , . .287 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GEORGE BUCHANAN .... Frontispiece Qtrom noissttrd.} ST. LEONARD'S COLLEGE . Pacing page 166 {Prom an aid Print m St* Andrews University Library*) QUEEN MARY AND JAMES VI. Facing page 208 {From Lesley's History*) GEORGE BUCHANAN CHAPTER I THE SCHOLAR ^ is not blic same | ^HEIRK uncertainty regarding *" the early years of George Buchanan as there is about those of his great fellow-countryman and contemporary, John Knox. The reformer's Hwtory of the Reformation of IM'i^ton in Scotland gives full and graphic details of the writer's life during its latest period, but about its opening years it maintains a singular silence. Buchanan in his old age, in response, it is believed, to the entreaties of his friends, wrote a brief record of his life, arid his nar- rative has formed the basis of every biography of him that has since appeared. It stops short at Ms ttwal arrival in Scotland in 1 561 5 but his career i 2 GEORGE BUCHANAN from that date till his death can be traced from other sources, and thus a full sketch of his life is is there doubt as to the date of possible. Nor any his birth. He himself tells us that he was born about the beginning of February 1506. in claims The village of Killearn, Stirlingshire, the honour of being Buchanan's birthplace, but it river on was two miles beyond it, near the Blane, the lands of Moss or Mid-Leowen, that he was remains of the house but a born. Nothing now ; table and a chair, made from one of the oaken rafters, are still shown in the more modern structure which has taken its place. The question of heredity, which plays so important a part in modern bio- in relation graphical writing, is of special significance to the life and character of Buchanan. He is recognised on all hands to have been a typical Scot, and to have, more than most, possessed the he himself prcefervidum Ingenium Scotorum^ which was the first to declare to be characteristic of his countrymen. He was of mixed descent. His father was a Celt and his mother was a Teuton. This combination, in its purity, of the two chief elements which compose the Scottish nation, accounts in the THE SCHOLAR 3 eyes of some for the rare genius of Buchanan. In any case, it merits attention, even although no large generalisation can be drawn from it. The Buchanans from whom he was descended trace their origin from the eleventh century. Their genealogical tree in its earliest branches is probably mythical. The clan claims as its ancestor one Anselan Okyan, a fugitive from Ireland, who sought safety in Scotland from the vengeance that pursued him on account of the part which he had taken in a general slaughter of the Danes. Landing on the west coast, he settled in Lennox, and his family, by royal favour and prudent marriages, became con- siderable landowners in the district, and possessors of Buchanan. After a time they assumed the territorial name, but their original designation is held to be still found in the Macauslans and Mac- millans, who are equally entitled to the benefactions and Scholarships of the clan, of which they are branches. Critics of Buchanan's life have not failed to point to the fact of his connection with the house of Lennox. Through the Drumikill branch of the family to which he belonged, he was directly descended from Murdach, Duke of Albany, 4 GEORGE BUCHANAN and Isobel, heiress of Lennox. His blood connection with Darnley, the husband of Queen Mary, thus accounts to some for the side that he took in the rebellion that banished Mary to England, and set her son on the throne. We can hardly conceive, however, that a man of Buchanan's culture and power of detachment would be thus prejudiced in judging of so great a cause. But even Knox was not impervious to that feudal relationship which was of so great influence during the long period of the Middle Ages, and from which the country was only emerging. His comparatively gentle treat- ment of Bothwell is thus explained, for Knox himself tells the earl that his ancestors had served his lordship's family in battle. But of one thing there can be no doubt: Buchanan's sympathy for the Celtic element in the Scottish nation reveals " itself in his writings, particularly in his History." Gaelic was his mother-tongue. His father was a Highlander, and in recounting the valour of the Scottish nation, it was the race from which he was descended that he had in mind. However much of the lowland Scot can be seen in his temperament, his love for and admiration of the race from which he THE SCHOLAR 5 sprang, unconsciously coloured his Rerum Scoticarum Historic his longest and most ambitious work, His mother was a native of East Lothian. Her name was Agnes Heriot, and her family had for many generations been possessors of the lands of Trabroun, near Lander. George Heriot, the founder of Heriot's Hospital, claimed connection with the same family. He also, like his more distinguished relative, had intimate dealings with King James the Sixth, and the monarch no doubt would find them more agreeable than those he had with Buchanan. A prince like James would be sure to appreciate the liberality of his banker more than the strictness of his tutor. Circumstances soon arose which tested to the utmost the character of Agnes Heriot, Her husband died before he had reached middle life, and left her to struggle as best she could with a young family of five sons and three daughters. The grandfather, Robert Buchanan, was still alive, but he was practically insolvent, and the mother was compelled to leave the paternal home and find the means of supporting her children elsewhere. In 1513, when George was seven years old, the lease of certain lands near Cardross, Menleith, was granted 6 GEORGE BUCHANAN to her, and to her sons, Patrick, Alexander, and in it would George. As this lease was renewed 1531, her in seem that she passed the remainder of days the district.
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