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Veronica Bortolussi Matricola 857843 Corso di Laurea magistrale in Storia dal Medioevo all’Età Contemporanea ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea I rapporti tra l’estrema destra italiana e l’Organisation de l’Armée Secrète francese Relatore Ch. Prof. Luciano Pezzolo Correlatore Ch. Prof. Alessandro Casellato Laureando Veronica Bortolussi Matricola 857843 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 Indice Introduzione .................................................................................................................................. 1 Capitolo 1: La destra italiana (1945-1969) ....................................................................................... 5 1. La clandestinità ................................................................................................................... 5 2. L’amnistia Togliatti ............................................................................................................. 8 3. La nascita del Movimento Sociale Italiano ........................................................................ 13 4. La lotta al comunismo ...................................................................................................... 18 5. Le segreterie De Marsanich e Michelini ............................................................................ 22 6. Il sostegno a Tambroni e i fatti di Genova ........................................................................ 29 7. Il Piano Solo ..................................................................................................................... 33 8. Il Sessantotto .................................................................................................................... 38 9. Ordine Nuovo .................................................................................................................. 43 10. Avanguardia Nazionale ................................................................................................. 46 Capitolo 2: La guerra d’Algeria e l’ Organisation de l’Armée Secrète ..................................................... 49 1. La destra francese (1945-1954) ......................................................................................... 49 2. L’anticomunismo francese ................................................................................................ 52 3. L’insurrezione algerina (1954-1955) .................................................................................. 61 4. La guerra d’Algeria (1956-1957) ........................................................................................ 68 5. Dalla IV alla V Repubblica: il ritorno di Charles de Gaulle (1958-1959) ............................ 75 6. Terrorismo e controterrorismo: la nascita dell’ Organisation de l’Armée secrète (1960-1961) .... 81 7. La fine della guerra (1962) ................................................................................................ 91 8. Dopo la guerra d’Algeria (1962-1968) ............................................................................... 95 Capitolo 3: I rapporti tra l’estrema destra italiana e l’ Organisation de l’Armée Secrète francese .......... 100 1. La destra transnazionale: tra Italia e Francia .................................................................... 100 2. La percezione della guerra d’Algeria nella destra italiana ................................................. 109 3. La fascinazione per l’esercito e il «mito OAS » ................................................................. 113 4. Il caso Mattei .................................................................................................................. 120 5. L’ OAS in Italia ............................................................................................................... 128 6. L’ Aginter Presse , Ordre et Tradition e l’ Organisation d’Action contre le Communisme International .. 151 7. Il convegno sulla guerra rivoluzionaria e i Nuclei di difesa dello Stato ............................. 160 8. I contatti tra l’ Aginter Presse e l’estrema destra italiana ...................................................... 183 9. L’ Aginter Presse nelle stragi di piazza Fontana e di piazza della Loggia .............................. 202 10. Il gruppo madrileno .................................................................................................... 214 Appendice. Intervista a Vincenzo Vinciguerra ............................................................................ 233 Conclusioni ................................................................................................................................ 244 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................................. 