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Table of Contents

I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan �� 1. Positioning of the New Plan ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo…………………………………………………………………………………………… (1) Social and economic trends……………………………………………………………………………………… (2) Trends in environmental fields………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future………………………………………………………………………………………………

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies ��

Policy 1 Realization of a Smart Energy City…………………………………………… 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management…………………………… 2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy…………………………………………………………… 3. Creating a Hydrogen-Based Society………………………………………………………………………………

Policy 2 Facilitation of 3Rs/Proper Waste Disposal and Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources…………………………………………………………… 1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources………………………………………………………………… 2. Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of Waste…………… 3. Reinforcement of Disaster Waste Measures …………………………………………………………………

Policy 3 Succession of Urban Environment Symbiotic with Diverse Forms of Life in Luxuriant Nature……………………………………………………… 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery………………………………………………… 2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement……………………………………………………………………………… Policy 4 Ensuring a Comfortable Air Environment, and Quality Soil and Water Cycles…………………………………………………………………………………… 1. Further Improvements in Air Environment…………………………………………………………………… 2. Reduction of Environmental Risks Due to Chemical Substances…………………………………… 3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment………………………………………………………………

Policy 5 Comprehensive and Cross-Sectional Efforts in Environmental Initiatives………………………………………………………………………………………… 1. Cooperation with Various Participants…………………………………………………………………………… 2. Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Urban Development………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Enhancement of System for Highly Enforceable Environmental Administration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan…………………………………………………

Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………………

Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan

1. Positioning of the New Plan

2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo

3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future 1. Positioning of the New Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

1. Positioning of the New Plan

With a view to becoming the city with the least environmental load in the world, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has developed a broad range of environmental initiatives, including the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program*1, in accordance with the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Master Plan formulated in March 2008. However, circumstances surrounding TMG’s environmental initiatives have significantly changed in the eight years since the formulation of the plan. Combating climate change issues has become a global-level challenge as proven by the fact that a new international framework for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction etc. was upheld at the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Paris from November to December in 2015. Japan has also had many challenges to work on: the difficulty in energy supply and demand revealed after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, growing resource constraints, improvements in air environment affected by particulate matter (PM2.5*2), and conservation of biodiversity. With a far-sighted roadmap to solve these challenges in mind, TMG needs to cope flexibly with changes in values II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. expected on a global basis with an increased recognition of environmental measures, be suitably responsive to shifts in social and economic conditions and technological innovation, and aggressively develop advanced environmental initiatives. In 2020, the Olympic and Paralympic Games will be held in Tokyo. Environmental policies required of TMG also include presenting visitors with a view of what a sustainable city looks like through the Games, encouraging society as a whole to realize sustainability, promoting cooperative and engaged efforts for the realization, and handing down the results as a legacy. We have formulated the new Tokyo Environmental Master Plan to introduce Tokyo residents to the Tokyo of the future and the development of policies to realize it. We will develop the policies in an all-out effort to pursue our ideals through cooperation with citizens, businesses, and other stakeholders. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 2.2. TrendsTrends SurroundingSurrounding TokyoTokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo

(1) Social and economic trends

In global terms: Population is growing and concentrated in cities Based on the statistics prepared by the United Nations Development Programme*3 (UNDP), the world population will reach approximately 9.7 billion in 2050, increasing from approximately 7.3 billion in 2015, as a result of population growth in Asia, Africa, etc. Urban population accounted for 13% of the world population in 1900, 29% in 1950, and 54% in 2014. Population is expected to become increasingly concentrated in cities worldwide, likely resulting in 66% of the world population living in cities by 2050.

▼ Estimated world population ▼ Urban and rural population of the world II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. (Thousands) (Millions) 6,000,000

5,000,000

4,000,000 Africa Asia 3,000,000 Europe Latin America and Caribbean 2,000,000 Northern America

1,000,000 Urban

0 Rural 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Source: UNDP World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision Source: UNDP World Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision

What Tokyo sees: Development of a graying and declining population According to the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, the Japanese population will be 86,740,000 in 2060, which is an approximately 30% decrease from 2010. The population of Tokyo was 13,160,000 in 2010 and will hit its peak and begin to decrease in 2020, declining by approximately 20% in 2060 from 2010. The elderly population will rapidly increase from 2010 to 2060 in Tokyo. In particular, the population aged 75 and over will more than double, with its percentage of the Japanese population growing from 9.4% to 25.0%.

▼ Transition of population of Japan and Tokyo ▼ Transition of population by age group in Tokyo III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. (Millions) (Millions) (Millions) 40 160 14 (13.33) (13.36) (13.27) (13.08) Estimate (Right scale) Japan Estimate (13.16) (12.80) (12.58) (12.42) (Left scale) Tokyo (12.06) 1.48 1.47 1.41 1.29 1.17 (12.02) 35 140 (11.77) 1.07 127.77 128.06 23 wards 12 (0.114) 0.99 (11.56) 126.60 1.42 0.93 124.10 Tama and islands 1.42 (11.01) 120.66 1.50 0.88 116.62 0.83 (10.36) 30 112.12 120 107.28 10 0.77 102.21 (0.074) 97.08 25 91.93 100 86.74 8 8.74 8.72 8.48 8.03 7.39 6.82 Young population 8.85 8.79 6.28 5.84 5.53 (under 15) (0.682) 20 80 8.70 (0.534) 8.69 6 8.71 Working-age population (15 to 64) 15 13.16 13.33 13.36 13.27 13.08 60 12.58 12.80 12.42 12.02 11.56 Aging population 11.01 10.36 4 (65 to 74) 1.73 1.47 2.07 1.91 10 40 2.06 (0.141) 1.50 1.80 Aging population 1.54 1.37 9.11 9.17 9.15 9.06 1.43 1.61 (75 and over) 8.49 8.95 8.91 8.70 8.47 2 8.19 7.83 1.32 (0.110) 2.60 7.41 1.16 2.49 2.61 5 20 0.94 1.94 1.98 2.20 (0.250) 1.22 1.45 1.67 1.90 1.91 0.59 0.75 0.98 (0.094) 4.09 4.21 4.22 4.19 4.12 4.02 3.88 3.72 3.55 3.37 3.17 2.96 0 0 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 (Year) 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 (Year) Source: Long-Term Vision for Tokyo Source: Long-Term Vision for Tokyo 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Energy situation in the world The Energy White Paper of Japan indicates that energy demand in developed countries has remained at the same level while that in Asian countries, such as China and India, has sharply increased, predicting this trend will continue.

▼ Energy demand in the world: Reality and Estimate

(Billion tonnes) 18

Others 16 (non-OECD) World 12% Approx. Central and South 1.3 times America 6% Non-OECD 14 countries Africa 6%

Energy demand (oil equivalent) World Middle East Approx. 6% Others (non-OECD) 12 1.3 times Central and South America India India 9% Africa Approx. 10 2.1 times Middle East India India Approx. China China China 24% 8 1.6 times Approx. Russia 1.5 times OECD (exc. Japan & USA) China Approx. Japan II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Russia 5% 6 2.3 times USA OECD (exc. Japan & 4 USA) Japan 16% Japan Approx. Approx. 0.96 times Japan 3% 2 0.89 times USA 13% 0 2000 2011 2035 9.799 bn t 12.71 bn t 16.9 bn t

Source: Energy White Paper from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy based on World Energy Outlook 2013 from IEA

Outlook of Japanese economy The Cabinet Office, Government of Japan estimates that the real economic growth rate of Japan in 2020 and beyond will be a little less than 1% in a baseline scenario or 2% or more in an economic recovery scenario.

▼ Transition of real economic growth rate of Japan III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

* Economic recovery scenario * Baseline scenario (FY)

* The economic recovery scenario assumes that effects will be achieved by economic and fiscal policies designed to improve the economic situation in Japan. A bold monetary policy, flexible fiscal policy, and growth strategies that encourage private sector investment should promote economic recovery. * The baseline scenario assumes that the Japanese economy will proceed at essentially the current potential growth rate. Source: Estimate of Medium- to Long-Term Economic and Fiscal Circumstances from Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (submitted at Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy on January 21, 2016) 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Trend of infrastructure construction/renovation and urban redevelopment A White Paper on Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan predicts that the urban infrastructure constructed during and after the rapid growth period, including the Metropolitan Expressway No. 1 built in anticipation of the Tokyo 1964 Olympic Games, will deteriorate and the ratio of facilities aged 50 or over will be exponentially higher by the end of FY2031. The trend of infrastructure construction and urban development in the future will significantly change in connection with a shift in social and economic conditions, such as the holding of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games (Tokyo 2020 Games).

(2) Trends in environmental fields

Climate Change/Energy

Temperature rise in the world In its Fifth Assessment Report - Synthesis Report compiled in 2014, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. (IPCC*4) made public that:

u Maximum temperature rise of 4.8°C and sea level rise of up to 0.82 m compared to the current levels (average for 1986-2005) will occur by the end of the 21st century if greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continue as they do now. u A feasible scenario to hold the temperature rise to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels is: • Reducing GHG emissions by 40 to 70% below 2010 levels by 2050 and to almost zero or minus by 2100. • In this case, the ratio of low-carbon energy, such as renewable energy, nuclear power, fossil energy with CCS*5/ bioenergy with CCS, all over the world will be almost three to four times 2010 levels by 2050.

▼ Changes in the global mean surface temperature

Average for 2081-2100 The increase of global mean surface temperature by the end of the 21st century is likely to be 2.6°C to 4.8°C under RCP8.5.

RCP2.6 Stable at low level The increase of global mean surface temperature RCP4.5 Stable at medium level by the end of the 21st century is likely to be RCP6.0 Stable at high level III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 0.3°C to 1.7°C under RCP2.6. RCP8.5 Referential high level (scenario of greatest emissions) (Year)

Note: The changes are relative to the average over the period 1986 to 2005. The material was created by the Ministry of the Environment based on Fifth Assessment Report - Synthesis Report - Summary for Policymakers from IPCC. RCP is an abbreviation of Representative Concentration Pathways.

Source: Annual Report on the Environment, the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Biodiversity in Japan 2014 from the Ministry of the Environment 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change At COP21 held in Paris in 2015, the Paris Agreement a new international framework for climate change measures from 2020 onwards was adopted. The agreement specifies “holding the increase in the average temperature to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels” as a global common, long-term goal. To that end, it aims to virtually eliminate greenhouse gas emissions (or achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions and removals by sinks) in the second half of this century. To enhance its enforcement, the agreement requires developing countries as well as developed countries to take measures, stipulating review of reduction targets every five years by Parties to the agreement, the use of market mechanisms, financial support for developing countries by developed countries, the importance of innovation, capacity-building of developing countries, confirmation of worldwide progress at meetings of the Parties every five years, etc. In response to the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the Japanese government is laying the groundwork for the formulation of the Plan for Global Warming Countermeasures. Other countries and cities, including Paris, are actively strengthening climate change measures and promoting inter-city cooperation, showing that climate change measures have moved from a negotiation stage to an implementation stage. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ▼ Reduction targets of major countries (summary) Country Description Japan • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26% below FY2013 levels (25.4% below FY2005 levels) by FY2030. EU • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the region by at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 26% to 28% below 2005 levels by 2025, making utmost efforts to United States achieve the 28% reduction. Russia • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% to 30% below 1990 levels by 2025. China • Reduce CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP by 60% to 65% below 2005 levels by 2030. India • Reduce greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 33% to 35% below 2005 levels by 2030.

▼ Summary of the Paris Agreement Description Pursuing efforts to hold the increase in the average temperature to well below 2°C, or 1.5°C, above pre- Purpose of industrial levels. agreement - Parties are to undertake ambitious efforts to achieve the purpose reflecting their common but differentiated responsibilities. Aiming to achieve a balance between anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals by sinks in the second half of this century. Requiring Parties to submit their GHG reduction targets and implement Efforts for emissions domestic measures to achieve said targets. reductions - Each party is to submit or update its targets every five years, and set the highest possible targets. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. - Developed countries are required to set absolute emission reduction targets and developing countries are encouraged to set targets. Market mechanisms If internationally transferred mitigation outcomes are used, Parties are to promote sustainable etc. development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency. Developed countries are to continue providing financial resources to developing countries. Other Parties Funding are encouraged to make such provision. Parties are to establish a global goal of adaptation, enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening Adaptation resilience, and reducing vulnerability. Technology The promotion of technology innovation is indispensable for an effective response to climate change, development etc. for facilitating economic growth and sustainable development. Capacity-building Parties should cooperate on capacity improvement of developing countries and developed countries etc. should expand their support. Parties are to periodically provide information on progress made in achieving targets, implementing Transparency of measures, etc. action and support - The information is to receive examination or review by specialists. Periodic evaluation is to be made on progress towards achieving the purpose of the agreement and Stocktaking other long-term goals. - Global stocktaking is to occur in 2023 and every five years thereafter. 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Several countries are formulating strategies and plans for not only measures to reduce or absorb greenhouse gas emissions (“mitigation measures”) but also responses to the actual influence of the emissions (“adaptation measures”). The Paris Agreement also specifies adaptation measures to be taken by Parties.

▼ Influence of climate change

Field Typical Influence Food, agriculture, • Changes in crop production areas forestry, fishery • Low quality or impeded growth due to influence of high temperatures • Lower stable supply from water resources development facilities due to wider rainfall range, less Water environment snowfall, etc. and resources • Concern about an increased demand for potable water caused by temperature rise • Expanded habitat of wild beasts and birds, including Japanese deer, due to temperature rise or shorter periods of snow coverage Natural ecosystems • Changes in distributional range of living things, changed life cycles etc. • Increased invasion by or retention rates of alien species

Natural disasters and • Sea level rise or more frequent heavy rains likely attributable to global warming; more frequent or Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. influence on coasts serious flooding, landslides, tidal waves, etc. due to more violent typhoons etc. • Changes in heatstroke and mortality rates caused by heat or heatwaves Health • More infections due to expanded habitat of carriers etc. Industrial/economic • Influence on tourism, including nature-oriented leisure activities and • Influence on lifelines or changes in people’s perceptions of seasons people’s lives

Source: Report on Evaluation of Climate Change Influence in Japan and Challenges for the Future (statement of opinion) from Central Environment Council

The role of cities in climate change measures Cities are expected to assume an important role in climate change measures as the concentration of the population in urban areas will increase and the ensuing increase in energy demands caused by such concentration is anticipated worldwide. TMG already played a part in the success of COP21 before it began by announcing ambitious greenhouse gas reduction targets, presenting the governor’s message at Climate Summit for Local Leaders held at the Paris City Hall, and introducing our advanced efforts at side events involving municipalities. At side events and in the statement of the United Nations Secretary-General during COP21, high expectations were expressed about efforts made by non-state actors, such as cities, citizens, and businesses. In the Climate Summit TMG attended along with approximately 400 leaders, the United Nations Secretary-General, and the chairperson of COP21, the Paris City Hall Declaration with decisive contribution to COP21 was adopted. With the goal for cities III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. and regions in the world to reduce up to 3.7 billion t-CO₂ of greenhouse gases in total on an annual basis by 2030 and reduce greenhouse gases by 80% by 2050, the declaration states that climate change measures will be promoted through the enhanced inter-city partnership and engagement of international organizations, national governments, private sectors, and civil society. In light of the roles required of a large city, TMG needs to contribute to the promotion of climate change measures throughout the world. 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Changes in energy structure after the earthquake The power source mix in Japan has changed due to an increase in thermal power generation and the suspended operations of nuclear power plants following the Great East Japan Earthquake, resulting in more greenhouse gas emissions. In response to that situation, the national government made public the Long-Term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook in July 2015 based on the new Strategic Energy Plan formulated in 2014, requiring efforts to stabilize energy supplies and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

▼ Transition of electricity demand and power source mix in Japan (outlook for 2030)

Electricity demand Power source mix

All-out energy Total electricity saving of approx. generated: 196.1 billion kWh Approx. 1,278.0 (17% below the billion kWh levels with no (Transmission/ Total electricity countermeasures distribution losses) Energy saving generated: Geothermal Approx. 1.0-1.1% in place) Approx. 17% Approx. 1,065.0 billion kWh Biomass Economic growth Approx. 40% with Approx. 1.7%/year energy saving & 3.7-4.6% II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. renewable energy Wind Approx. 1.7% Renewable Renewable Approx. 19-20% Approx. 22-24% Solar Approx. 7.0%

Nuclear Nuclear Hydro Approx. 22-20% Approx. Approx. 18-17% 8.8-9.2%

Electricity Electricity 966.6 Approx. 980.8 billion kWh billion kWh LNG LNG Approx. 22% Approx. 27%

Coal Coal Approx. 22% Approx. 26% Base load rate Approx. 56% Oil Approx. 2% Oil Approx. 3%

FY2013 FY2030 FY2030 (actual value) Source: Long-Term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy

Spread of renewable energy The national government has strengthened initiatives for the expansion of renewable energy since the Great East Japan Earthquake. The introduction of renewable energy, mainly consisting of solar power, has been amplified since the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) *6 system was launched in July 2012 in spite of there having been some challenges, including allotted charges having to be borne by the people and restricted connections caused by an increased power system load. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

▼ Comparison of the end of March 2012 (before FIT) and the end of March 2015

(Million kW) 25

Solar Wind Small-to-medium hydro Geothermal Biomass

Source: Status Quo and Challenges of Systems in the Spread of Renewable Energy from the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Effective use of hydrogen energy The use of hydrogen energy brings with it a variety of benefits: smaller environmental load, availability of new energy sources, economic effects, such as a spillover effect on industries, and access to power sources in case of emergencies. Japan leads the world in the technology and use of fuel cells*7, and efforts are in progress to introduce and use them all over the country as well as in Tokyo.

▼ Spread of hydrogen energy

Initial prospects:

Fuel-cell car Fuel-cell bus Fuel-cell forklift Household Commercial/ including taxi excluding limousine fuel cell industrial fuel cell

Future expectations: II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. - TMG will introduce different technologies and products using hydrogen or fuel cells that emit no CO₂ while in use.

Fuel-cell vehicles Other technologies and products

Fuel-cell Fuel-cell truck Fuel-cell-assisted Fuel-cell Pure hydrogen bicycle scooter articulated type fuel cell bus/limousine

Fuel-cell ship Fuel-cell Fuel-cell Fuel-cell Fuel-cell Potable airplane rail vehicle heavy construction tractor fuel cell equipment

Source: Material for Tokyo Strategic Conference to Realize Hydrogen-Based Society from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Resource Recycling ▼ Transition and outlook of the world’s resource consumption

(Million tonnes)

Resource consumption issues worldwide Scenario of developing countries acting like OECD members Scenario of consumption remaining at 2000 levels Regarding worldwide resource consumption, including that of Resource consumption fossil fuel, metallic minerals, and food, resources consumed in 2009 increased by approximately 40% from 2000. There is an estimate that the world’s resource consumption will have doubled by 2050 if developing countries consume as many resources as developed countries or OECD members currently The material was created by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government do. based on reports from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

▼ Trend of resource (metal) prices Higher risk with resource use * Based on 1990 values as 100 Resource prices have tended to increase compared to the 1990s Nickel

and earlier though the prices fluctuate in a wide range. For Iron ore II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. resources with only a few producing countries, such as rare Copper earth*8, the enclosure of resources*9, including export restrictions Gold by producing countries, is becoming more commonplace.

Source: World Bank Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet)

Recent trend of resource use The Leaders Declaration for the G7 Elmau Summit held in June 2015 focused on “establishing the G7-Alliance on Resource Efficiency” and emphasized the effective use of resources and reduction of environmental load, referring to marine litter*10 issues. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the core of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted at the UN General Assembly in September 2015, include “Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns,” highlighting reductions in food waste as a worldwide challenge. ISO26000 issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 2010 is an international standard for the social responsibility of companies and organizations with the primary goal being to achieve sustainable growth through social contribution by such entities. To support the practice and spread of the standard throughout supply *11 *12 III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. chains , ISO20400, guidelines for Sustainable Procurement , is being formulated. 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Current resource use by Japan Japan consumes approximately 1.4 billion tonnes of natural resources a year (2012), approximately 60% of which are imported. Compared to FY2000 levels, the consumption has decreased by approximately 30% but the import rate has increased from approximately 40% to approximately 60%. On the other hand, the quantity of resources recycled remains low at approximately 240 million tonnes, barely reaching approximately 10% of annual total material input.

▼ Environmental impact in the upstream and downstream sides of resource use II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Economic activities of Japan rely on the use of a large amount of natural resources. However, the extraction and consumption of natural resources has caused them to dwindle while increasing environmental load in the form of water contamination and greenhouse gas emissions. There is concern about global environmental pollution that includes waste electrical appliances illegally collected and exported without removing hazardous substances and marine litter or plastic debris polluting the marine ecosystem. Resources are recycled to minimize waste that goes through intermediate treatment, such as incineration and fragmentation, before final disposal. It is difficult to build new final disposal sites in the areas surrounding a city that emits a large amount of waste, which poses the enormous challenge of extending the useful lifespan of existing final disposal sites. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. ▼ Transition of remaining capacity and lifespan of final disposal sites in Japan

(Million m³) Municipal solid waste (Year) Industrial waste (Million m³) (Year)

Remaining Remaining capacity lifespan

Remaining capacity

Remaining lifespan

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (FY) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (FY) Remaining Remaining capacity lifespan

Source: Annual Report on the Environment, the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Biodiversity in Japan 2015 from the Ministry of the Environment 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Biodiversity Growing international concern over biodiversity Many countries have promoted efforts in conserving biodiversity since the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992. 2010 Biodiversity Targets were adopted at the 6th meeting of Conference of the Parties (COP6) to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2002. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (Aichi Biodiversity Targets) was adopted as the next goal at COP10 held in Nagoya in 2010.

▼ Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (Aichi Biodiversity Targets) ■ Vision <2050> ● “Living in Harmony with Nature” where “By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.”

■ Mission <2020> ● Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication.

■ Targets II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Target 1: By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably. of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, Target 2: By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscapes are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems. and seascapes. Target 3: By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are sustained. developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as conditions. culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and Target 4: By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity. have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, are restored and ecological limits. safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least communities, and the poor and vulnerable. halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon significantly reduced. stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change Target 6: By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and operational, consistent with national legislation. vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits. Target 17: By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed strategy and action plan. sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity. Target 18: By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity. and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. and local communities, at all relevant levels. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied. minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning. Target 20: By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources, and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization, should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resource needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.

Source: Website of Convention on Biological Diversity

As to the feasibility of conserving biodiversity in cities and the importance of the role of municipalities, awareness was gradually increasing around the time COP9 was held in 2008. This caused 46 municipalities from 28 countries to join in the Mayors Conference on Local Action for Biodiversity held at the same time as COP9. The City Biodiversity Summit 2010 took place together with COP10, where 249 parties from 30 countries participated to adopt the Aichi/Nagoya Declaration on Local Authorities and Biodiversity. Plan of Action on Subnational Governments, Cities and Other Local Authorities for Biodiversity was adopted at COP10 as well to encourage municipalities to tackle biodiversity. 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Addressing biodiversity in Japan The National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan 2012-2020 (2012), a revised strategy following the adoption of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets at COP10, suggests a roadmap for Japan to achieve the targets through indexes that identify the progress of achievement. The latest information on numerical targets provided by the Ministry of the Environment shows that the recognition rate of the word “biodiversity” was 46.4% in FY2014 declining from 55.7% in FY2012 falling far short of a target recognition rate of 75% or over. After Private-Sector Engagement was resolved at COP8, the Guidelines for Private Sector Engagement in Biodiversity were formulated in 2009 in Japan to urge efforts by businesses etc. As a result, voluntary efforts have been promoted in the private sector, causing many businesses to participate in networks built before or after COP10, such as Japan Business Initiative for Biodiversity (JBIB) and Japan Business and Biodiversity Partnership.

Endangered species

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) researches the endangerment of species of organisms worldwide to create the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species every year. From a known approximately 1,750,000 II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. species, approximately 80,000 are evaluated to select approximately 30,000 as endangered species. The Red List revised in November 2015 determined that 903 species have already become extinct, suggesting that the speed of extinction over the past 100 years is at least 1,000 times faster than that in the history of the Earth before the period. The Ministry of the Environment makes public red lists on wildlife inhabiting Japan. The Ministry of the Environment Red Lists 2015 show 3,596 species over 10 taxonomic categories as endangered species, which have increased by 441 species from the Third Version of the Japanese Red Lists released from FY2006 to FY2007.

▼ Endangered species ratio in primary taxonomic categories ▼ Percentage of evaluated species by endangerment level

Total number of evaluated species: 76,201

Extinct/Extinct in the Wild Endangered Species-IA (CR) 1% (903) 6% (4,635) Mammals Birds Reptiles 5,513 10,425 10,038

Endangered Species-IB (EN) 9% (6,940)

Data Deficient 17% (12,609) Endangered Species 29% (22,413) Endangered Species-II (VU) 14% (10,838) Amphibians Fishes Tracheophytes 7,302 32,900 281,052 Least Concern 46% (34,934) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Near Threatened 7% (5,103) Endangered species Other species Species not evaluated evaluated

Source: Annual Report on the Environment, the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Source: Annual Report on the Environment, the Sound Material-Cycle Society and Biodiversity in Japan 2015 from the Ministry of the Environment Biodiversity in Japan 2015 from the Ministry of the Environment 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Air Environment

Global air pollution The air environment of many cities in the world, in terms of PM2.5 concentrations for example, still does not meet the levels required by the Air Quality Guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO), increasing the risk of lung cancer, heart disease, asthma, and other illness.

▼ Annual mean PM of urban population compared to the WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQG)*

100% % of % population 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

exceed AQG meet AQG Afr: Africa; Amr: North, Central and South America; Emr: Eastern Mediterranean (mostly Middle East); Eur: Europe; Sear: South-East Asia; Wpr: Western Pacific; LMI: Low- and middle-income; HI: high-income. * WHO AQG: Annual mean PM10: 20 µg/m³; Annual mean PM2.5: 10 µg/m³.

Source: WHO’s Ambient Air Pollution Database -Update 2014 from WHO

There are also several regions in the world with photochemical oxidant concentrations higher than the WHO guideline values. This applies to Japan as well, where less than 1% of monitoring stations meet the environmental standards for photochemical oxidants. In the Western world, eight-hour values are used as targets or standards for photochemical oxidant concentrations for the purpose of evaluation over three years. The United States set new reference values in 2015 based on the latest scientific understanding. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 2. Trends Surrounding Tokyo I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

In September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at its core, was adopted at the UN General Assembly as common goals for international society up to 2030, replacing the Millennium Development Goals. The agenda is applied to all countries, including developed countries, and acts as guidelines for the world to continue sustainable development in the future. The 17 SDGs and 169 related targets address and coordinate challenges in all three basic fields of sustainable development economy, society, and environment in addition to traditional development challenges, such as poverty, education, and health in developing countries. For the aspect of environment in particular, SDGs have newly covered energy access, sustainable consumption and production*13, response to climate change, conservation of the ocean and marine resources, and biodiversity, being well worth using as guidelines for environmental initiatives of municipalities as well as nations.

▼ A set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Goals agreed upon by the world for 2030

Source: Website of United Nations Information Centres III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

The agenda states “Sport is also an important enabler of sustainable development,” clearly indicating the role of sports and calling for efforts for the Tokyo 2020 Games and sustainability stimulated by the games. 3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future 1. The image of urban Tokyo that TMG’s environmental policies aspire to In December 2014, TMG formulated "Creating the Future the Long-Term Vision for Tokyo" to set forth a vision of Tokyo’s future and the development of a broad range of policies, including environmental fields. Based on the concepts and policy development given in the Long-Term Vision, we will evolve and improve our environmental policies through this Master Plan. To make Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city, we will develop the environmental policies in light of these perspectives: provision of a high quality urban environment, sustainability, and cooperation and leadership.

(1) Tokyo as depicted in the Long-Term Vision for Tokyo II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. The Long-Term Vision defines the world’s best city that is truly attractive as one with residents happy and desiring to remain. It also mentions that with many cities in the world being in fierce competition, Tokyo needs to aim for the best standards in different fields and indexes that would outweigh those in London, Paris, or New York. To that end, the Long-Term Vision firstly aims to deliver the best Olympic and Paralympic Games in history, to use the holding of the Games as a springboard to achieve further development, such as enhancement of urban infrastructure, and hand down both tangible and intangible legacies to the next generation, helping improve the lives of the city’s residents. Secondly, it cites resolving challenges to ensure Tokyo’s sustainable development into the future, which means from a long-term perspective solving various challenges facing Tokyo down the road, such as the arrival of a graying and declining population and the threat of an earthquake directly striking the capital*14. The Long-Term Vision suggests policy development in environmental fields based on these thoughts as well. Using that framework as a basis, we will aim to make Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city through this Master Plan.

(2) Making Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city

To make Tokyo the world’s best city that is truly attractive as mentioned in the Long-Term Vision, the environment is a crucially important field. It is the urban environment, including air, water, and greenery, as well as energy supply III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. that support the foundation of citizens leading comfortable lives and businesses conducting effective activities. Environmental efforts are also indispensable for holding the Tokyo 2020 Games, underlining the importance of ensuring environment-conscious post-Games legacies for citizens. The key to the continuous growth and development of Tokyo is solving environmental challenges related to climate change, air and water, and waste while developing aggressive policies in tandem with economic growth. 3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

To make Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city, this Master Plan highlights the aggressive development of pioneering environmental and energy initiatives focusing on the Tokyo 2020 Games and the post-Games period in line with recent world trends as represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations and the Paris Agreement adopted at COP21.

(3) Elements and viewpoints needed to achieve goals

For the purpose of making Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city, we will develop our policies in compliance with three sets of elements and viewpoints that include:

① Provision of a high quality urban environment To make Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city, we need to create urban space that is comfortable for residents, workers, and visitors. We will realize a quality environment in terms of air, soil, and water while pursuing higher levels in the effective use of the natural environment, green environment, and energy. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ② Sustainability Sustainability is critically important in environmental policies for the future. We need to respond to a global challenge of climate change, create and maintain the environment with quality air, soil, and water, and efficiently use resources, such as food, fuel, and minerals. To enable Tokyo to continue developing and growing as Japan’s capital city, we will integrate sustainability into the plan. As to response to climate change, we will also build countermeasures (adaptation) into the plan to cope with the hot environment occurring concurrently with the heat island effect, and the increasing frequency of extreme weather, including torrential rain, and tropical infectious diseases.

③ Cooperation and leadership Proven by air quality issues and climate change, environmental problems cannot be solved by TMG’s administration alone. In terms of areas, we need efforts in the Tokyo metropolitan area, across the country, and on a global basis. To solve these problems, we will need a wide range of participation from businesses and NGOs/NPOs as well as ordinary citizens. The key to solving environmental problems now and in the future lies in the cooperation with diversified participants and TMG’s leadership in the cooperation process. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Main policies for the future (1) Main policies in the new plan

In light of environmental challenges facing Tokyo and the environmental status quo of the city, the following five main policies have been formulated for the alignment with the environmental policies given in the Long-Term Vision.

① Realization of a smart energy city Realize a smart energy city with a low carbon, comfortable environment and disaster resilience through the promotion of energy efficiency, the introduction of renewable energy, and effective use of hydrogen energy.

② Facilitation of 3Rs/proper waste disposal and promotion of sustainable use of resources Facilitate 3Rs/proper waste disposal, and promote the sustainable use of resources taking the entire supply chain into consideration. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ③ Succession of urban environment symbiotic with diverse forms of life in rich nature Realize an urban environment symbiotic with diverse forms of life and a rich nature by conserving the natural environment and creating greenery, to hand over to future generations.

④ Ensuring comfortable air environment, quality soil and water cycle Ensure a comfortable air environment, quality soil and water cycle to provide to Tokyo residents and visitors to the city.

⑤ Comprehensive and cross-sectional promotion of environmental initiatives Spur linkage, exchange, and cooperation with other cities in Japan and abroad. Promote environmental policies in a comprehensive and cross-sectional manner through the engagement of municipalities, citizens, businesses, NGOs/ NPOs, etc.

(2) Considerations for initiative development

Considerations for developing TMG’s specific initiatives based on the main policies above: III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. ① Valuing both economic growth and environmental policies Japan’s capital, Tokyo, acts and will have to continue to act as Japan’s engine, effectively driving its economic activities. For Tokyo’s continuous growth, we will need to not only value both economic growth and environmental policies but also establish and develop appropriate initiatives that encourage a good interaction between them. 3. Vision for Tokyo’s Future I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

② Building environmental legacies looking ahead to the post-Games period Maximum environmental consciousness is required for the Tokyo 2020 Games, causing us to aggressively promote environmental initiatives toward the success of the Games. To ensure that the initiatives and their results will continue and develop in the post-Games period, we should also strategically develop appropriate policies from a medium- to long-term point of view.

③ Creation of new sense of values towards a realization of a sustainable city To solve climate change issues and facilitate the recycling of resources, citizens and businesses will need to change their conventional customs or behavior patterns. This requires us to have a new point of view along with a new sense of values and appreciation for new lifestyles. The perspective of business is also indispensable for developing environmental policies in parallel with economic growth and effectively achieving different policy targets. We need to build environmental consciousness into existing business and pay attention to the creation and development of new business models with a close observation of recent trends in green finance. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. 3. Setting policy targets We have determined the policy targets directed toward 2020 and 2030 by taking into consideration the holding of the Tokyo 2020 Games and the alignment with the policy targets set forth in the Long-Term Vision. Goals in different fields have been set as high as possible in terms of strategic policy development for medium to long terms. Roadmaps for goal achievement are included in this plan for better understanding by citizens and businesses. We will disclose achievement levels of the goals every fiscal year and verify the achievement results to reflect them to our initiatives. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

II–1

Directions of Future Environmental Policies

Realization of a Smart Energy City

1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management

2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy

3. Creating a Hydrogen-Based Society

021 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management

Efforts and Challenges Trend of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in Tokyo

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has demonstrated ▼ Transition of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions leadership in tackling climate change through the implementation of (Million t-CO2) (PJ) 80 the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program aimed at large facilities as well as 70.1 million t-CO2 in FY2013 Energy consumption (W/influence of change in power source mix) the promotion of energy efficiency based on the Carbon Reduction 800 Reporting Program*15 designed for small and medium facilities.

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Stimulated by the serious power shortage after the Great East Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. 60 Japan Earthquake, TMG has been developing initiatives towards 600

realizing a smart energy city with a low carbon, comfortable Greenhouse gas emissions 660 PJ in FY2013 environment and disaster resilience by promoting energy

55.3 million t-CO2 in FY2013 management for more efficient and optimized energy use (W/o influence of change in power source mix) and spreading distributed self-reliance power sources, such as 40 400

cogeneration systems (CGSs)*16. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

As a result, the energy consumption in Tokyo in FY2013 was 660 PJ (preliminary value), an 18% decrease from FY2000. ▼ CO2 emission factors of electricity supplied to Tokyo

On the other hand, greenhouse gas emissions in FY2013 were

70.1 million t-CO2 (preliminary value), a 13% increase over FY2000.

The increase in greenhouse gas emissions in spite of a steady

decrease in energy consumption is attributable to CO2 emission factors*17 worsened by more thermal power plants in operation following the Great East Japan Earthquake.

As to the relationship between the final energy consumption

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. in Tokyo and gross regional product output in the city, they Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. have increasingly been “decoupled”*18 since FY2001. To realize ▼ Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth a sustainable and active city, we will need to further promote

decoupling while valuing both energy consumption reduction Gross product output in Tokyo and economic growth.

Based on FY2001 values as 100

Final energy consumption in Tokyo

(FY)

Final energy consumption (Tokyo) Gross product output (Tokyo) Final energy consumption (Japan) Gross Domestic Product (Japan)

022 023 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Trend of sectoral energy consumption For energy consumption in FY2013 compared to FY2000 levels, the industrial and transport sectors decrease, commercial sector slightly decreases, and residential sector increases.

For a composition ratio, the commercial and residential sectors show an increase, which means that additional efforts should be made for these sectors.

Consumption (petajoule equivalent) Growth rate in FY2013 (%) 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2000 2010 2012 Industrial sector 96.5 80.8 70.4 63.3 61.2 57.8 -40.1 -17.8 -5.5 Energy Commercial sector 245.3 273.7 259.7 232.9 236.6 236.6 -3.5 -8.9 0.0 consumption Residential sector 202.1 217.0 221.4 211.9 212.5 209.4 3.6 -5.4 -1.4 (PJ) Transport sector 257.4 218.5 171.6 168.7 160.9 156.6 -39.2 -8.8 -2.7 Total energy consumption 801.3 790.1 723.1 676.7 671.1 660.4 -17.6 -8.7 -1.6 Note: Secondary energy conversion was used for electricity calculation.

▼ Sectoral composition of energy consumption ▼ Sectoral composition of CO2 emissions

Inner circle: FY2000 (801 PJ in total) Inner circle: FY2000 Middle circle: FY2010 (723 PJ in total) Waste (58.9 million t-CO2 in total) Industrial sector Outer circle: FY2013 (660 PJ in total) Industrial sector Middle circle: FY2010 Transport sector (58.7 million t-CO2 in total)

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Transport sector Outer circle: FY2013 Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. (65.5 million t-CO2 in total)

Commercial Residential Residential sector sector sector Commercial sector

Trends in industrial and commercial sectors ▼ Final energy consumption by building use in commercial sector At large facilities, energy efficiency measures have (PJ) 300 274 made significant progress due to steps taken through Other service 260 industries (10.8%) 250 245 the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program, proven by the fact 237 Hospital, medical 216 facility, etc. (4.9%) that, for example, CO2 was reduced by 25% in FY2014 200 School (7.2%) 182 Hotel, inn, etc. (5.6%) *19 compared to base-year emissions . Restaurant (8.4%) 150 Other wholesale/retail (2.9%) Other product retail At small and medium facilities that submitted the 100 (under 0.1%) Department store Carbon Reduction Report, CO2 emissions decreased (1.2%) 50 Office building (59.0%)

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. by 13% from FY2010 to FY2014 as a result of energy Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 0 efficiency promotion initiatives to support facilities’ 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 (FY) voluntary efforts.