252 Introduzione Questa tesi si propone di indagare se ci furono delle convergenze e dei rapporti, più o meno organici, tra l’estrema destra italiana e l’ Organisation de l’Armée Secrète francese negli anni Sessanta e Settanta. È importante fare da subito un discrimine sull’espressione «estrema destra», per comprendere quali sono soggetti trattati in questa tesi, poiché nel corso del secondo dopoguerra, con l’instaurazione della Repubblica Italiana, si assistette alla moltiplicazione dei partiti, all’interno dei quali sussistettero diverse correnti richiamatesi a un qualche modello cosiddetto di destra. L’«estrema destra» di cui si tratta in questo lavoro risponde in parte alla categorizzazione fornita dallo storico studioso del fascismo Roger Griffin, secondo il quale l’espressione riguarda tre categorie: il fascismo nostalgico, il fascismo mimetico (o neo-nazismo) e il neofascismo 1. In queste tre categorie rientrano, come partito, il Movimento Sociale Italiano, e come movimenti extraparlamentari il Centro Studi Ordine Nuovo e Avanguardia Nazionale. Le categorie individuate da Griffin, però, non tengono conto della loro permeabilità e del progressivo allontanamento di ciascuno dei tre soggetti dall’originaria ispirazione fascista, motivo per il quale, in questa tesi, non si parlerà di «neofascismo», preferendo utilizzare le espressioni «estrema destra» e «destra eversiva». Da un punto di vista generale, comunque, i tre soggetti sopracitati risposero sempre, seppure in momenti e in gradazioni diverse, ad alcune linee comuni di fondo. Secondo un criterio definibile come spaziale, in un immaginario asse destra-sinistra, furono collocabili alla sua estrema destra, seppure con leggere sfumature. Secondo un criterio storico- ideologico, ovvero riguardante il richiamo più o meno evidente al fascismo, tutti e tre i soggetti in questione partirono da un riferimento nostalgico nei confronti del regime mussoliniano distaccandosene nei primi anni Sessanta: per il Movimento Sociale Italiano, con lo scopo di entrare a pieno diritto nell’agone parlamentare, mentre per Ordine Nuovo e Avanguardia Nazionale per radicalizzare lo scontro politico e creare un nuovo tipo di società, in cui una ristretta élite avrebbe dovuto idealmente guidare una comunità ideale e naturale (nella quale, dunque, gli stranieri erano esclusi e da cui derivano gli accenti razzistici), attraverso limitazioni alle libertà individuali e grazie all’esaltazione della potenza 1 P. IGNAZI, L’estrema destra in Europa , Bologna, Il Mulino, 2000, p. 50. 1 dello Stato, a un inedito grandioso destino nazionale. Infine, secondo un criterio definibile come attitudinale-sistemico, sia il Movimento Sociale Italiano che Ordine Nuovo e Avanguardia Nazionale si posero, chi prima e chi dopo, chi momentaneamente e chi meno, in un’ottica di opposizione al sistema parlamentare, propugnandone la disintegrazione 2. Dall’altra parte delle Alpi e del Mediterraneo, seppure in ritardo rispetto alla sua omologa italiana, si sviluppò prepotentemente anche l’estrema destra francese, che diede vita, nell’ottica del conflitto algerino, a un gruppo terroristico noto con il nome di Organisation de l’Armée Secrète . Pur accogliendo tra le sue fila alcuni uomini che nel secondo conflitto mondiale combatterono dalla parte della Resistenza, l’organizzazione abbracciò un’impostazione filo-fascista per impedire – ad ogni costo – l’indipendenza dell’Algeria, considerata parte vera e propria della Francia. Partendo da queste premesse, dunque, in questa tesi si indaga se tra l’estrema destra italiana e l’ Organisation de l’Armée Secrète francese ci furono o meno dei rapporti, alla luce della preesistenza di una serie di contatti a livello «transnazionale» 3. Un’analisi di questo tipo non risulta, allo stato attuale dei lavori, essere stata ancora fatta in Italia, mentre all’estero è stata trattata all’interno di un’ottica più vasta, avente come soggetto i rapporti tra la destra italiana e francese. Fondamentali per fornire l’inquadramento di questa tesi sono dunque stati i volumi di Andrea Mammone, Transnational Neofascism in France and Italy e di Pauline Picco, Liaisons dangereuses. Les extrêmes droites en France et en Italie (1960-1984) . Partendo da questi due esaurienti volumi, questo lavoro è consistito nel continuo raffronto tra memorialistica, inchieste giornalistiche e documentazione giudiziaria, utilizzando fonti sia italiane che francesi. In questa tesi ha inoltre avuto un ruolo di primo piano il lavoro del magistrato Guido Salvini, autore della «Sentenza-ordinanza» sull’«eversione nera» (1998) che, per prima, ha tentato di ricostruire almeno una parte dei rapporti tra Organisation de l’Armée Secrète e destra eversiva italiana all’interno della cosiddetta «strategia della tensione» 4, 2 La suddivisione
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