▼ Transition of total CO2 emissions from facilities under Tokyo ▼ Transition of CO2 emissions from facilities submitting Cap-and-Trade Program Carbon Reduction Reports 14 (Million tonnes) (Million tonnes) 13.3% reduction below FY2010 levels Base-year 4.5 13 emissions 3.5% reduction below FY2013 levels 13% 12 4.357 4.0 22% 22% 23% 25% 11 3.925 3.915 3.832 3.779 10 3.5

9 13.63 11.82 10.60 10.64 10.53 10.27 3.0 8 0 7 FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014 Base year FY2010 FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014

In the industrial sector, final energy consumption in the manufacturing ▼ Transition of total floor area by industry in commercial sector industry has continued decreasing. The consumption in the industrial Office building Wholesale/retail Hotel Hospital sector as a whole has also decreased. Department store Restaurant School Others (1,000m2) 140,000 In the commercial sector as a whole, total floor area has increased 120,000 due to an increase in the number of office buildings. However, 100,000

final energy consumption has decreased since FY2007 mainly 80,000

because of the progress in energy efficiency measures at facilities. 60,000

40,000

Trends in residential sector 20,000

0 In the residential sector, TMG reaches out to individual homes 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 (FY)

by dispatching energy efficiency advisors and/or energy auditors ▼ Final energy consumption by household type in to each household in order to improve awareness of energy residential sector (PJ) efficiency and power saving and put voluntary energy efficiency 300

250 221 action in place. 217 212 192 202 200 172 II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG promotes more efficient and optimized energy use by 150 Multi-person households encouraging the introduction of energy creation equipment and 100 (69.0%)

50 Single-person energy management systems to homes. households (31.0%) 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 (FY) Final energy consumption in the residential sector has grown ▼ Transition of number of households in Tokyo

since FY1990 partly because of an increase in the number of (Thousands) households—single-person households in particular. 8,000 7,000

6,000 All households Trends in transport sector 5,000

4,000 Promoting the use of automobiles with low environmental Multi-person households 3,000 load and high efficiency, TMG has developed sustainable Single-person households 2,000

environmentally-oriented traffic initiatives, including the 1,000

0 control of traffic volumes and a shift to using vehicles with less (FY) environmental load, to realize a city where everyone can enjoy a 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 safe and comfortable transportation environment. ▼ Final energy consumption by transportation means in transport sector (PJ) TMG has encouraged the introduction of low-emission/ 300 257 fuel-efficient automobiles and promoted logistics efficiency 250 244 213 219 measures focusing on automobiles as they account for 200 172 Aircraft (0.3%) 161 Vessel (1.9%) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. approximately 80% of CO2 emissions in the transport sector. 150 Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Railroad (9.3%) We are also making efforts toward a greater use of bicycles in 100 Automobile (88.6%) addition to public transportation as means of transportation with 50

low environmental load. 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 (FY) Final energy consumption in the transport sector has ▼ Transition of traffic in Tokyo (Million traveller kilometers) been declining due to a decrease in traffic in Tokyo and 45,000 improvements in fuel efficiency. 40,000 35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000 Passenger vehicle 5,000 Cargo vehicle 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 (FY)

024 025 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Urban development measures

As to building construction and urban redevelopment, TMG ▼ Energy efficiency performance transition of non-residential buildings has promoted CO2 reduction measures that start at the development stage through the Green Building Program*20, Program on Effective Use of District Energy*21, Special Development Areas for Urban Renaissance*22, and Urban Good Redevelopment Systems*23.

TMG has also facilitated the smart use of energy in districts Energy reduction ratio [%] and improvements in disaster resilience by supporting the introduction of BEMSs*24 or high-efficiency CGSs and the use

of area energy networks in buildings and districts with a large • Aggregated data for office

ERR [%] application with total floor area more than 10,000 m2 demand for energy. • Figure in a circle indicate a fiscal year. • Circle size indicates average of total floor area in specific fiscal year. • Energy reduction ratio is based on the former CEC standards. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Perimeter annual load reduction ratio [%] Insulation performance Good

Efforts made at TMG-owned facilities Taking the initiative for action at its facilities, TMG has promoted ▼ GHG emissions from Governor’s Bureaus etc.

aggressive measures since March 2012 when TMG’s Action Plan (Thousand t-CO2) 800 for Greenhouse Gas Reduction was formulated. 750

700 -19.9% Greenhouse gas emissions from the Governor’s Bureaus etc. 650

decreased by 19.9% in FY2014 compared to FY2000 levels, 600

which was very close to achieving the target of a reduction of 550 20% in FY2014 from FY2000. 500 0 (FY) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

Tokyo in the Future The promotion of energy efficiency and management has resulted in more efficient and optimized energy use, realizing a sustainable city with both energy consumption reduction and economic growth valued. ■ In the industrial and commercial sectors, regardless of businesses’ scale, equipment is operated efficiently and has become more efficient; and action is taken to select low-carbon energy. ■ In the residential sector, energy efficiency action has taken root in households; to ensure energy saving, there is a widespread use of high-efficiency air conditioners and boilers, energy creation/management equipment, and residential buildings with a high level of environmental performance. ■ In the transport sector, the use of next-generation vehicles is widespread, including fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs), electric vehicles (EVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHVs); carbon footprint has been further reduced; traffic congestion is mitigated; and environmental load of local traffic has become smaller. ■ For buildings, there are many new and existing green buildings with high-level environmental performance; and efforts are well underway to spread ZEBs*25. ■ The introduction of distributed power sources, such as CGSs, and the use of area energy networks are II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. promoted; the efficient use of energy, including heat, is realized; and resilience against disasters and power failure is improved.

Targets ◆ Reduce Tokyo’s greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2000 levels by 2030. • Approximately 20% reduction in the industrial and commercial sectors (approximately 20% reduction in the commercial sector) • Approximately 20% reduction in the residential sector • Approximately 60% reduction in the transport sector

◆ Reduce Tokyo’s energy consumption by 38% below 2000 levels by 2030. • Approximately 30% reduction in the industrial and commercial sectors (approximately 20% reduction in the commercial sector) • Approximately 30% reduction in the residential sector

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. • Approximately 60% reduction in the transport sector Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

◆ Increase an adoption rate of next-generation vehicles in passenger vehicles to 80% or more and that in cargo vehicles to 10% or more in Tokyo by 2030. In this context, next-generation vehicles include FCV, EV, PHV, and HV.

◆ Increase the installation of commercial cogeneration systems in Tokyo: • To 600 MW by 2024. • To 700 MW by 2030.

◆ Decrease alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons*26 (hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)) emissions in Tokyo: • To FY2014 levels or below by FY2020. • By 35% below FY2014 levels by FY2030.

026 027 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Description of GHG reduction targets and energy efficiency targets

◆ GHG reduction target levels required on a long-term basis • The Fifth Assessment Report issued in October 2014 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says, “to keep temperature rise this century below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels, it is necessary to reduce GHG emissions by 2050 globally by 40% to 70% compared to 2010.” • The Leaders Declaration adopted at the Elmau Summit held in June 2015 includes this phrase: reducing global GHG emissions by 40% to 70%, preferably close to 70%, by 2050 compared to 2010. • It is also necessary for Tokyo to aim for reductions by more than 40% to 70% by 2050 compared to 2010.

◆ Description of new targets set by TMG ▼ Image of GHG reduction in Tokyo

• For greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction targets GHG emissions (million tonnes) for 2030 have been set as an intermediate step to

encourage efforts by citizens and businesses based on Reduction rate Aiming for reductions greater -30% the above long-term target levels. than IPCC reports (Relative to 2000)

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. • For energy consumption, the energy efficiency targets Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Results Estimates have been set at a level necessary for achieving the

greenhouse gas reduction targets. Target year

◆ Sectoral targets: Indicating efforts necessary for each sector to achieve the overall targets • First, changes in sectoral energy consumption were estimated by considering economic activities and fluctuations in population without assuming new measures (BAU). • Second, reductions in energy consumption (effects of energy efficiency measures, extensive use of renewable and hydrogen energy) necessary for achieving the greenhouse gas reduction targets were accumulated for each sector.

• The energy consumption calculated for 2030 was converted to CO2 emissions and all greenhouse gas emissions were accumulated, taking into account the effects of fluorocarbon countermeasures and others.

▼ GHG emissions estimates Unit: Million-tonne CO2eq 2000 2013 2030 Sectoral target Comparison to (preliminary) (estimate) (compared to 2000) 2013 (reference)

Energy-related CO2 57.7 63.8 38.8 -39% Industrial & commercial sectors 25.7 31.3 20.1 Approx. 20% reduction -36% Industrial sector 6.8 5.1 4.2 -18% Commercial sector 18.9 26.2 16.0 (Approx. 20% reduction) -39% Residential sector 14.3 20.8 11.1 Approx. 20% reduction -47%

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Transport sector 17.6 11.7 7.6 Approx. 60% reduction -35% Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Other gases 4.4 6.3 4.9 -22% Total GHG emissions 62.1 70.1 43.7 -38%

Note 1: As a CO2 emission factor for electricity in 2030, a voluntary target of 0.37 kg-CO2/kWh in the electricity industry was used, which is based on the Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook announced in July 2015 by the national government. (The average CO2 emission factor across all power sources in Tokyo: 0.328 kg-CO2/kWh in 2000, 0.521 kg-CO2/kWh in 2013). Note 2: Other gases include non-energy-related CO2, methane (CH4), dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), and four types of gases including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3).

▼ Energy consumption estimates Unit: PJ (=1015J) 2000 2013 2030 Sectoral target Comparison to (preliminary) (estimate) (compared to 2000) 2013 (reference) Industrial & commercial sectors 342 294 246 Approx. 30% reduction -17% Industrial sector 97 58 57 -2.1% Commercial sector 245 237 189 (Approx. 20% reduction) -20% Residential sector 202 209 144 Approx. 30% reduction -31% Transport sector 257 157 105 Approx. 60% reduction -33% Total energy consumption 801 660 495 -25%

Policy Directions (1) Measures at large and small-to-medium facilities (for industrial & commercial sectors)

In the industrial and commercial sectors, TMG has obtained remarkable results with its efforts ahead of the national government and other municipalities. TMG will continue vigorously promoting energy efficiency by maintaining economic growth while encouraging businesses’ voluntary and aggressive efforts. Steady operation of Tokyo Cap-and-Trade ▼ Overview of Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program

Program for large facilities Covered Facilities with annual consumption of fuels, facilities heat, and electricity that is 1,500 kL or more Starting in FY2010, the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program for in crude oil equivalent CO2 emitted by the use of fuels, heat, and large facilities has been highly effective and is now in its second Covered gas electricity 1st compliance period: compliance period, from FY2015 to FY2019. TMG has made FY2010 to FY2014 Compliance 2nd compliance period: several modifications, such as the addition of a mechanism to periods FY2015 to FY2019 Followed by five-fiscal-year periods give incentive to the selection of low-carbon electricity, and will

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Reduction Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. obligation rate 1st compliance period: 6% or 8% continue operating the program by promoting improvements (from base-year 2nd compliance period: 15% or 17% to make it more effective for the next compliance period. emissions) Methods for (1) Upgrade to high-efficiency equipment compliance or taking operational measures, etc. Operation of the Carbon Reduction (2) Emissions trading Reporting Program for small and medium facilities ▼ Image of Carbon Reduction Reporting Program

TMG will continue improving the publicity of the Carbon ■ Reception desk/help desk (Tokyo Metropolitan Center T for Climate Change Actions) Reduction Reporting Program through public relations in M ■ Disclosure G cooperation with industry, promoting its effective operation to ■ Guidance, advice, and recommendations Feedback motivate businesses for more efforts by disclosing facilities with Submission • Monitoring of CO2 • Providing information, emissions including benchmarks remarkable achievements. • Implementing energy • Providing support programs, efficiency measures including energy audits Support of efforts by small and Small and medium facilities medium facilities ■ Reporting previous fiscal year’s performance It is important to create an environment that encourages Facility B Facility A further greenhouse gas reduction by small and medium XXX Corporation Carbon facilities etc. with challenges in human resources and funds. Reduction Report Facility C TMG will continue providing information and expertise through Reports assembled at head office III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. energy audits, Low Carbon Benchmarks*27, etc., promoting Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. support and subsidization giving priority to measures with ▼ Low Carbon Benchmark promising achievements. Example: Medium leased building for offices

2 Benchmark range Range of CO2 emissions intensity (kg-CO2/m ) Percentage A4 Less than 32.9 6% A3+ ~ A3- 32.9 to 41.8 10% A2+ ~ A2- 41.8 to 50.8 17% A1+ ~ A1- 50.8 to 59.7 23% B2+ ~ B2- 59.7 to 68.7 19% B1 68.7 to 89.6 16% C More than 89.6 9% 2 Average intensity 59.7 kg- CO2/m 100%

028 029 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Expansion of environmental performance evaluation At small to medium sized leased buildings, owners are less ▼ Image of green lease motivated for energy efficiency as it is the tenants who typically • Energy efficiency retrofit benefit from the effects of energy efficiency, for example by • Organizing energy efficiency action having reduced energy bills. Building owner TMG provides the Carbon Report*28 that “visualizes” energy Green lease contract efficiency levels at small to medium sized leased buildings and

will aggressively encourage the real estate market and relevant Tennant Tennant stakeholders to make the most use of the report. • Paying part of retrofit costs TMG will also promote the spread of a green lease*29 that • Cooperating in operational aspects enables building owners and tenants to cooperate in energy efficiency actions and retrofits. By means of these efforts, we will promote the creation of a mechanism for low-carbon buildings to be positively evaluated in the real estate market. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

(2) Measures for residential sector

In the residential sector, TMG will encourage energy efficiency action matching household characteristics and vigorously promote measures for tangible and intangible aspects by spurring the introduction of energy management, shift to high-efficiency energy saving equipment, and improvements in thermal insulation of residential buildings. Promotion of energy efficiency and power ▼ Energy-Saving Advisory Program for Households

Management Application saving action organization Energy efficiency advisor Home ● Formulate energy efficiency advice business plan To promote energy efficiency action at home, it is important ● Accept applications for energy efficiency advice Energy efficiency ● Municipality/ Dispatch energy efficiency advisors advice neighborhood association to provide practical knowledge suitable for household ● Report activity results to TMG

characteristics. TMG will use its benchmark for homes to Use tools Apply for Notify Participate from TMG certification certification in training enhance energy efficiency advice and promote initiatives that TMG help practice at home by facilitating the activities of energy ● Operate and publicize program ● Recruit and certify management organizations ● Train and register energy efficiency advisors efficiency advisors in cooperation with municipalities. ● Provide energy efficiency advice tools Promotion of energy creation and

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. management Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Energy management systems, such as HEMS*30 and MEMS*31, ▼ Smart house (image) which visualize electricity usage and optimize the control of supply Solar power generation and demand, become more effective in combination with energy

creation/storage equipment. TMG will promote the introduction Control Control Super insulation AC Light of energy management while encouraging the installation of solar tablet Operation Electricity panels, household fuel cells and storage batteries. Fuel HEMS cell Control Electricity TV Vehicle to home Storage battery Source: Long-Term Vision for Tokyo

Improvements in energy efficiency performance of residential buildings

Improvements in thermal insulation and airtightness of ▼ High-level residential buildings (image) residential buildings are indispensable to reduce energy

Solar power generation consumption in the residential sector. For existing residential Summer buildings, it is important to improve energy efficiency Sun shield Winter High-efficiency High-efficiency performance through the subsidization of energy efficiency lighting (LED etc.) air conditioning Energy-efficiency Cool ventilation Planting breeze Highly thermal HEMS renovation and other means as energy efficiency performance insulated window Emission of existing residential buildings can be significantly improved Heat with building insulation materials upon renovation. For Highly thermal insulated shell High-efficiency Storage new single family homes, TMG will provide information hot water supply battery system Passive Active on residential buildings with high-level energy efficiency Source: Material from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, performance to raise awareness and spread of such buildings in Transport and Tourism the market, looking ahead to mandatory compliance with the energy efficiency standards in the future. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. (3) Measures for transport sector

It is necessary to continue reducing CO2 in the transport sector as it accounts for approximately 20% of CO2 emissions across Tokyo. TMG will encourage the broader spread of automobiles with high environmental performance, including next-generation vehicles, and is committed to the promotion of the efficient use of automobiles, eco-driving, and other efforts. Measures for automobile environmental performance

To facilitate a shift to automobiles with high environmental ▼ UD taxi (image) performance, TMG will continue the operation of the Low- Emission and Fuel- Efficient Vehicle Designation Program, mandatory introduction of specified low-emission and fuel- efficient vehicles*32 by businesses with many automobiles, and subsidy and loan facilitation systems for small and medium businesses. For electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the use of which is destined to increase along with fuel-cell vehicles, additional charging infrastructures must be installed and TMG will consider Source: Website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. effective measures for their dissemination, including the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. promotion of their installation in multi-family residential buildings. ▼ Overview of subsidy for UD taxis with high environmental performance Toward the Tokyo 2020 Games and other occasions, TMG Applicable Taxi operators will encourage the effective use of next-generation vehicles, businesses including the broader spread of universally designed (UD) taxis Hybrid vehicles (HVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles Applicable (PHVs), and electric vehicles (EVs) with a with high environmental performance, easily accessible to all vehicles slope or lift for wheelchairs that was installed users. And in broafterms we will also examine the promotion at the first registration of the use of buses and taxis with high environmental Subsidy JPY 600,000/vehicle (can be combined with a limit national government subsidy of JPY 600,000) performance by improving awareness of users. Period Five years, from FY2016 to FY2020 Promotion of Vehicle Emission Reduction Program*33 The Vehicle Emission Reduction Program has been in the

030 031 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

third compliance period since FY2011. As a result of setting ▼ Overview of Vehicle Emission Reduction Program

a voluntary CO2 reduction target and making efforts in the Covered Businesses with facilities in Tokyo that use 30 businesses or more vehicles reduction, covered businesses reduced CO2 emissions in Compliance Five years, from FY2016 to FY2020 (fourth FY2013 by 14.4% compared to base-year emissions. In the period compliance period) Submission of Vehicle Emission Reduction fourth compliance period starting in FY2016, TMG encourages Obligations Plan and annual performance report further reductions by introducing a mechanism to aggressively • Setting of reduction targets for GHG and exhaust gas from vehicles Main evaluate businesses’ endeavor. • Efforts to introduce specified low-emission contents of vehicles and fuel-efficient vehicles the Plan • Efforts for eco-driving Operation of Freight Company Fuel • Efforts to use vehicles more intelligently efficiency Assessment Program Based on the Freight Company Fuel efficiency Assessment ▼ Sticker of Freight Company Fuel efficiency Assessment Program Program introduced in 2012, TMG evaluates CO2 reduction efforts by freight companies such as eco-driving, in a quantitative manner. TMG will encourage freight companies to make further efforts through the program and ensure

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. those who have been acclaimed for their promotion of green Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. contracts*34 etc. will be prioritized by shippers. Promotion of eco-driving

Eco-driving instantly helps reduce CO2 emissions and can be immediately carried out by anyone by simply avoiding sudden starts or deceleration or unnecessary idling. TMG will continue raising driver awareness of eco-driving by holding lecture classes etc. in cooperation with the nine local governments coalition in the Kanto district.

(4) Promotion of district environment traffic initiatives

Traffic congestion has a serious influence on urban functions and environment. Chronic traffic congestion in Tokyo has not been resolved yet although a trend toward improvement can be seen. Efforts to resolve traffic congestion, such as the formation of road networks, control of vehicle use, and encouraging a shift from automobile-

dependent lifestyles or business activities, not only contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions from automobiles but also act as a key to realizing a comfortable and convenient urban environment with smooth traffic flow. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Maintenance of traffic networks ▼ Articulated bus To solve traffic congestion in Tokyo, TMG will continue forming road networks through the maintenance projects for the Three Loop Roads of the National Capital Region, major arterial roads, etc., the conversion to grade-separated railway crossings, and improvements in bridges. TMG will make public transportation more convenient by improving transshipment at traffic nodes and introducing BRT*35 between downtown Tokyo and the waterfront district and promote the use of transportation with less environmental load by means of the

aggressive introduction of fuel-cell buses. Source: Long-Term Vision for Tokyo

Promotion of use of bicycles Since bicycles are a familiar and environmentally-friendly form ▼ Image of expanded bicycle sharing

Image of expansion experiments from February 2016 onwards Tokyo Teleport Station of transportation, it is necessary to enhance the safety, comfort, on Rinkai Line

Chiyoda and convenience of bicycle users to encourage more extensive Chuo use of bicycles.

Taking maintenance approaches suitable for district road Minato conditions, TMG has constructed cycleways along Tokyo Koto metropolitan roads and developed recommended bicycle • Over 100 stations • More than 1,000 bicycles routes connecting bicycle-friendly zones in national, metropolitan, and municipality roads. TMG will examine the ▼ Environment-conscious traffic action expansion of these schemes across Tokyo in cooperation with For bicycle sharing and more use of public transportation municipalities to enhance the network of bicycle-friendly zones. For bicycle sharing*36, TMG supports the broad, mutual use Let’s share bikes and ride the train!

of bicycles beyond ward borders promoted by four wards in •Daily commuting •Business downtown Tokyo (Koto, Chiyoda, Minato, and Chuo) and will •Sightseeing in Tokyo •Shopping and many more II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. consider promotion policies for other municipalities, such as the Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. spread of the scheme according to their characteristics. Promotion of efficient logistics measures

TMG has encouraged efforts in efficient logistics, including joint ▼ Efficient logistics (image) delivery, in order to control the traffic of commercial vehicles in Image of efficient district logistics built-up areas. Bldg. A In addition to these efforts, TMG will encourage urban Offices development into which efficient logistics is built through Bldg. B

advice to private businesses to introduce safe and highly- Bldg. C

efficient district logistics systems (centralized collection and Commercial facility delivery etc.) into the development, for example.

We will also make efforts to improve transportation efficiency Centralized collection and Logistics management *37 delivery center (sorting, Consolidated and control energy consumption by expanding a modal shift collection, and delivery) centered around barges*38 for containerized transportation that enables mass cargo transit.

(5) Low-carbon footprint in urban development III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Active urban redevelopment is underway centered around downtown Tokyo with its huge energy demand. For buildings, including offices and condominiums, and large-scale redevelopment projects, it is pressingly important to encourage energy efficiency measures and the introduction of renewable energy and distributed power sources in the planning stage.

032 033 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Promotion of environmental consciousness ▼ Green Labelling for Condominiums for buildings Green Labeling for Condominiums Building insulation

It is essential to improve energy performance of buildings at the Equipment energy efficiency

Solar power generation/ time of their construction or renovation as they are used for a heating Longer building life expectancy long period of time once constructed. Greenery TMG will encourage building owners’ environmental conscious This label complies with the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Security Ordinance. FY2014 Standards efforts by improving the Green Building Program focusing on Item Description energy performance evaluation and introducing a mechanism Evaluates building energy efficiency achieved Building through improvements in the insulation of to help start aggressive, environmental conscious steps in the insulation exterior walls, roofs and windows. design stage. Evaluates energy efficiency of existing Equipment equipment for hot water supply, floor heating energy To facilitate the effective use of environmental indicators of and air conditioning that consumes a large efficiency buildings in the real estate market, TMG will develop initiatives that amount of energy. Solar power engage market participants, such as enhanced labelling programs. generation/ Evaluates the sizes of the relevant equipment. heating Longer Evaluates the ease of piping maintenance and building life countermeasures for building degradation. expectancy II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Evaluates quality and quantity of greenery in Greenery the premises. Promotion of energy management integrated with urban development

Stimulated by the vulnerability of the power supply system ▼ Image of district energy management revealed after the Great East Japan Earthquake, TMG is BEMS encouraging the introduction of CGSs to improve energy BEMS efficiency and disaster resilience. BEMS For the broader spread of CGSs and improved energy BEMS efficiency, it will be important to encourage the use of CGSs at Data communication Heat supply/interchangingPower supply block and district levels, including the sharing of them between District EMS BEMS multiple buildings. TMG will promote the more efficient CGS District heating and cooling use of energy based on the incentive approaches in urban Using waste heat development. Use of Program on Effective Use of District Energy The Program on Effective Use of District Energy requires ▼ Effective use of district energy

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. developers to take steps for the effective use of energy at the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Renewable energy District energy • Solar power generation system supply plant Heat consumer early stage of making large-scale development plans. The • Solar heating system (district heating/cooling) High-efficiency equipment program also requires energy suppliers to submit an annual • High-efficiency chiller Cold water Hot water Supply

report on the actual performance of district energy supply in Steam

Unexploited energy • High-efficiency heat pump areas for district heating and cooling, promoting improvements • Exhaust heat from incineration plants • Temperature difference of river water in energy efficiency. • High-efficiency CGS TMG encourages the introduction of unexploited energy on the occasion of consultation on or submission of the plan, improve the system by revising guidelines and manuals, and promote a Important ● Promote effective use of energy at large-scale development more effective use of the program. (1) Set energy efficiency performance targets for new buildings (2) Consider introduction of unexploited/renewable energy (3) Consider introduction of district heating/cooling ● Improve energy efficiency by evaluating district heating/cooling and specifying relevant areas

Promotion of measures at the Tokyo 2020 ▼ Image of facilities for Games as of October 2015 Games The Tokyo 2020 Games are a great opportunity for us to show and realize a model of a sustainable, low-carbon city toward what we are aiming for: making Tokyo a world-leading, environment-conscious city. To that end, TMG will aggressively introduce energy efficiency/renewable energy technologies into facilities for the Games for more efficient or optimized energy use. To realize environment conscious and sustainable Games

where CO2 emissions are managed and controlled at various stages, from arena construction to waste treatment, TMG promotes pioneering efforts by cooperating with the national government and Organising Committee and engaging citizens and businesses throughout the city. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. (6) Taking the initiative at TMG’s facilities

When considered as a business, TMG is a large-scale consumer of a vast amount of energy and needs to take the initiative in energy efficiency measures. Aiming for smarter energy at TMG itself, the TMG’s Smart Energy Action Plan formulated in March 2016 enhanced an existing target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the Governor’s Bureaus etc. by 25% by FY2019 compared to FY2000, and set new targets to reduce energy consumption by 25% by FY2019 compared to FY2000 and introduce 4,200 kW of renewable energy (solar power generation) by FY2019. To achieve these targets, TMG will promote highly-motivated efforts, such as tightening operational measures for lighting and air conditioning, encouraging the conversion to LED and introduction of high-efficiency, energy saving equipment, and expanding the introduction of renewable energy. For renovation of TMG’s facilities, the ▼ Tokyo Energy Savings & Renewable Energy Specifications (image)

Tokyo Energy Savings & Renewable High-efficiency heat Solar power generation equipment source equipment Energy Specifications*39 will be applied Planted roof

to make buildings more energy efficient Roof insulation High-efficiency air-conditioning and encourage the use of renewable Natural lighting High-efficiency fan

energy. We will also consider an early External wall insulation

implementation of ZEB at specific facilities. Natural ventilation III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. TMG will also promote energy efficiency Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. LED lighting based on the 10-Year Plan for Tokyo Waterworks Energy Efficiency for the Sun shield water supply business and the Smart

Double glass Building energy management system (BEMS) Plan 2014, a strategic energy plan for the Central controller

Cooling/heating sewerage business. trench

For traffic lights, lighting and other Use of rainwater Geothermal Cogeneration heat pump equipment along roads and in parks under control of TMG, energy efficiency measures will be promoted by adopting more LEDs and other means.

034 035 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

(7) Other GHG countermeasures (promotion of fluorocarbon countermeasures)

In terms of the prevention of ozone depletion, the production or import of specified fluorocarbons*40 (CFCs/HCFCs) has been restrained to ensure a shift to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). However, HFCs have the greenhouse effect of several hundred to ten thousand times that of CO2 and emissions are expected to rapidly increase. It therefore is important to prevent leakage from equipment, perform proper recovery and treatment, promote the replacement with non-fluorocarbon equipment, and control fluorocarbon emission into the air according to the Act on Rational Use and Proper Management of Fluorocarbons put in force in April 2015. TMG will strive to further ensure the proper control of equipment by users and the recovery from disposal of equipment or demolition of buildings while promoting enhanced measures specific to TMG, such as distributing manuals to users and helping small and medium businesses introduce non-fluorocarbon equipment. ▼ Efforts for proper control ▼ Subsidizing introduction of energy-efficient non-fluorocarbon showcase

Checking and record keeping Fluorocarbon Label Qualified person Showcases compatible with It checks out! Energy-efficient non-fluorocarbon non-fluorocarbon equipment chillers/refrigerators (Non-fluorocarbon)S Influence on global warming II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Distribution of manuals Proper recovery of fluorocarbon upon disposal

No leakage

* Bureau of Environment carries out on-site inspection. (8) Promotion of adaptation measures to climate change

There has been a growing necessity throughout the world to take adaptation measures for the actual impact associated with climate change and impact unavoidable in the medium to long term as the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report forecasts that the global average temperature will rise whatever scenario greenhouse gas emissions may follow in the future and the risk of the impact of climate change will become higher toward the end of the 21st century. Tokyo has also seen phenomena likely attributable to climate change that include an increase in the number of extremely hot days and tropical nights*41, more frequent torrential rains over 50 ml/hour, and occurrence of mosquito-borne infections, such as dengue fever. In response to the impact, the national government formulated the first adaptation plan in November 2015 to organize basic concepts and direction for adaptation measures to be taken in the future. TMG has promoted measures taking into consideration the impact of climate change, including those for heavy rains and heatstroke and will develop these measures in a more systematic manner than ever to adapt to the impact on natural

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. disasters, natural ecosystem, and human health in the medium to long term, in light of the latest knowledge and Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. the move of the national government. ▼ Positioning of mitigation and adaptation ▼ National Plan for Adaptation to the Impacts of Climate Change measures to climate change (outline)

Climate change Basic concept (Part 1) (global warming) ■ Vision of society By promoting adaptation measures to climate change impacts, to build a secure, safe and sustainable society that is able to minimizing and avoiding damage for life of citizens, properties, economics, and natural environment due to its impacts, and to be resilient against damage. Control ■ Basic strategy ■ Period human-induced rise of Reduce the impact GHG concentration (1) Mainstreaming adaptation into government policy Considered with long-term perspective till the that is inevitable even (2) Enhancement of scientific findings end of 21st century, showing the basic direction with maximum Impact (3) Promotion of understanding and cooperation in about coming 10 years. possible mitigation through sharing and providing information about ■ Basic approach measures taken climate-related risks To make a decision under uncertainty and in (4) Promotion of adaptation in region light of changes in social environment, perform (5) Promotion of international cooperation and a repeated cycle of risk management. Adaptation measures contribution Mitigation measures Preparation for negative impact and use of new climatic conditions Reduction and absorption of GHG emissions Examples: Examples: ◆ Drought management Sectoral measures (Part 2) Basic international measures (Part 3) ◆ Energy efficiency measures ◆ Flood control/flood risk management ■ Agriculture, forests/forestry, fisheries ■ Human health ■ Observation and monitoring, research and studies ◆ Broader spread of renewable energy ◆ Prevention of heatstroke and countermeasures to infectious diseases ■ Water environment/water resources ■ Industrial/economic activity ■ Sharing and providing information related to climate risk ◆ Measures for CO2 sinks ◆ Countermeasures to high-temperature injury ■ Natural ecosystems ■ Life of citizenry and urban life ■ Promotion of adaptation in region ◆ CO2 capture and storage to crops ◆ Ecosystem conservation ■ Natural disasters/coastal areas ■ International measures

Source: Climate Change and Its Impacts in Japan 2013 from the Ministry Source: Material from the Ministry of the Environment of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology etc.

Primary initiatives combined with viewpoints of adaptation measures Fields featured in the Master Plan Initiative directions (2) Restoration of water cycle and Promotion of disaster countermeasures, improvements in waterfront including improved safety of rivers etc. (P. 94) environment in Tokyo II-4. Ensuring a 3. Encouragement of efforts by municipalities comfortable air Improvements and private businesses (P. 95) environment and in water/thermal Enhanced cooperation with the Organising (3) Promotion of measures for the quality soil and environment Committee and relevant ministries and agencies heat in town water cycle for holding the Tokyo 2020 Games (P. 95) Implementation of countermeasures to infectious diseases (P. 95)

Topic Using Benchmarks to Compare Energy Consumption

TMG has prepared home

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. energy efficiency evaluation See how you compare! Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. indicators (benchmarks) for the Energy efficient homes indicates the average consumption at comparison of energy homes consuming less than half the average of homes in Tokyo. consumption between homes by household type. Average homes indicates the average consumption at homes You will be able to save more consuming ±25% of the average of homes in Tokyo. energy by knowing your own energy efficiency levels. (Unit: kWh/month) Single family residence Multi-family residence

Electricity May August January May August January (Mild (Cooling (Heating (Mild (Cooling (Heating season) season) season) season) season) season) Energy efficient 76 95 105 58 88 80 1-person homes households Check out your energy bill! Average homes 192 240 297 153 215 232 Energy efficient 2-person 115 132 177 83 150 141 (E.g.: Tokyo Electric Power) homes Electricity households Average homes 269 352 461 214 322 336 Energy efficient 129 166 206 90 131 133 3-person homes households Used amount Average homes 314 430 530 261 369 402 Energy efficient Amount due (preliminary) 4- or 118 187 226 123 114 159 Sample more- person homes households Average homes 343 479 608 267 387 378 Amount used in the same month last year and Rate of Change III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. (Unit: m3/month) Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Single family residence Multi-family residence

Gas May August January May August January (Mild (Cooling (Heating (Mild (Cooling (Heating Gas (E.g.: Tokyo Gas) season) season) season) season) season) season) Energy efficient 7 3 15 6 2 11 1-person homes Used amount Amount due (preliminary) households Average homes 19 9 40 14 7 28 Energy efficient 12 6 27 10 6 20 2-person homes households Sample Average homes 34 17 74 26 14 52 Energy efficient 12 6 22 13 7 24 3-person homes Amount used in households the same month last year Average homes 34 18 61 36 19 69 Energy efficient 4- or 19 9 38 12 10 26 more- person homes households Average homes 55 27 99 39 29 64

036 037 1. Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Topic Watch Thermal Insulation Performance of Houses

Cool in summer and warm in winter with less energy Energy consumption at your home can be significantly reduced by making your house highly thermally insulated as well as with energy efficient action and equipment. It is the window that lets most of heat in and out of the room. You can reduce energy needed for air conditioning by using highly thermal insulating materials, such as double glass and a resin sash, for windows.

Percentage of heat passing through while cooling in summer and heating in winter

Summer Roof 11% Winter Roof 5%

Ventilation 6% Ventilation 15% Window (opening) 73% Exterior wall 7% Window (opening) 58% Exterior wall 15%

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Floor 3% Floor 7% Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Source: Guidebook for Energy Efficiency Renovation of Residential Buildings from the Bureau of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government; Japan Construction Material & Housing Equipment Industries Federation

Number of victims of cardiopulmonary arrest Highly thermal insulated house protects your Cases during bathing across 635 firefighting head family’s health offices in 47 prefectures of Japan in 2011

number of victims of sudden death while bathing is Increase approximately 17,000 a year, well over the number in winter of traffic fatalities. It indicates that this may in part be attributable to the heat shock*42 which occurs, for example, when coming from a cold room to a hot bath, suggesting Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec that thermal insulation retrofitting would be effective as Source: “Prevent Heat Shock through Temperature Control when Bathing” from one of the preventive measures for these accidents. the Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology

Moving to highly thermal insulated houses decreases the number of patients seeking treatment Other research results show the potential 30 positive influence of thermal insulation retrofits on our health. We need to improve Allergic rhinitis (27%) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. the thermal insulation performance of our Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Allergic conjunctivitis (33%) houses for not only energy efficiency but Prevalence (%) 20 Hypertensive diseases (33%) also healthy living. Atopic dermatitis (59%)

Asthma bronchiale (70%)

Arthritis (68%) 10 Pneumonia (62%) Diabetes (71%)

Heart disease (81%)

Cerebrovascular disease (84%) Source: Evaluation of Investment in Residential Thermal Insulation Considering Non-Energy Benefits (NEB) Delivered by Health by Toshiharu Ikaga, Rika Eguchi, Shuzo Murakami, 0 Atsushi Iwamae, Tanji Hoshi, et al., papers on the Before move After move Percentages indicate the rates of improvement. environment Vol. 76 No. 666, 2011.8, Architectural Institute of Japan

036 037 2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy

Efforts and Challenges

In 2014, power generated by renewable energy accounted for ▼ Transition of solar power generator installation in Tokyo approximately 8.7% of the total electricity use in Tokyo. (Thousand kW) As for the introduction of renewable energy in Tokyo, that of solar power generation has been amplified (results in FY2014 Eight-fold increase were approximately 8 times those in FY2008) through the subsidy system by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), information made available through the Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register, and the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) system started by the II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. national government in 2012.

On the other hand, the introduction of renewable energy apart ▼ Capacity of renewable energy power generators from solar power, such as wind power, biomass, and small-to- in Tokyo in 2014 medium hydropower, has remained flat. (Thousand kW)

The use of heat from renewable energy sources, including solar and ground source heat*43, has a great significance in terms of a decline in electricity demand but has not spread well because of low recognition and other reasons.

In spite of having backed up the introduction of renewable

Solar energy, FIT has several challenges, including a balance between Wind Waste Biomass the public burden and the scheme as well as restricted system Geothermal heat connections, and its revision is currently under examination by Small-to-medium hydro the national government.

To improve the sustainability of Tokyo given that it is such a huge consumer of electricity and energy, renewable energy should be introduced on a much broader basis. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Therefore, it is necessary to examine measures to expand the introduction of renewable energy inside and outside Tokyo and promote efforts in both supply and demand, including those to reduce power consumption on the demand side.

038 039 2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future The introduction of renewable energy has been expanded to the degree that it is effectively used as one of the primary energy sources that support urban activity. ■ Citizens and businesses aggressively select renewable energy and effectively use it to cause the expanded introduction of renewable energy by the supply side. ■ The introduction of renewable energy is promoted taking advantage of Tokyo’s characteristics as proven by the use of ground source heat, urban biomass*44, and space above buildings. ■ The introduction of heat from renewable energy sources, including solar and ground source heat, is facilitated leading to the reduced consumption of electricity and fossil fuels for making the heat available. ■ In the Tama area and islands, renewable energy matching their characteristics has spread, which includes woody biomass, wind power, hydropower, and geothermal heat. ■ The introduction of renewable energy is promoted outside Tokyo as well through investment by TMG, contributing to meeting electricity demand in Tokyo and leading to vitalization of the economy of other areas outside of Tokyo. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Targets ◆ Increase the percentage of power generated by renewable energy in the total electricity use in Tokyo to: • Approximately 20% by 2024. • Approximately 30% by 2030. ◆ Increase the installation of solar power generators in Tokyo to: • 1 million kW by 2024. • 1.3 million kW by 2030. ◆ Increase the installation of solar power generators to TMG’s facilities to 22,000 kW by 2020. ◆ Raise public awareness about the effectiveness of heat energy, such as ground source heat, to promote its introduction in Tokyo.

Description of renewable energy targets

◆ Description of target setting • To encourage efforts by citizens and businesses, the medium-term targets have been set looking ahead to the Tokyo 2020 Games.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. • In light of the responsibility of Tokyo as a huge consumer of electricity, the targets have been set at higher Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. levels than those of the national government. Reference: The target of the national government in the Long-term Energy Supply and Demand Outlook is that renewable energy is to account for 22 to 24% of the power source mix in FY2030. ◆ Efforts for achieving targets • Develop diversified initiatives covering both supply and demand to achieve the targets.

Introduction of renewable energy power Introduction of renewable energy inside Tokyo (solar for residential buildings, Efforts on supply side power outside Tokyo (FIT) (Increase numerator) local production for local consumption) Extended supply through measures to help consumers use renewable energy power 30% Energy efficiency/power saving Efforts on demand side (Decrease denominator) Solar heat/ground source heat Energy management/cogeneration Reduced power consumption through use of heat and more intelligent use of electricity

Policy Directions (1) Further expansion of introduction in harmony with Tokyo’s characteristics

Tokyo is intensely built-up and has significant potential for setting up solar power generators but its high land prices make it difficult to install large generators. TMG will promote its efforts by taking into consideration the characteristics and potential of Tokyo with its high level of urban development. Promotion of the use of solar energy To expand the use of solar energy, TMG will deliver a variety of ▼ Example of solar carport information, including the effective use of the Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register, and raise awareness about solar energy in cooperation with municipalities and industry organizations. We will expand the introduction of solar energy in light of the characteristics of Tokyo, installing solar carports making use of the space above parking lots and “City Charge” solar charging stands. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG will also strive to spread solar heating as it provides a higher energy conversion efficiency than solar power generation. At its facilities, TMG will take the initiative for introducing solar energy based on the Tokyo Energy Savings & Renewable Energy Specifications, aiming for maximum dissemination. ▼ Ground source heat potential map (image)

Promotion of the use of urban renewable Under 1.1 1.1 – 1.15 1.15 – 1.2 energy 1.2 – 1.25 1.25 – 1.3 1.3 – 1.35 With its almost constant temperature throughout the year, 1.35 – 1.4 1.4 – 1.45 1.45 – 1.5 ground source heat can be used as a stable heat source Over 1.5 but has not yet spread well because of its higher initial cost. TMG will back up the spread by providing information on the introduction potential of ground source heat and subsidizing early stages of the introduction. Biomass contributes to building a sound material-cycle society by using waste and unexploited wood and is expected to

be introduced as energy source of local production for local ▼ Biogas power generation at Tokyo Super Eco Town consumption. To expand the use of this source, we will examine

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. challenges for the introduction of biomass, including the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. establishment of stable procurement routes and ensuring its profitability as business. At water supply and sewage facilities, TMG will focus on energy sources matching business characteristics, including small hydroelectric generation*45 and the use of sewage heat, expanding the use of renewable or unexploited energy.

040 041 2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

▼ Project for Expanding Introduction of Local- Expansion of introduction of local- Production-for-Local-Consumption Renewable production-for-local-consumption Energy

renewable energy TMG To spread the use of renewable energy, it is necessary, in Fund addition to relying on FIT, to expand self-consumption Public Service renewable energy that contributes to the reduction of the Corporation

power system load and improvements in regional disaster Subsidy prevention. TMG will support the introduction of local- Private production-for-local-consumption renewable energy, including businesses the use of heat, such as solar and ground source heat, and ● Renewable energy power generator promote the expanded spread of renewable energy taking into ● Renewable energy heating system consideration Tokyo’s characteristics.

Expansion of introduction in Tama area and ▼ Hachijo-Jima Geothermal Power Plant islands II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. The Tama area and islands with abundant nature have the Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. potential of a variety of sources of renewable energy, including woody biomass and geothermal heat. In particular, for the islands that have their own separate power systems, TMG will expand the introduction of renewable energy to make electricity available in the event of disasters. TMG will support efforts for the broader introduction of renewable energy in the Tama area and islands, as these areas have many challenges for the introduction of renewable energy, such as restricted connections to power systems and unstable procurement of resources.

(2) Expansion of introduction in broader areas through diversified approaches

As a massive electricity consumer, TMG depends on power sources in many other regions for much of its power supply. To make a contribution to the broader spread of renewable energy in Japan as well as in Tokyo, TMG will encourage the expanded introduction of the energy through efforts in both supply and demand.

▼ Public-Private Partnership Renewable Energy Fund

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Effective use of public-private partnership Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Power generation in Tokyo fund Power generation and Tohoku Electric Power in Tokyo Companies’ jurisdictions To increase the utilization rates of renewable energy in Tokyo, it is

also important to promote the introduction of mega solar or wind Borrowing Borrowing power generation outside Tokyo. Capital Capital TMG has invested in the Public-Private Partnership Renewable Loans Loans and and investments Return investments Return Energy Fund to promote the introduction of renewable energy Public-Private Partnership Renewable Energy Fund in Tokyo and spread it further into Tohoku and other regions. By Tokyo metropolitan area fund Wide area fund using the fund and other means, TMG will continue to encourage the broader spread of renewable energy.

Measures for energy suppliers ▼ Environmental Energy Reporting Program *46 Through the Environmental Energy Reporting Program , TMG ◆ Consumers: Can purchase electricity with better requires electricity suppliers for Tokyo to set voluntary targets environmental properties by referring to for and report the progress of reducing CO2 emission factors disclosed plans or reports from electric utilities. and introducing renewable energy. We will continue using the Improvements program to encourage the improvements in the environmental in environmental properties of properties of electricity while offering information by disclosing electricity the reports to enable consumers to select environment- ◆ Electric utilities: Should systematically improve conscious electricity. environmental properties of electricity by reducing CO2 emission factors or introducing renewable energy. Mechanisms for consumers to select electricity from renewable energy In Tokyo as a massive electricity consumer, efforts by ▼ Creation of demand consumers are indispensable to promote the increased supply Demand of renewable energy.

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG has already introduced a mechanism to encourage the Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Lower costs More investments selection of low-carbon electricity in conjunction with the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program and started the “visualization” of Expansion of the use of renewable energy through the Green Labelling for renewable energy use Condominiums. With a view to the full liberalization of retail sales of electricity, More production Technology development TMG will provide adequate information to consumers, including Supply the visualization of power from renewable energy, and raise consumers’ awareness and motivation toward the selection of renewable energy. We will also take the initiative in green purchasing of electricity at our facilities.

Topic Installation of Japan’s First “City Charge” Pictogram friendly to

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. foreign tourists Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. “City Charge” is a solar charging stand to easily charge smartphones etc. with power from solar panels. It was installed in Tokyo for the first time in October 2015 (installed at three locations as of the end of FY2015) while similar solar charging stands have been installed in New York and other cities overseas. Eco-friendly, making town a bit more convenient—We will make renewable energy spread more broadly through different approaches so that it will feel familiar to citizens and visitors. ▼ Unveiling ceremony at Tokyo Tower

042 043 2. Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Topic Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register

With the Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register (potential map), you can find at a glance how each individual building in Tokyo is suitable for solar power generation or solar heating. Be sure to check your building to consider the introduction of a solar power generation or heating system.

The Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register: • Allows you to determine your building’s suitability for solar power generation or solar heating on the spot. • Is easy-to-use and supports searching by address. • Analyzes suitability taking into consideration roof slope and influence of shade.

There are many buildings in Tokyo. With solar power generation or heating systems installed on the roofs of its buildings, Tokyo can create a large amount of energy as a whole even though each building area is small. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. You can select solar power generation or solar heating. You can select roadmap or satellite image.

Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register (potential map)

Solar power generation←→Solar heating Sunlight Exposure Factor: Suitability (estimated annual insolation) 2 Suitable Potential Suitable (1188 kWh/m per year) ON/OFF Click to check a building’s Conditionally suitable Potential: potential. Feasible system capacity (estimation) 415.1 kW Estimated annual power generation 377242 kWh/year Solar power generation system Equivalent of average household’s electricity demand 66.8 households

Estimated annual CO2 reductions 144.1 t-CO2/year Building Data: Building ID Eligible roof area 4150.9 m2 Note: The above data represents theoretical values based on a simulation and is not intended to guarantee effects obtained by actually introducing the systems. When you consider installing the systems, consult your system installer about the installation procedures and roof surfaces suitable for the installation. • The solar heating system can be installed on a smaller roof area than the solar power generation system. Be sure to check the potential for solar heating as well. You can check information on municipalities’ subsidies. Subsidy for New Energy Introduction in Shinjuku Shinjuku-ward supports the installation of solar power generation systems to different buildings. For private residences, the installation of solar water heating systems is also supported. Click here for more information. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

Check your house’s roof!

TMG’s official mascot character: Power of Roof Winner of FY2015 New Energy Award

Shown in the Tokyo Solar Energy Portal Site (http://www.tokyosolar.jp/)

042 043 3. Creating a Hydrogen-Based Society I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

3. Creating a Hydrogen-Based Society

Efforts and Challenges ▼ Significance of hydrogen-based society Hydrogen energy has a variety of significant effects: reducing environmental load, providing a diversified energy mix, a The use of hydrogen energy is expected to expand with its broad spillover effect on the economy and industries, and ability to respond to emergencies. range of benefits: excellent environmental performance emitting 1. Reduced 2. Diversified energy only water when used, diversified energy mix, a spillover effect on environmental load mix

the economy, and acting as an independent energy source during Hydrogen energy emits only Hydrogen energy can be water when used without produced from different emergencies. When the use of hydrogen derived from renewable emitting CO2 at all. resources, including water and woody biomass. energy, rather than depending on fossil fuels, is made practical in the future, hydrogen energy will be a definitive step towards a low- Realizing hydrogen- carbon society. based society 3. Enormous spillover effect on the Fuel-cell vehicles went on sale to the public for the first time in economy with a 4. Reliable responses broad range of to emergencies industries involved

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. the world in 2014 but their prices have remained higher than Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Japan’s advanced technologies In the event of disasters when are integrated into power supplies are obstructed, those of gasoline-fueled vehicles of a similar grade. hydrogen-related industries fuel-cell vehicles etc. can act as that are diversified enough to an emergency power source cause a profound spillover to supply energy. Hydrogen stations indispensable for the spread of fuel-cell effect on the economy. vehicles have been installed at eight locations in Tokyo as of the end of February 2016. Challenges for the dissemination of hydrogen stations include maintenance costs, profitability, ▼ Installation of hydrogen stations in Tokyo as of and regulations, such as their distance from the highway, which the end of February 2016

should be drastically eased. Locations Businesses Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ward Nimohyss For household fuel cells, which have spread ahead of fuel-cell Shiba-koen, Minato-ward Iwatani vehicles, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has striven Minami-rokugo, Ota-ward Nimohyss for further dissemination by establishing a subsidy system for the Ikegami, Ota-ward Iwatani introduction, resulting in approximately 21,000 units installed in Miyamae, Suginami-ward JX Nippon Oil & Energy Minami-senju, Arakawa-ward Tokyo Gas Tokyo as of March 2015. Yahara, Nerima-ward Tokyo Gas The general recognition of a hydrogen-based society remains Takakuramachi, Hachioji-city JX Nippon Oil & Energy Nimohyss is an abbreviation of low and awareness about safety has not been raised sufficiently. Nippon Mobile Hydrogen Station Services, LLC

For the spread of hydrogen energy involving both the public and ▼ Tokyo Strategic Conference to Realize Hydrogen-Based Society

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. private sectors, TMG established the Tokyo Strategic Conference Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. to Realize Hydrogen-Based Society in May 2014 to set strategic goals looking ahead to the periods up to 2020 and thereafter through discussions with specialists and relevant businesses.

To ensure the achievement of the strategic goals, in 2015 TMG created the Tokyo Hydrogen-Based Society and Smart Energy City Development Fund, a JPY 40 billion fund to financially support the spread of fuel-cell vehicles and installation of hydrogen stations.

044 045 3. Creating a Hydrogen-Based Society I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future Hydrogen energy supply infrastructures are installed, fuel-cell vehicles and buses and other fuel-cell equipment have spread, and a city with a significant proportion of its citizens using hydrogen energy has been realized.

■ Hydrogen has spread as a sustainable energy source, resulting in the maximum use of CO2-free hydrogen, and hydrogen energy makes a great contribution to changes in energy structure toward the realization of a low- carbon society. ■ Hydrogen has been firmly established as energy used in everyday life, as seen in the fact that fuel-cell vehicles and buses are common and household fuel cells are installed in many residential buildings. ■ Hydrogen energy is widely recognized by citizens as one of important energy sources of the city.

Targets ◆ Promoting the use of fuel-cell vehicles in Tokyo: II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. • 6,000 vehicles by 2020 (at least 100 fuel-cell buses) • 100,000 vehicles by 2025 • 200,000 vehicles by 2030 ◆ Promoting the installation of hydrogen stations in Tokyo: • 35 stations by 2020 • 80 stations by 2025 • 150 stations by 2030 ◆ Promoting the use of household fuel-cells in Tokyo: • 150,000 units by 2020 • 1,000,000 units by 2030

Policy Directions There are many challenges to be addressed for the spread of hydrogen energy. As a trailblazer for Japan, Tokyo will make efforts to realize a hydrogen-based society by promoting efforts involving both the public and private sectors while obtaining the understanding of citizens and businesses. By making the Olympic Village for the Tokyo 2020 Games a model of a hydrogen based society, which will include

the pioneering use of the CO2-free hydrogen, we will promote the effective use of hydrogen in the Games to show

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. the world an image of a future-oriented city sustained in harmony with the environment. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

Creation of demand for hydrogen toward ▼ Figures for subsidies stable fuel supply Fuel-cell vehicle (at JPY 7,230,000) By helping the public and private sectors create a significant demand National TMG Purchaser government 101 420 for hydrogen in Tokyo as it is a huge energy consumer, Tokyo will aim 202 to build stable supply chains, decrease hydrogen prices in the future, Half the amount specified in the national and expand the use of hydrogen to various fields. government’s subsidy system To that end, we will consider showing a model of the Installation of hydrogen station (stationary type with installation cost of JPY 500 million) pioneering use of hydrogen in the context of energy use at symbolic facilities or districts in Tokyo. National TMG Business government 150 million 100 million 250 million

Upper limit of 150 M in this case: Total subsidy is limited to 80% combined with national subsidy.

Installation of hydrogen stations Hydrogen stations are an indispensable infrastructure for the ▼ Hydrogen station spread of fuel-cell vehicles and buses. With their signboards on display all the time, hydrogen stations play an important part in raising awareness of the local community and drivers about hydrogen energy. Through massive financing and effective use of its sites, TMG will encourage the spread of hydrogen stations. They will be primarily installed in downtown Tokyo, in areas with a concentration of Olympic and Paralympic arenas, and along transportation routes for athletes and officials. In this process, we will also install large stations that can charge up many fuel-cell buses. Source: Iwatani Corporation To enable the installation of hydrogen stations in a variety of ways, including the entry of small and medium-sized companies and in combination with existing gas stations, TMG II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. will provide appropriate information and technical support and Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. reach out to business owners. ▼ Fuel-cell buses Spread of fuel-cell vehicles and buses Aiming for the spread of fuel-cell vehicles and buses, TMG will create an initial demand for the vehicles and buses with financial support from the national government as well as TMG as their high prices are expected to be a challenge for the time being. We will also reach out to manufacturers for the early development of fuel-cell models of cargo vehicles as they play an essential role in logistics. Spread of household fuel cells and commercial/industrial fuel cells

While household fuel cells have been mainly used by single ▼ Commercial/industrial fuel cell family homes, TMG will promote the use of the fuel cells at different households as products for multi-family residential buildings were introduced to the market in FY2014. TMG will strive for the widespread installation of commercial/ III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. industrial fuel cells from 2020 onwards as high-efficiency models will be brought to market in 2017.

Source: Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd.

046 047 3. Creating a Hydrogen-Based Society I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

▼ Use of CO2-free hydrogen (image) Promoting the Use of CO2-Free Hydrogen To take full advantage of hydrogen energy in realizing a low- carbon society, we need to aggressively introduce hydrogen derived from renewable energy sources.

For the production and future use of CO2-free hydrogen, TMG will encourage facilities in Tokyo to install equipment for using hydrogen derived from renewable energy and consider hydrogen supply systems that use renewable-energy-induced surplus power from Tohoku and other regions. Raising awareness of citizens unfamiliar with hydrogen energy For better understanding of hydrogen energy by citizens, TMG ▼ Hydrogen Energy Symposium will provide accurate information on the significance of the use of hydrogen energy and safety and risks with hydrogen

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. by holding seminars and symposiums and exhibiting at public Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. events to reach a wide audience. We consider it particularly important to make hydrogen energy well known to many citizens unfamiliar with hydrogen and will raise awareness of businesses as well as citizens through different approaches, such as the creation and distribution of easy-to-understand contents in cooperation with specialists of media strategies, the establishment of the Hydrogen ▼ Event for learning about hydrogen Information Center that will provide opportunities to become familiar with hydrogen and enjoy learning about it, and a trial run of fuel-cell vehicles. Proposal and request to the national government To proceed with the installation of hydrogen stations that act as a vital infrastructure for the early realization of a hydrogen- based society, the deregulation and financial support by the national government is also critical. In light of the fact that the

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. use of hydrogen energy greatly contributes to the promotion Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. of the national government’s energy policies, TMG will urge the national government to carry out deregulation and ongoing financial support and promote the early spread of hydrogen with less carbon generated in the production process while TMG will study and verify measures replacing regulations.

Effective Use of Hydrogen Stimulated by ▼ Hydrogen use in Olympic Village (image) the Tokyo 2020 Games TMG will install hydrogen stations in the Olympic Village for the Tokyo 2020 Games to supply hydrogen to fuel-cell vehicles and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). To realize the first full-scale hydrogen supply system in Japan and make it a model for achieving a hydrogen-based society, TMG will introduce new technologies, including hydrogen pipelines and next-generation hydrogen fuel cells. We will aim to realize a city that could be self- sustained in the event of disaster by helping install fuel cells or storage batteries to increase electricity self-sufficiency system supply Hydrogen rate at condominiums and through local production for local consumption and storage of energy.

Pipeline (image) Hydrogen station II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Topic Hydrogen-Based Society in the Future

Hydrogen energy has great potential for sustainable growth in harmony with the environment. Although reforming fossil fuels is still the prevailing method for hydrogen generation today, technology development is in progress for electrolyzing water using power from renewable energy sources to put hydrogen to practical use in a cleaner manner. To ensure the legacy of the Tokyo 2020 Games, TMG is making efforts to realize an environmentally friendly hydrogen-based society where hydrogen energy will be used for every aspect in urban development as well as for transportation and at home. Image of Hydrogen-Based Society in the Future

Hydrogen from renewable H2 from gas and energy sources Imported H2 by-product H2 PRODUCE Solar Wind Hydro Geothermal Water electrolysis Unexploited Renewable H2 from gas By-product H2

TRANSPORT Liquefied hydrogen & Liquefied hydrogen & compressed gas H2 Pipelines methylcyclohexane shipping Liquefied hydrogen & compressed gas H2

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Hydrogen airplane Producing H2 from Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. renewable energy

Water electrolysis Fuel-cell ship

In 2017: Hydrogen power High-efficiency models generation to be introduced

Commercial/ industrial fuel cell Target 2020: 35 Fuel-cell 2025: 80 Target Fuel-cell H2 pipeline 2030: 150 USE construction forklift 2020: 150,000 equipment 2030: 1,000,000 Hydrogen station

Household fuel cell Fuel-cell truck Target Fuel-cell trailer 2020: over 100 Fuel-cell car Fuel-cell bus Fuel-cell Target assisted bicycle 2020: 6,000 Fuel-cell 2025: 100,000 articulated bus 2030: 200,000 Fuel-cell Fuel-cell train bike Note: The above are typical examples and do not cover all applications, some Fuel-cell taxi of which are being developed or yet to be developed.

048 PB II–2

Directions of Future Environmental Policies Facilitation of 3Rs/Proper Waste Disposal and Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources

1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources

2. Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of Waste

3. Reinforcement of Disaster Waste Measures

049 1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources

Efforts and Challenges

Many of the products used in Tokyo are produced elsewhere, ▼ Estimated amount of food waste generated in either in Japan or abroad, and thus the use of resources in Tokyo (FY2012) Amount generated Food manufacturer 130 Tokyo is largely dependent on other regions. On the other hand, Food wholesaler 80 (1,000 tonnes) Food retailer 160 as Tokyo is host to approximately half of the head offices of corporations in Japan, it has great influence on and responsibility for the sustainable use of resources.

It is estimated that Tokyo generates approximately two million Household 990 tonnes of food waste a year (for FY2012). Most of this food Food service industry 610 waste is generated from the food service industry. The Tokyo

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Metropolitan Government (TMG) addresses the reduction of Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. food losses*47 and the raising of awareness among consumers in cooperation with surrounding municipalities. We also promote The material was created by TMG based on the results of the survey of the actual status of industrial food waste generation and the reduction of food losses by manufacturers by raising their the survey on waste composition in Tokyo municipalities. *48 awareness of food banks . ▼ Transition of municipal solid waste recycling rate (Tokyo) Tokyo achieved a recycling rate of 23% (FY2013) for municipal (%) 30 solid waste by enacting various recycling laws concerning 24 24 22 23 23 23 23 containers/packaging and home electric appliances together 25 21 18 20 17 18 with efforts by local municipalities. 15 15 15 Recycling rate 15 TMG has driven the recycling of business wastes and achieved 10

zero landfill disposal amount of industrial plastic waste at the 5

landfill sites in Tokyo in cooperation with waste discharging 0

business and waste disposal companies (FY2010). As a result of 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (FY) these efforts, the final disposal amount of both municipal solid and industrial wastes in FY2013 was reduced more than 60%, ▼ Transition of final disposal amount of waste (Tokyo) (Million tonnes) compared to FY2000. 4.0 3.42 3.5 3.31 3.23 Final disposal amount As for business wastes, used paper and beverage containers are 3.0 2.40 2.48 2.5 separated and recycled, but waste plastics other than beverage 2.05 2.14 1.78 III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 2.0 Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 1.48 1.44 containers are not adequately recycled. In particular, small- 1.20 1.24 1.5 1.14 1.10 and medium-sized buildings do not have enough space for 1.0 0.5 separation/storage, resulting in unseparated disposal. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 It is impossible to establish new final waste disposal sites in (FY) Tokyo, and therefore, it is essential to extend the useful lifespan of existing final disposal sites.

050 051 1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future Sustainable use of resources throughout the supply chain and the sustainable consumption and production, one of the UN sustainable development goals, are widely established through the conservation and effective use of natural resources to minimize the effect of resource use on the environment under the restrictions of resources and the environment. Resource efficiency*49 is improved, 3Rs are promoted, and the disposal amount of waste is further decreased. ■ Tokyo has a great influence on resource consumption and environmental load, and so the dissemination and establishment of good practices in municipalities, businesses and with the citizens of Tokyo is a significant achievement towards the sustainable use of resources. ■ The reduction of resource losses is advanced through the reduction of food losses and a review of the disposable type of life style. ■ Use of low carbon, environmentally symbiotic construction materials and goods, etc. that allow for sound material cycles is advanced in order to promote the sustainable use of resources with a minimized environmental load, such as using recycled crushed stone*50 and recycled aggregate*51 concrete. ■ The cyclic use of waste is advanced by setting business waste recycling rules, and the reinforcement of efforts

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. to reduce the landfill disposal amount. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Targets ◆ Promote the reduction of resource losses including food losses. ◆ Improve the recycling rate of municipal solid waste to 27% by FY2020 and 37% by FY2030. ◆ Promote the adoption of low carbon, environmentally symbiotic construction materials and goods, etc. that allow for sound material cycles and expand sustainable procurement in business activities and consumption behavior in Tokyo. ◆ Reduce the final disposal amount of municipal solid and industrial waste by 14% by FY2020 and 25% by FY2030.

Policy Directions (1) Promotion of resource loss reduction III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Under the assumption that global resource consumption will continue to increase in the future, TMG will review wasteful resource consumption and improve resource efficiency to achieve the sustainable use of resources.

Promotion of food loss reduction ▼ Raising awareness for the reduction of food losses In liaison with food service companies, TMG will promote single serving sizes of food, such as smaller portions of food and units of menu items for smaller groups of people, and the use of food bank. It will also promote more efficient consumption of food materials at homes and stores whose use by date is drawing near and other efforts to raise awareness about the reduction of food losses in cooperation with municipalities and NGOs/NPOs.

Rethinking of the disposable lifestyle ▼ Reusable eco-foodware such as reduction of use of plastic shopping bags TMG will make efforts to reduce container and packaging wastes in cooperation with surrounding local governments, promote the use of reusable containers and decrease the use of disposable products in cooperation with businesses.

We will also build networks with municipalities in Tokyo, sellers ©Reusable eco- foodware network associations and NGOs/NPOs and conclude agreements ▼ Restraint of use of plastic shopping bags concerning specific measures including charging fees for plastic shopping bags to promote efforts to contribute to rethinking of the disposable lifestyle. In addition, TMG will enhance information delivery to increase momentum for promoting changing the lifestyle of citizens in Tokyo and promote effective advertising and dissemination of II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. 3Rs and other measures.

Source: Re-Style website of the Ministry of the Environment (2) Promotion of use of eco materials*52

In order to minimize the environmental load and promote the sustainable use of resources, TMG will promote the use of low carbon, environmentally symbiotic construction materials and goods, etc. that allow for sound material cycles.

Sustainable use of wood ▼ Use of concrete forming plywood produced As a great deal of concrete forming plywood is consumed in the domestically construction of buildings in Tokyo, TMG will promote the use of environmentally-friendly concrete forming plywood including domestic wood, such as those produced in the Tama area, and wood guaranteed by forest certifications*53 to eliminate the use of illegally logged timbers or unsustainable wood. Promotion of use of recycled materials TMG has formulated the Tokyo Metropolitan Construction Recycling Promotion Plan*54 and Tokyo Metropolitan *55 ▼ Recycled aggregate concrete III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Construction Recycling Guidelines with the aim of Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. establishing comprehensive and planned construction by- *56 Building product measures. By showcasing goals and advanced use demolition examples of recycling in the Plan and Guidelines, we aim to work, etc. Concrete mass expedite the recycling of construction by-products including *57 Fragmentation, Fragmentation, Fragmentation, heating, concrete mass, construction sludge , etc. and promote classification grinding, classification grinding, classification resource circulation where recycled materials are preferentially chosen in construction works.

Recycled aggregate Recycled aggregate Recycled aggregate Class L Class M Class H

Recycled aggregate concrete

Concrete including Concrete for basic Concrete for leveling concrete structural sections building structure where strength is such as stakes unnecessary

052 053 1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

▼ Children in Democratic Republic of the Congo Promotion of sustainable procurement making a selection of ore at a cobalt mine TMG will establish sustainable procurement in the public and private sectors in order to widely spread the concept of sustainable consumption and production in business activities and citizens’ consumption behavior, maximizing the opportunities presented by the Tokyo 2020 Games. We will promote the use of recycled resources and low carbon, environmentally symbiotic construction materials and goods, etc., that allow for sound material cycles and deliver accurate information so that small- and medium-sized enterprises can easily adopt sustainable procurement. ©Amnesty International

(3) Furtherance of cyclic use of waste

Finally disposed waste may contain many recyclable resources. TMG will promote a more advanced cyclic use of waste. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Promotion of business waste recycling ▼ Separated waste collection at an office building TMG will further promote recycling in cooperation with the municipalities, such as setting 3R rules for business waste through consultation with municipalities and related businesses. Efforts to reduce landfill disposal amount It is impossible to build new final waste disposal sites in Tokyo, and it is essential to extend the useful lifespan of existing final disposal sites. TMG will promote waste reduction and recycling of incineration ash in municipalities to achieve ▼ Eco-Cement product reductions of the amount requiring landfill disposal. Delivering support to the municipalities TMG will support municipalities’ efforts for recycling, such as the use of so-called urban mines resulting from diversifying discharge opportunities of used small-sized electrical appliances, and separate collection for the recycling of container and packaging waste. TMG will also recommend III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. municipalities that have not yet begun charging for household Source: Tokyo Concrete Product Cooperative Association *58 waste to examine the matter as an effective approach to ▼ Collection box of small-sized electrical appliances reduce waste. We will provide technical support to ensure the stable disposal of waste and the development of recycling facilities when waste disposal facilities require rebuilding, an event that is anticipated to increase substantially in the future. TMG will provide advice on topics from operational aspects such as the streamlining of energy-from-waste*59

Source: Website of Kodaira City

(4) Promotion of sustainable use of resources in cooperation with progressive businesses

TMG will implement model projects for the sustainable use of resources, publicize their results to spread and establish them, and continue efforts in cooperation with progressive businesses.

Topic TMG’s initiative development to promote sustainable use of resources.

As mentioned before, “Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns” in the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in the UN General Assembly in September 2015, advocates sustainable control and effective use of natural resources, the reduction of food losses, 3Rs for waste, and others. The 2015 G7 Elmau Summit held in June 2015 announced the establishment of the G7 Alliance on Responsible Supply Chain and Resource Efficiency. Japan is the host country of the 2016 G7 Ise-Shima Summit and as such is in a position to lead other developed

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. countries. We must improve the existing initiatives for the promotion of a recycling-oriented society to a higher Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. level. Ahead of this effort, TMG formulated the Tokyo Sustainable Materials Management Strategy in March 2015, and is striving for its promotion on the basis of the following three pillars: • Reduction of resource losses including food losses • Use of eco materials (Use of low carbon, environmentally symbiotic resources that allow for sound material cycles) • Further promotion of cyclic use of waste In FY2015, TMG began implementing model projects for the sustainable use of resources in cooperation with progressive enterprises and organizations. In FY 2015 we chose and implemented six model projects from applications submitted under a public invitation scheme, which included proposals for the recycling of small- sized electric appliances generated from businesses, ways to use improved soil from construction sludge, using domestic concrete forming plywood on construction sites, and reducing food waste. Examining the results of these model projects, TMG formulated the Sustainable Materials and Waste Management Plan (Sustainable Design TOKYO) in addition to the Environmental Master Plan in March 2016. The plan advocates the transition to a sustainable use of resources and handing over a better city environment to future generations as key objectives of resource recycling and waste disposal in Tokyo looking toward 2030. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. ▼ Model project for the promotion of use of improved soil ▼ Model project for the collection of small-sized from construction sludge electric appliances Jointly implemented with the Japan Federation of Jointly implemented with RenetJapan Construction Contractors

TMG Certified business Stake foundation work, etc. Use for backfill, etc. Agreement Construction Construction Improved soil Waste discharging

work Construction work business sludge Intermediate Construction disposal Construction work work facility Courier service Recycling facility Construction Construction Collection scheme of personal computers/ small-sized electric appliances using courier service work work

054 055 1. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Topic Risk of illegal deforestation and sustainable use of wood

Wood is a low carbon material and recyclable. However, if deforestation occurs without sustainable forest maintenance, woods and forests decrease and precious ecosystems fostered by them are lost. At the same

time the carbon that woods and forests have accumulated becomes CO2, and is emitted into the atmosphere.

Currently 6.6 million ha of natural forests are lost annually around the world (2010 to 2015, FAO) and the CO2 emitted reportedly amounts for 2.9 billion tonnes per year. Major reasons for deforestation are the development of palm oil plantations, development of pasture land and timber logging. Sometimes illegal deforestation occurs accompanied by human rights violations. Japan imports 70% of its domestic wood demands, and it has been reported that most of this is likely to have been sourced through illegal deforestation, in quantities higher than that imported by other developed countries. Much of the concrete forming plywood used for the construction of ferroconcrete buildings is imported from Malaysia and Indonesia, and it has been pointed out that plywood imported from Sarawak (northwestern part of Borneo Island) is probably illegally logged. In Tokyo there are many construction works to build ferroconcrete buildings, amounting for 23% of the new II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. construction area nationwide in 2015. Based on this background, TMG implemented the Model Project for Practical Performance and Sustainability Verification of Domestic Concrete Forming Plywood Used for Construction Work jointly with Kajima Corporation as one of the FY2015 Model Projects for the Sustainable Use of Resources. In this project, we verified practical performance and sustainability by actually using domestic plywood including domestically produced wood for concrete forming plywood at construction sites, comparing with imported plywood made of south sea wood which was traditionally used. Using domestic wood contributes to the promotion of sustainable forestry and forest conservation in Japan. TMG will continue to avoid using wood from illegal deforestation and promote sustainable wood use.

▼ Deforestation of tropical forests in Borneo Island

Before deforestation After deforestation III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

©FoE Japan

054 055 2. Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of Waste I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of Waste

Efforts and Challenges

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has introduced the ▼ Number of companies certified by the third party assessment program Certification Program for Excellent Industrial Waste Disposal Number of certified Companies in Tokyo with Proper Disposal and Recycling (The companies Business division Collector/ Collector/ third party assessment program for industrial waste disposal Division Specialist transporter transporter Intermediate *60 (excluding (including disposer companies by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government ) and (infectious transshipment transshipment waste) and storage) and storage) certified 257 companies (as of March 2016). It is necessary to Industrial waste 165 29 77 83 81 disseminate and expand the third party assessment program expert Industrial waste and to further foster and support excellent waste disposal professional 92 15 65 26 24 Total 257 44 142 109 105

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. companies. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Note: As some companies apply to multiple businesses, the total of certified businesses is not consistent. (As of March 2016) It is necessary to ensure the disposal of PCB waste*61 by the disposal deadline (March 2027) stipulated by the Order for Enforcement of the Act on Special Measures Concerning ▼ Transition of the number of illegal dumping cases PCB Waste. and the amount dumped (cases over 10 tonnes)

250 600 As the disposal of mercury-containing waste and the Number of illegal dumping cases (cases) Amount dumped (1,000 tonnes)

demolishment of buildings for which asbestos waste and 200 500 construction materials containing asbestos were used continues,

efforts for proper disposal should be reinforced more than ever. 150 400

The number of large-scale illegal dumping cases in the regions 100 300 belonging to the Extensive Liaison Council for Prevention of Improper Disposal of Industrial Waste (commonly known as 50 200 Industrial Waste Scrum) which consists of 32 prefectures in the

Kanto Koshinestu, Fukushima and Shizuoka regions, ordinance- 0 0 designated cities and core cities decreased from 256 in FY2006 FY2006FY2007FY2008FY2009FY2010FY2011FY2012FY2013FY2014 to 75 in FY2014, but malicious illegal dumping shows no sign of Amount of illegal dumping Amount of illegal dumping (within Industrial Waste Scrum) (nationwide) decline. Number of illegal dumping cases Number of illegal dumping cases (within Industrial Waste Scrum) (nationwide) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Along with the fluctuation of metal demand around the world, there are reports that some parts of electrical appliance waste are not disposed of properly but exported overseas illegally. We need the thorough prevention of improper disposal of waste.

Looking ahead to the Tokyo 2020 Games, it is necessary to revisit standard practices and rules for resource and waste control in public spaces so that tourists visiting Tokyo can easily understand the procedures.

056 057 2. Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of Waste I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future Industrial waste disposal companies dispose of waste properly, the responsibility of the waste generator is thoroughly established, and environmental load related to waste disposal and recycling is reduced. ■ Waste disposal companies that dispose of waste improperly are eliminated from the markets and those that make a substantial effort to reduce environmental load are fairly recognized. ■ Environmental risk is reduced as PCB waste is securely disposed of by the disposal deadline (March 2027) and mercury-containing waste and asbestos-containing waste are disposed of properly. ■ In each region in Tokyo, diverse organizations address the beautification of town making use of regional characteristics to create a fresh urban environment. ■ Improper disposal such as illegal dumping of industrial waste, etc. is prevented in cooperation with the national government, Tokyo municipalities and surrounding municipalities.

Targets

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ◆ Foster an environment in which disposal companies that make substantial efforts to reduce environmental load Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. and promote high-level cyclic use of waste are fairly recognized and are competitive in the markets. ◆ Prevent illegal dumping of waste and establish proper disposal.

Policy Directions (1) Development of venous businesses

In order to establish the proper disposal of waste and promote recycling, it is essential to foster excellent waste disposal companies and increase the reliability that waste disposal companies gain from waste-discharging businesses. In addition to proper disposal of waste, TMG will promote disposal with lower environmental loads and a higher-level of resources cyclic use, and support the further development of venous businesses so that businesses contributing to the sustainable use of resources can be competitive in the markets. Dissemination and promotion of the Third- ▼ Third-Party Assessment Program Party Assessment Program Industrial waste expert TMG will continue to plan actions so that excellent businesses can be chosen according to the objective of the Third-Party Industrial waste professional

Assessment Program. The actions include communicating the Waste disposal companies

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. with permission from TMG Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Program to waste-discharging businesses at lecture classes, Industrial waste Industrial waste etc. and encouraging the expansion of green contracts. The expert professional program will be aligned along with the review of the national government’s excellence assessment program. ▼ Inviting site visits at facilities under the Tokyo Super Eco Town project Cooperation with Tokyo Super Eco Town businesses The Tokyo Super Eco Town project is preparing for the construction of three facilities including food waste recycling facilities. With the operation of the new facilities, TMG will increase the rate of industrial waste intermediate disposal in Tokyo under the Super Eco Town project, and widely deliver information on disposal and recycling methods using advanced technologies.

(2) Proper waste disposal and improvement of standard practices

TMG will promote the thorough implementation of proper disposal to prevent pollution including the emission of harmful substances resulting from improper waste disposal in the processes of waste disposal and resource circulation.

Strict enforcement of reporting system for ▼ Transformer (High density PCB waste) use and storage of PCB containing equipment, and support for small- and medium-sized businesses Aiming to realize the disposal of PCB waste by the disposal deadline, TMG will survey the current status of the use and storage of PCB containing equipment and strictly enforce reporting to the TMG and proper storage/disposal within the parameters of the deadline. We will also ease the burden of small- to medium-sized businesses and promote proper and smooth disposal and provide ongoing cost assistance for ▼ Fluorescent lamps analyses and disposal of waste with trace quantities of PCB*62. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Promotion of separate discharge/proper disposal of mercury-containing waste TMG promotes the conversion of mercury containing products such as sphygmomanometers, clinical thermometers, fluorescent lamps to alternative products and the proper disposal of the wastes. We will continue to control the spread of mercury into the environment to the maximum extent possible by directing municipalities to expand the separate collection ▼ Asbestos waste of mercury-containing wastes including fluorescent lamps discharged from homes and promote separate collection of waste discharged from business sites. Proper disposal of asbestos waste and asbestos-containing industrial waste*63 Proper control for asbestos is required so as not to discharge or disperse it into the air in the process of storage, collection, transportation, and disposal of asbestos-containing waste produced when demolishing buildings. TMG will continue to give guidance through attendance inspections as it is anticipated ▼ Syringe needle, CAPD bag that there will be many demolishing works as facilities face (used for peritoneal dialysis at home) necessary renovation.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Promotion of proper disposal of home care Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. waste*64 In order to promote efforts for the proper disposal of home care waste, TMG will continue to share information and encourage the exchange of opinions among relevant organizations/people about the examination of disposal methods that incur less burden *65 on businesses discharging waste. We will also endorse the efforts ▼ Micro plastics collected at Tokyo Bay (Keihin Canal) of municipalities for the proper disposal of home care waste with financial support. Promotion of marine litter control TMG will continue to promote the collection of driftage*66 in Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands in cooperation with the coast controllers, local municipalities, and NGOs/NPOs in accordance with the regional plan, and strengthen efforts for raising awareness

058 059 2. Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of Waste I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

about litter generation control on the mainland side focusing on ▼ Scattered litter on the road the relationship between marine litter and household garbage from the land. Beautification of public space adopting a new style TMG will examine and implement a new style to promote beautification activities in public spaces along major streets in Tokyo in cooperation with businesses and municipalities and create a fresh urban environment reaffirming Tokyo as the world’s top city for visitors. The effort is expected to have the added benefit of improving the awareness of citizens in Tokyo.

(3) Implementation of measures to prevent improper disposal including illegal dumping

TMG will ensure the elimination of improper disposal of industrial waste including illegal dumping through strict controls/instructions and raising awareness of the issue. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Prevention of improper disposal/illegal ▼ Waste electrical appliances collected illegally export of waste electrical appliances, etc. In order to promote proper disposal of waste electrical appliances, etc. and ensure sound resource cycles, TMG will cooperate with the national government and municipalities to strengthen guidance to waste-discharging businesses and on- site inspections to illegal metal scrapping businesses. Strict on-site inspections at demolishing works As facilities face necessary renovation and many demolishing works are anticipated to occur, TMG will promote measures against illegal dumping right from the initial stage of demolition. We will continue to implement on-site inspections at building ▼ Demolishing work site demolishing work sites, and encourage the generators of waste to understand their role and responsibilities so as to ensure proper disposal. Broad-based cooperation with surrounding municipalities Thorough measures and strict guidance are necessary to

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. guard against the improper disposal of industrial waste as it is Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. becoming more widespread and the practitioners more shrewd. TMG will continue to reinforce information exchanges and broad-based cooperation among the municipalities to promote measures against illegal dumping and improper disposal. ▼ Industrial Waste Scrum 32 Strict enforcement of administrative dispositions to illegal behaviors and disqualified businesses The Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law stipulates revocation of permission by prefectural governors and administrative dispositions including the suspension of business to waste disposal companies who have violated laws. By strictly enforcing these dispositions, TMG will control improper disposal by waste-discharging businesses and waste disposal companies.

058 059 3. Reinforcement of Disaster Waste Measures I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

3. Reinforcement of Disaster Waste Measures

Efforts and Challenges Disaster waste generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake was fragmented and burned in collaboration with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG), municipalities in Tokyo and private businesses (resulting in the disposal of 167,891 tonnes). On a large scale landslide disaster in Oshima Town when it was hit by Typhoon No. 26 (Typhoon Wipha) in 2013, TMG transported and disposed of disaster waste outside the island (resulting in the disposal of 11,536 tonnes).

Taking advantage of the experiences with disaster waste disposal after the Great East Japan Earthquake and landslide disaster in Oshima Town, we should promote disaster waste measures in preparation for the Tokyo Inland Earthquake.

As for the disposal of disaster waste generated by the occurrence of the Tokyo Inland Earthquake, the

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. municipalities responsible for disposal need to make preparations, including system building. Measures Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. anticipating the necessity of broad-based disposal beyond the border of Tokyo are also needed.

The revised Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law and Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act requires municipalities to formulate a Disaster Waste Disposal Plan to tackle natural disasters including floods in addition to earthquakes.

▼ Relationships of plans and guidelines concerning disaster waste measures Relationships of Plans and Guidelines Concerning Disaster Waste Measures Waste Management and Cooperation Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act Public Cleansing Law (Act on Reconstruction from Large-Scale Disasters at the recovery stage)

Basic Policy (Minister of the Environment) Basic Disaster Management Plan Note: Revised on Jan. 21, 2016 according to (Basic Policies for Recovery at the recovery stage) the 7/1/2015 revision of the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law Disaster Management Operation Plan of MOE (revised on Jan. 20, 2016)

After a large-scale Guidelines for Disaster Waste Management (formulated in March 2014) disaster occurs Disaster Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Facilities [Ordinary disasters] Action Guidelines for Disaster Waste Management upon Development Plan Provide guidelines for local Large-Scale Disasters (formulated in November 2015) Guidelines upon (Cabinet approval in May 2013) municipalities to formulate a a disaster of ** plan concerning disaster waste (1) Items specific to large-scale disasters for each municipality to prepare for Efforts will be promoted from the disposal in preparation for viewpoints of building a base at the disasters. (2) Guidelines to formulate measures/action plans in each time of disaster for disaster waste To be used by local regional block (especially for broad-based cooperation) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. disposal facilities and reinforcing municipalities that have not Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. (3) Model of disposal guidelines formulated by the Minister earthquake resistance. formulated such a plan as disaster waste disposal of the Environment after a disaster occurs (similar to the guidelines after the occurrence master plan for the Great East Japan Earthquake) of disaster.

Regional blocks Conference for Disaster Waste Management upon Large-Scale Disasters, etc. Build broad-based liaison and cooperative relationships during times of stability.

Future directions

Action Plan for Disaster Waste Management upon Large-Scale Disasters Formulate by regional block including a region where a large-scale disaster is anticipated to occur. After a disaster Prefectures (Align with each other) occurs

Waste Disposal Plan Regional Disaster Prevention Plan Disaster Waste Disposal Implementation Disaster Waste Disposal Plan Plan upon a disaster of ** (Align with each other) After a disaster Municipalities occurs General Waste Disposal Plan Regional Disaster Prevention Plan Disaster Waste Disposal Implementation Disaster Waste Disposal Plan Plan related to a disaster of **

Source: Action Guidelines for Disaster Waste Management upon Large-Scale Disasters from the Ministry of the Environment

060 061 3. Reinforcement of Disaster Waste Measures I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future The Tokyo Disaster Waste Disposal Plan is formulated, and preparations for the prompt and proper disposal of disaster waste after the occurrence of Tokyo Inland Earthquake are made during times of stability. ■ Municipalities have formulated disaster waste disposal plans aligned with the Tokyo Disaster Waste Disposal Plan and they are ready for the prompt and proper disposal of disaster waste during times of stability. ■ Liaison and cooperative systems with municipalities in the Kanto Regional Block*67 and private businesses have been developed for disaster waste disposal at the time of a large-scale disaster.

Targets ◆ Build a system to promptly and properly dispose of disaster waste by 2020 in preparation for the occurrence of Tokyo Inland Earthquake. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Policy Directions In the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, approximately 7.3 million m3 of debris were generated, but they were used for landfill and for raising lowlands. At a result, the disposal was completed in several months, leading to a quick recovery thereafter. TMG underwent disaster waste disposal at the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 2013 Oshima landslide disaster. Making use of these experiences, TMG will make necessary preparations for measures for Tokyo Inland Earthquake, etc. including the formulation of Tokyo Disaster Waste Disposal Plan, and the support of the formulation of disaster waste disposal plans by municipalities. Formulation of plans related to disaster waste disposal

TMG will formulate the Tokyo Disaster Waste Disposal Plan based ▼ Tokyo Disaster Waste Disposal Plan

on the Guidelines for Disaster Waste Management prescribed by Disaster Countermeasures Waste Management and Fundamental Basic Act Public Cleansing Law Plan for National (partially revised version the national government establishing consistency with the Local (partially revised version Resilience enforced on enforced on August 6, 2015) (June 2014) Disaster Management Plan in Tokyo. August 6, 2015) In formulating the plan, we will check the total amount of Guidelines for Disaster Waste Management Basic Policy for Comprehensive (March 2014) and Systematic Promotion of Action Guidelines for Disaster Waste III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. disposable waste in Tokyo and examine disposal flows and how Measures on Waste Reduction Management upon Large-Scale Disasters Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. and Proper Waste Disposal (planned for September 2015) (to be revised in FY2015) to use recycled materials under a broad-based cooperation (Kanto Block) (to be formulated in 2016) Action Plan for Disaster between TMG and surrounding municipalities. Waste Disposal Facilities Waste Management Development Plan (May 2013)

Sustainable Materials and Waste Management Plan

Tokyo Disaster Waste Disposal Plan

▼ Information exchange meeting concerning Supporting the formulation of disaster disaster waste disposal waste disposal plans by municipalities (Oshima landslide disaster) Making use of experiences with disaster waste disposal after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 2013 Oshima landslide disaster, TMG will support the formulation of disaster waste disposal plans by municipalities by sharing information on knowledge of debris disposal and providing know-how related to the creation of earthquake debris disposal manuals. Examination on how to ensure broad- based disposal systems in cooperation with the national government and related

organizations ▼ Kanto Block Conference on the Disaster Waste TMG will take part in the formulation of the Kanto Regional Management upon Large-Scale Disasters Block Action Plan to prepare for broad-based disposal within II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. the block. Kanto Block Conference on the Disaster Waste Management upon In addition, we will develop the liaison and cooperation Large-Scale Disasters Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, systems with private businesses concerning the transportation, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi and Shizuoka intermediate disposal, etc. of disaster waste. Prefectures and Tokyo Metropolis.

Topic Information exchange meetings about debris disposal after earthquakes

TMG holds information exchange meetings about debris disposal upon earthquakes to share information about disaster debris disposal. For disaster countermeasures, we need to prepare for disasters through daily efforts including sharing of knowledge and lessons learned from experience. In information exchange meetings, we have shared the latest information on the national government’s guidelines and examples of efforts made by municipalities, and visited Oshima Town and Joso City to learn disaster waste disposal status.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. ▼ Information exchange meetings about debris disposal upon Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. earthquakes ▼ Disaster waste in Joso City (temporary storage area)

062 PB II–3

Directions of Future Environmental Policies Succession of Urban Environment Symbiotic with Diverse Forms of Life in Luxuriant Nature

1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery

2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement

063 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery

Efforts and Challenges

Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) formulated the Tokyo ▼ Development of roadside trees Green Plan 2012—City Biodiversity Strategy and since then it has promoted various efforts (to conserve, create and use nature), such as the planting of native species*68, conservation of rare species, and raising awareness about biodiversity.

TMG increased the presence of roadside trees (as of the end of FY2014 TMG was responsible for approx. 940,000 trees), developed woods on the seafront and city parks, and planted lawn in schoolyards. In addition, TMG promoted greening and created approximately 668 ha of green areas (FY2007 to FY2014) II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. by using the Greenery Program*69, Urban Redevelopment Systems, and Special Development Areas for Urban Renaissance.

The green and water coverage ratio*70 increased for the first time in 2013 compared to that of the previous survey (2008) in the 23 wards in Tokyo, and a smaller decline was seen in the Tama area. The green and water coverage ratio in all the area was almost flat, but from a long-term perspective, the decrease of greenery is continuing.

▼ Transition of green and water coverage ratio in Tokyo

Green and water coverage ratio (by use) Total of green Inland waters/rivers/ Woodlands/wildernesses/ and water Year of survey Parks/green spaces Farmland water channels grass fields coverage ratio metropolitan 2003 3.3% 4.4% 2.6% 42.2% 52.4% All the the All area 2008 3.5% 3.9% 2.5% 40.8% 50.7% 2013 3.7% 3.7% 2.5% 40.6% 50.5% Changes between 2008 and 2013 0.2 −0.2 0 −0.2 −0.2

23 wards 23 2003 5.2% 1.4% 4.7% 8.7% 20.0% 2008 5.4% 1.1% 4.6% 8.5% 19.6% 2013 5.6% 1.0% 4.5% 8.7% 19.8% Changes between 2008 and 2013 0.2 −0.1 −0.1 0.2 0.2

Tama area 2003 2.3% 6.0% 1.4% 60.0% 69.8% 2008 2.5% 5.4% 1.4% 58.0% 67.4% III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 2013 2.8% 5.1% 1.4% 57.8% 67.1% Changes between 2008 and 2013 0.3 −0.3 0 −0.2 −0.3 Note: The total may not coincide due to rounding-off.

Efforts for promoting greening taking into account biodiversity, ▼ Dogtooth violet, a rare species, the illegal picking of which is a matter for concern. such as the planting of native species, are not adequately established.

In some conservation areas*71, some people pick rare species to take home, and alien species*72 have been introduced. The introduction and increase of alien species has affected agriculture and ecosystems and caused damage to rare species.

064 065 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery

Tokyo in the Future The creation of greenery considering biodiversity and conservation of the natural environment has been promoted and the creation of urban areas symbiotic with diverse forms of life is advancing. ■ The creation of greenery in a variety of forms has been advanced throughout Tokyo through the development of roadside trees, parks and green spaces as well as greening of schoolyards and waterfront areas. ■ Spaces full of greenery are developed so that citizens and visitors in Tokyo can experience nature unique to Tokyo. ■ The conservation of rare species and control of alien species is improved, and habitats and growing environments for living things are secured.

Targets ◆ Promote the development of parks and encourage greening of private land to create new green spaces. ◆ Promote greening considering biodiversity and expand the habitat space of living things. ◆ Develop needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forests in the deserted forest areas in Tama to recover habitats and growing spaces for animals and plants. ◆ Reinforce rare species measures in their conservation areas (for all areas by FY2024). ◆ Promote the proper control of wild life to mitigate the effects on ecosystems and living environment, etc.

Policy Directions (1) Creation of greenery in every urban space

TMG will itself develop roadside trees and city parks as well as facilitate the efforts of businesses and municipalities to increase plantings, and thus take every opportunity to create greenery.

Creation of new greenery by the Greenery ▼ Greening of building rooftops Program TMG is promoting the creation of new greenery by obligating the submission of a greenery plan when constructing/ renovating a building with an area exceeding certain criteria. Looking to the future, TMG will guide greening efforts through this program so that an adequate amount of greenery is secured in urban districts in pace with city development. Promotion of greenery with flowers and plants looking ahead to the Tokyo 2020 Games Looking ahead to the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, we need to create spaces full of flowers and plants to extend a hospitable welcome to visitors.

064 065 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

TMG will promote greening along the tracks of the Toden ▼ Greening along tracks Arakawa Line in cooperation with local municipalities and support outdoor greening by private businesses and Tokyo municipalities for the steady promotion of flower and greenery planting, with a view to increasing the attractiveness of Tokyo as a city in harmony with the environment. Planting lawn in schoolyards Planting lawn in schoolyards/gardens not only improves students’ learning environment but also offers opportunities for them to ▼ Planting lawn in schoolyards learn biodiversity. TMG will continue to promote the planting of lawn at schools by granting subsidies for construction costs or maintenance expenses and establishing consultation service. Development of city planning parks/green

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. spaces Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG will continue to develop metropolitan parks as a base for greenery in Tokyo, and also promote the planned development of metropolitan parks/green spaces according to the transition ▼ Maintaining scenic landscapes by developing of social conditions including population changes and the roadside trees progress of park development. We will also maintain and manage roadside trees to increase comfortability and safety, and maintain and improve the city’s scenic landscape. Promotion of waterfront greening TMG will create better waterfront spaces through greening along rivers, developing new marine parks*73 including Ariake Seaside Park (tentative name), greening of Toyosu Fish Market and developing the shoreline green space surrounding the Market. ▼ Image of Toyosu Fish Market development Promotion of greening via Urban Redevelopment Systems TMG will encourage greening through the use of the Urban

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Redevelopment Systems in line with local vitalization activities, Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. build green networks and create quality greenery contributing to making comfortable and safe spaces through consultation based on the Guidelines for Greening Public Open Spaces*74. We will also take every opportunity, such as the construction ▼ Greening with city redevelopment and renovation of private facilities, to promote greening.

066 067 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery

Promotion of greening on privately-owned ▼ Greening with local vitalization land Municipalities in Tokyo jointly promote greening based on the General Policies for Securing Greenery*75 to be revised in March 2016. We will promote greening in places familiar to the citizens by further promoting initiatives such as the Neighborhood Greening Promotion Program, etc.

(2) Promotion of greening to build ecological networks*76

TMG will promote greening while taking into account biodiversity, such as native species planting, and build networks for scattered green spaces to maintain and restore the original ecosystem in Tokyo.

Promotion of greening with consideration ▼ Forest with a multi-layer structure for a diversity for biodiversity of living things to inhabit TMG will guide the promotion of greening taking into account the impact on ecosystems through the development and spread of the ecosystem assessment method that realizes a quantitative assessment of the degree of influence/ consideration of ecosystems when preparing a greenery plan or development plan. We will also conduct ongoing reviews of the greenery standards of the Greenery Program, with a view to increasing ▼ Park planted with native species the quality of greenery taking into account biodiversity. Promotion of planting native species TMG itself will work towards healthier ecosystems by promoting the planting of native species in greenery and making use of Native Species Selection Guidelines at Planting, etc. and by providing municipalities and businesses with this initiative. We will also provide financial and technical support for native species planting implemented by municipalities, and promote

the building of local-level ecological networks making use of ▼ Image of metropolitan park construction to enable public spaces familiar to citizens. the inhabitation of a diversity of living things (1) Woodland Formulation of city space symbiotic with diverse forms of life TMG will position 31 parks operated by TMG as bases for local Big deciduous tree with Layer structure ecosystems for which environmental development is intensively developed crown developed Vines for forest *77 greenery Healthy forest without dead promoted and realize adaptable management by continuing branches/wood along garden paths to monitor species after development to secure a stable environment for diverse forms of life to inhabit and grow. Tokyo Metropolitan Jindai Botanical Park Plant Diversity

Low-growing shrubs in Center takes a key role in promoting the conservation of rare woodland to provide Dead branches/wood left to Country hedge using shelter for birds and provide shelter for birds, waste wood small animals insects and small animals species taking into account the individual characteristics of (2) Section of woodland (example)

066 067 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

each park, accumulating information on natural life forms, and ▼ Odaiba Seaside Park coordinating conservation technologies with a view to creating secure spaces for living things to inhabit and grow in and around metropolitan parks. TMG will expand the development of seashores, tidal flats, and rocky shores in marine parks taking into consideration their ecosystems for the creation of areas of luxuriant nature for wild birds and hydric plants. Promotion of ecological network building with diverse participants ▼ Native Species Planting Forum TMG will make freely available to citizens and businesses its accumulated knowledge and know-how on native species planting, and publicize the results of efforts, such as native species planting activities by municipalities, businesses and

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. private organizations, aiming to build a system to further Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. increase the motivation of businesses and expand ecological networks under public-private partnerships.

(3) Conservation of greenery at conservation areas and existing green spaces

TMG will reinforce efforts to secure the quantity of existing greenery and improve its quality with a view to biodiversity conservation in green spaces including forests, farmlands, as well as the conservation areas. We will continue to request the national government expand tax and financial actions for the conservation and creation of green spaces. Conservation of biodiversity in conservation areas ▼ Rare species: Lycoris sanguinea TMG will implement proper maintenance and management in 50 conservation areas we have designated so far, and examine new conservation areas as necessary. We will also strive to maintain and restore spaces for diverse animals and plants to inhabit and grow by adopting management techniques suitable to each area with appropriate role sharing and III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. cooperation with municipalities and volunteer organizations. Securing green spaces under the Development Permission System TMG obligates developers to examine the preservation of green spaces meeting standards and the protection of existing ▼ Development Permission System (image) trees when they build constructions on a site that includes natural land exceeding a certain size. TMG will continue to apply the system properly and guide developers to make plans considering the conservation of biodiversity with the aim of preserving green spaces and trees.

068 069 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery

Development of needleleaf and broadleaf ▼ Forest recovered by thinning mixed forests in the Tama area and recovery of spaces to provide habitats for the growth of living things In order to recover deserted forests in the Tama area, it is important to promote the creation of needleleaf and broadleaf mixed forests from a long to medium term perspective to recover spaces to provide suitable habitats for living things. TMG will continue to improve public functions of forests by implementing thinning and pruning. Use of wood produced in Tama and ▼ Forest cycle (image) fostering forestry workers to promote the forest cycle As the Tama area is currently experiencing a proliferation of Deforestation

artificial forests with stagnant forest cycles (deforestation, use, Nursery planting, and nursery) due to the deterioration of profitability Using wood grows forests of forestry, TMG is promoting the deforestation of cedars in a Use regeneration cutting program and the cultivation of cedars with less pollen. Planting We will continue to promote the regeneration cutting to grow sound forests, and strive to expand the use of wood produced in Tama, foster forestry workers, and introduce low-cost forestry technologies in order to facilitate the forest cycle. ▼ Woodland at cliff lines Conservation of greenery based on the General Policies for Securing Greenery Tokyo municipalities are jointly striving to secure existing greenery in a structured way based on the General Policies for Securing Greenery to be revised in March 2016. TMG will continue to conserve the precious greenery remaining in Tokyo, such as woodland on hilly areas and cliff lines*78 and homestead woodland based on the Policies. Conservation of city farmland City farmland is of course a source of agricultural produce, ▼ City farmland and at the same time it also functions to contribute to disaster prevention and environmental conservation, such as in the securing of open spaces and drainage of rainwater. TMG will continue to strive for the promotion of understanding about farmland conservation and infrastructure development considering regional situations and the environment. We will also newly designate areas for the Preservation System of Agricultural Scenery in Urbanization Areas in Tokyo*79 based on applications from municipalities in order to conserve city farmland.

068 069 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

(4) Conservation of rare species and countermeasures against alien species, and proper management of wild life

The habitat and fostering environment for wild animals and plants in Tokyo is in a crisis situation due to the decrease of greenery caused by development, lack of proper management of community-based forest areas (satoyama) and the surrounding countryside, and the introduction of alien species. Other problems include the picking and removal of rare species, and damage caused by common raccoons, civets, crows, and diseases and pests. TMG will promote the preservation of rare species in conservation areas and strengthen countermeasures against alien species in cooperation with municipalities.

Reinforcement of rare species conservation ▼ Rare species conservation measures (fence) measures in conservation areas In order to prevent rare species from being illegally picked, TMG will implement patrols, install monitoring cameras, and other rare species conservation measures in all conservation areas. At the same time, we will strengthen support activities II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. including the dispatch of advisors to vitalize conservation groups’ activities for preserving rare species.

Promotion of control of alien species in ▼ Common raccoon cooperation with municipalities In many areas in Tokyo, damage has been caused by alien species including common raccoons and civets, forest diseases and pests. TMG will continue to take countermeasures against common raccoons and civets, and control of forest diseases and pests in cooperation with municipalities, local residents, and related groups. Above all, we will strive to eventually eliminate the common raccoon, an invasive alien species*80, from this area. ▼ Red-back spider TMG will also develop a system of emergency extermination of alien species that are harmful to humans with cooperation between the metropolitan government and municipalities. Reeves’s muntjac control project in the

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Izu Islands Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. In the Izu Islands, the number of Reeves’s muntjacs (Muntiacus Cervidae), an invasive alien species, has been estimated as exceeding 10,000, and damages to agricultural crops have been reported. TMG will step up actions for their capture and ▼ Reeves’s muntjac promote efforts to eradicate the animal from the islands.

070 071 1. Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of Greenery

Promotion of proper control of wild life, ▼ Cervus Nippon such as Cervus Nippon As for sika deer (Cervus Nippon) and crows, TMG will revise the Animals and Birds Protection Management Plan and the Deer Control Plan based on the results of annual monitoring surveys, and continue to promote proper management of their population. In particular for crows, as there have been many reports on the damage they cause to the daily life environment

we will continue to adopt better garbage discharge methods Provided by: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ranger and to capture them using traps.

Preservation of native species ▼ Japanese white-eye (Japanese white-eyes, bears, etc.) TMG will continue to take countermeasures against the illegal poaching of Japanese white-eyes and other wild birds, in cooperation with the police. Witness reports and sightings of Asian black bears are increasing. We will strive to identify the condition and status of their situations, etc. and promote safety measures in Provided by: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Birds and Beast cooperation with municipalities. Protection Management Clerk

Topic Planting of native species for the conservation of biodiversity

According to Flora and Fauna of the Imperial Palace, Tokyo II (2014) compiled by the National Museum of Nature and Science, 3,448 flora and fauna species including new species and endangered species were identified. This shows that the Imperial Palace is a precious habitat and growing area for animals and plants in the big city of Tokyo. In order to expand the habitats for living things in such a large-scale green space, efforts for greening by planting native plants in enterprise sites have begun. Native plants mean plants growing originally in Tokyo. These plants serve as feeding grounds and home for animals traditionally living in Tokyo. For example, there was a case where the planting of the native Japanese snowbells in Tokyo encouraged the return of an avian species, the varied tit, as they like the plant and feed on its berries. Thus, the promotion of greening with native plants contributes to the network of habitat spaces and is thought to be effective for the conservation and recovery of biodiversity in an urban area. The expansion of greening that uses plants in such a way is needed for the creation of an urban space with luxuriant nature where advanced urban functions and the natural environment exist in harmony.

▼ ECOM Surugadai, Mitsui Sumitomo ▼ Varied tit (Photo taken Insurance Co., Ltd with a fixed point camera) ▼ Japanese snowbells

070 071 2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement

Efforts and Challenges ▼ A scene from a trail running race Because of participants’ aging and limited regular member attendance, local volunteer groups that carry out green space conservation activities are concerned about the shortage of human resources in the future.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) set out a natural parks use rules (FY2014) for the protection of the natural

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. environment and the compliance of use rules to meet Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. the increase in the number of natural park users and the diversification of use purposes, such as trail running. Familiarizing people with use rules is necessary to realize both the protection ▼ Omiharashienchi at Mt. Takao of nature at natural parks and diverse use of the parks.

At natural parks in the Tama area, where the number of foreign visitors is increasing, efforts are needed to ensure that people may be able to enjoy nature with a sense of security and behave appropriately for the sake of the environment and the comfort of others.

At Ogasawara Islands, alien species have affected some endemic species, resulting in their decline.

In the Opinion Survey on Life of Tokyo Residents (2014), 24.6% responded that they know the meaning of the word “biodiversity,” showing inadequate recognition of the ▼ Awareness of citizens about biodiversity

importance of the conservation of biodiversity. We need to raise Q: Do you know the word “biodiversity”?

awareness about biodiversity by using websites and natural Never III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Know the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. heard of it parks and other facilities. meaning

TMG set up the Fund-raising for Greenery in Tokyo program

and started fund-raising (in FY2007). The program has raised Don’t know the 932,981,059 yen in total (as of Feb. 2016), which has been meaning but have heard of it used for the planting of roadside trees, developing woods on the seafront, and planting lawn at schools. TMG will continue The material is created from the Opinion Survey on Life of Tokyo Residents (conducted by the Bureau of Citizens and Cultural Affairs to use the program effectively to address the conservation in Nov. 2014). and creation of greenery with the participation of citizens and businesses in Tokyo.

072 073 2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future The conservation of biodiversity gains momentum through various nature experiencing (field work) activities, and activities for natural environment conservation and recovery are advanced in cooperation with various participants. ■ Through the development of field work opportunities that people can easily participate in, more human resources have become engaged in conservation activities. ■ People have become better informed about use rules, and facilities are adequately developed. The protection of the natural environment and its proper use at natural parks, etc. are both realized. ■ Tokyo citizens understand biodiversity through expanded opportunities to experience nature and awareness raising activities about biodiversity.

Targets ◆ Increase the number of participants in field work programs in conservation areas to 30,000 people in FY2024

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. and 50,000 in FY2030 in cumulative total. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ◆ Identify the potential attractions of natural parks, promote the conservation of their luxuriant natural environment, history and culture, and promote their use. ◆ Continue to protect the natural environment on Ogasawara Islands, a world natural heritage*81 site. ◆ Provide opportunities for learning and experiencing the environment to raise awareness about the importance of biodiversity.

Policy Directions (1) Conservation of the natural environment with the involvement of diverse participants

Volunteer groups that implement green space preservation activities in conservation areas are facing the problems of participants’ aging and limited regular member attendance. TMG will provide experience opportunities that Tokyo citizens can take part in easily, to secure human resources for green space conservation activities.

Green space conservation in partnership with ▼ Activity by Greenship Action businesses, NGOs/NPOs, universities, etc. TMG will continue to promote its unique green space III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. conservation activities, including Tokyo Greenship Action and Tokyo Green Campus Program in cooperation with businesses, NGOs/NPOs, universities, etc. Matching of volunteer activities through

Forests Green Spaces Conservation ▼ Website of Forests Green Spaces Conservation Activities Information Center Activities Information Center TMG will compile opinions and requests from Tokyo citizens who participated in the activities to improve volunteer initiatives, and examine the matching of volunteer activities organized by municipalities, NGOs/NPOs, etc. aiming for continuous human resources fostering.

Provision of learning opportunities through ▼ Activity of field work program experience-based programs and fostering of human resources TMG will promote events to introduce nature in Tokyo at Forest of Tokyo Citizen with fresh approaches such as art, culture and sports, and hold nature experience programs for beginners to become involved in at local conservation areas. With these events and programs, we will provide learning opportunities through experiencing nature, which will lead to the fostering of new volunteers and wider reach of those activities.

(2) Promotion of the protection and proper use of the natural environment

TMG will strive to realize both the protection and proper use of the natural environment as the use of natural parks is diversifying with climbers, people who enjoy trail running or people taking their pets for walks on the increase. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Examination of the role of natural parks ▼ Natural park TMG will formulate the Natural Park Vision containing the role of natural parks suitable for a new era and the strategic development of initiatives in order to enable natural parks to display their potential and promote the protection and use of a rich natural environment as the needs of their users is diversifying. Raising awareness about natural park use rules Aiming to create natural parks that users can enjoy in comfort and with respect for others, TMG will make use rules well ▼ Mark for Tokyo Metropolitan Government natural parks use rules known to trail running event organizers and general users to ensure their thorough understanding. Improvement of user-friendliness with multi-lingual signs and Wi-Fi hotspots TMG will promote the installation of multi-lingual signs and

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Wi-Fi hotspots to meet the increase of foreign visitors at many Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. places, such as Mt. Takao that was awarded three stars in the Michelin Guide. ▼ Visitor center with a Wi-Fi hotspot

074 075 2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Informing of use rules at natural parks and ▼ Okutama Visitor Center Forest of Tokyo Citizens TMG will install keep-off fences and prohibition note boards for the conservation of ecosystems, and direction boards indicating appropriate behavior at natural parks and Forest of Tokyo Citizen for the conservation of the natural environment in order to meet the increase and diversification of users. We will also continue to maintain and manage the safe and comfortable environment of facilities. Promotion of ecotourism in island areas ▼ Ougiike Pond, Minamijima Island, Ogasawara It is more important than ever to promote ecotourism in Tokyo*82 keeping in mind the compatibility of natural environment protection with tourism. We will build an operation system with local municipalities and residents taking a major

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. role in order to get ecotourism more widely established locally. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Promotion of efforts at Ogasawara Islands in cooperation with the national government and municipalities ▼ Columba janthina nitens TMG will promote measures such as the eradication of alien species, recovery of vegetation, and conservation of rare species in cooperation with the national government, municipalities, and NGOs/NPOs, etc. to conserve the natural environment at Ogasawara Islands, a world natural heritage site. Steady promotion of Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ranger System Making use of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ranger ▼ Tokyo Metropolitan Government Rangers System stationed at the Tama area and Ogasawara islands, TMG will steadily instruct and raise awareness about appropriate behaviors of users including sightseers, and monitor and give corrective instructions about illegal acts such

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. as the illegal digging up of plants and so on. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

(3) Promotion of learning and awareness raising activities concerning the environment

TMG will strive to help Tokyo citizens understand the preciousness of nature and the importance of biodiversity by reinforcing efforts for experiencing nature and raising awareness through the use of facilities owned by the TMG and the development of the ICT*83 environment, etc.

Dissemination of Red Data Book using ICT ▼ Red Data Book Tokyo TMG will develop the user-friendliness of the Red Data Book Tokyo that explains about rare wild animals and plants in Tokyo, by making it possible to browse with smart phones and tablet computers. We will also disseminate and raise awareness of the hazardous nature of particular alien species and how to distinguish them, and how to prevent damage caused by them through websites, etc. Promotion of environmental learning in cooperation with the private sector TMG will expand the natural environment conservation/ ▼ Takaonomori Nature School environment experience project implemented in Takaonomori Nature School. The project uses private funds and know-how and widely provides the citizens in Tokyo with opportunities for learning about the importance of the connection between

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. living things and human beings and the preciousness of nature. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Raising awareness of biodiversity through the Visitor Center TMG will increase opportunities for the citizens in Tokyo ▼ Exhibition at Takao Visitor Center to learn about the importance of biodiversity by further developing the exhibitions of local animals and plants and ecosystems, taking advantage of the upcoming renovation of facilities at the Visitor Center and Forest of Tokyo Citizen. Gaining momentum for natural environment conservation through the Fund-raising for Flowers and Greenery in ▼ Project with donations appropriated (Creation of woods with less pollen) Tokyo program TMG intended funds raised by the program Fund-raising for Greenery in Tokyo for efforts to increase visible greenery, but we will restyle the program to the Fund-raising for Flowers and Greenery in Tokyo and use the funds more broadly for efforts

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. to plant, grow, protect and display flowers and greenery to Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. further heighten the motivation for the citizens and businesses in Tokyo to make Tokyo a city full of flowers and greenery.

Provision of opportunities for experience- ▼ Experience-based nature learning on shores based nature learning at seashores and tidal flats TMG will promote the development and conservation of shores and tidal flats at marine parks that are home to a variety of living things so as to expand the use of the parks as a place for experiencing and learning about nature.

076 077 2. Development of Environment to Support Conservation of Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Reinforcement of environmental learning ▼ Exhibition of polar bear functions at metropolitan zoos and aquariums TMG will promote the redevelopment of metropolitan zoos and aquariums and reinforce functions for environmental learning through exhibitions, alongside the functions of rare animal protection, breeding, and survey and research. Through these efforts, we will develop bases for biodiversity conservation that will be familiar to the citizens in Tokyo and at the same time be rated highly both inside and outside Japan. ▼ Learning program Awareness raising through environmental learning activities at botanical gardens TMG will promote the expansion and redevelopment of Jindai Botanical Park and Yumenoshima Tropical Greenhouse Dome to expand endangered species protection and breeding projects, promote conservation of precious garden plants

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. inherited from the Edo era, and raise awareness through the Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. exhibitions of the results of efforts and through environmental

learning activities, with a view to fostering motivation for the ▼ ECO-TOP Program conservation of biodiversity. (Tokyo Metropolitan Government interns) Fostering human resources for natural environment fields TMG will further develop the ECO-TOP Program in cooperation with universities, businesses, and NGOs/NPOs to foster human resources that will actively strive to solve issues, and promote the development of young human resources who will be responsible for advancing efforts for natural environment conservation in the future.

Topic New efforts to promote field work programs by citizens TMG began various field work programs in FY2015 with the purpose of promoting nature experience activities for the citizens of Tokyo. 1. Conservation area field work programs Implement programs (observing nature and experiencing tree thinning, etc.) in a conservation area familiar to the participants that encourage beginners to become involved, even if only on an individual basis. These programs include a pick-up and drop-off service for participants to the nearest station.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 2. Forest conservation exchange meetings Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Implement various exchange activities including forestry experience at woods in the Okutama area, soba making with local residents, tasting local ingredients, etc. 3. Takaonomori Nature School Implement natural environment conservation/environment experience-based learning programs such as wild birds observations and tree thinning at Kawa Town, Hachioji City in collaboration with the Seven-Eleven Foundation. ▼ Experiencing thinning at a bamboo forest (Conservation ▼ Forestry experience (Forest ▼ Wild birds observation area field work program) conservation exchange meeting) (Takaonomori Nature School)

076 077

1. Further Improvements in Air Environment

II–4

Directions of Future Environmental Policies

Ensuring a Comfortable Air Environment, and Quality Soil and Water Cycles

1. Further Improvements in Air Environment

2. Reduction of Environmental Risks Due to Chemical Substances

3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment

079 1. Further Improvements in Air Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

1. Further Improvements in Air Environment

Efforts and Challenges Air environment ▼ Transition of ambient concentrations at ambient air monitoring stations in Tokyo The air environment of Tokyo has been significantly improved Suspended particulate matter (mg/m3) Nitrogen dioxide (ppm) as a result of our efforts on the diesel regulations and Oxidant (ppm) countermeasures for stationary sources, such as factories or Sulfur dioxide (ppm) workplaces. Levels

Regarding the achievement rates for the environmental Diesel regulations

standards in FY2014 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and suspended particulate matter (SPM), both were 100% at ambient air monitoring stations and the former was 97% and the latter was II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ▼ Transition of number of days with high- Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. 100% at automotive emissions monitoring stations. concentration photochemical oxidants Frequency of 120 ppb or higher Ox (5-year moving average) *84 For photochemical oxidants , hours of high concentrations Total days (5-year moving average) have decreased but the environmental standards have not Total hours (5-year moving average) Hours (h) Days (d) been met at any stations. In 2015, there were 14 days on which photochemical smog advisories*85 were given.

For PM2.5, the environmental standards were set by the national Year government in 2009. ▼ Transition of annual average of PM2.5 PM2.5 concentrations in Tokyo decreased by approximately 55% concentrations

Annual average of PM2.5 concentrations (μg/m Ayase, Adachi-ward (Ambient) in the 10 years from FY2001 but neither the 24-hour nor annual Nakamachi, Machida City (Ambient) Umejima, Nikko Highway (Automotive) environmental standard have been met. Kunitachi, Koshu Highway (Automotive)

Reduced by 55% on average In recent years, concern over PM2.5 has been mounting on a global basis due to serious air pollution in China and other regions, generating the need for an urgent and effective response to it. 3 ) The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) is promoting FY

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. countermeasures for causative agents, nitrogen oxide (NOX) Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Note: The concentrations cannot be compared as the and volatile organic compounds (VOCs*86), based on the TMG measurement method differs from that for the graph below. PM2.5 Review Report prepared in July 2011. ▼ PM2.5 concentrations and environmental standards For PM2.5 and photochemical oxidants, it is necessary to

enhance countermeasures for the sources of the causative PM2.5 concentrations (μg/m

24-hour agents, NOX and VOCs. standard (35 μg/m3)

Annual standard 3

3 (15 μg/m ) )

FY2011 FY2012 FY2013 FY2014

Highest 98% daily average in Tokyo Highest annual average in Tokyo

Lowest 98% daily average in Tokyo Lowest annual average in Tokyo

080 081 1. Further Improvements in Air Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

In the estimate of different sources’ rates of contribution to the ▼ Sources’ estimated contribution to PM2.5 concentration in Tokyo in FY2008 concentration of PM2.5 in Tokyo, six prefectures in the Kanto Secondary organic particles etc. 20.8% Automobiles 4.6% region account for more than 30% while those outside of the Equilibrium moisture 7.9% Construction equipment Sea salt and soil 4.0% 1.5% Vessels 1.3% region account for approximately 20%, which indicates the Residential & Anthropogenic, commercial 1.2% Tokyo necessity of broad-based action. 11% Natural, Large & stationary 0.6% Tokyo Others 1.8% 3.8% Unknown Tokyo 32.7% 14.8% Unknown Automobiles 6.9% Asbestos 32.7% 6 Anthropogenic, prefectures 6 prefectures Large & stationary 6.0% Outside in Kanto in Kanto Vessels 5.4% In Tokyo, demolition work on buildings constructed between of Kanto 34.4% 23% Construction equipment 18.3% 1.6% Outside Natural, Residential & 1956 and 2007 and possibly containing asbestos has hit a peak of Kanto 6 prefectures commercial 1.1% 18.3% in Kanto Others 2.0% and is expected to remain at the same level until around 2050. 11.4%

Anti-dispersion measures for asbestos have been strengthened since June 2013 when the revised Air Pollution Control Act was put in force. In response to the revision, TMG applied a similar revision to the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental Security Ordinance and made other revisions to require builders to keep II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. a record of the result of monitoring the dispersion of asbestos and the contents of work.

In Tokyo, unauthorized construction may sometimes be reported from citizens or revealed by on-site inspections of demolition work sites of buildings with asbestos-containing materials. Noise and vibration Noise and vibration can often become a problem in Tokyo as ▼ Number of complaints about noise by source in FY2013 it is densely populated and has many areas that are a mix of Noise residential and industrial use. Others (home life, Construction aircraft, etc.) work Through the 1980s, there were a number of complaints about noise 889 1,597 26% 47% associated with factories or workplaces. However, since then there have been many complaints about noise caused by construction 3,404 complaints work, a trend which has been increasing in recent years. Factories/ workplaces about noise 431 There have been improvements in the achievement rates for the 13% environmental standards for areas facing roads or those for noise Business activities 487 III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. from the Shinkansen Superexpress Railway. However, continuous 14% Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. measures are needed for these types of noise as it greatly depends on traffic volumes, the maintenance of equipment, and other conditions.

▼ Achievements of environmental standards for noise

Roads*1 Shinkansen*2 Aircraft*3

Night-time Tokyo Night- noise International Yokota Atsugi *1 Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in Daytime time guidelines in Tokaido Tohoku Airport Airfield Airfield* Japan at the Areas Facing Roads residential (Haneda) *2 Environmental Quality Standards for Shinkansen areas Superexpress Railway Noise *3 Environmental Quality Standards for Aircraft FY2006 88% 77% 87% 77% 100% 100% 69% 14% Noise * For the Atsugi Airfield, the values for FY2006 and FY2013 95% 89% 93% 94% 100% 100% 75% 64% FY2013 cannot be directly compared as they are based on different designated lots.

Tokyo in the Future An excellent air environment has been realized giving Tokyo a high ranking compared to other major cities in the world. ■ The concentrations of PM2.5 and photochemical oxidants have been significantly reduced to realize a comfortable air environment. ■ Issues of noise or vibration have been remarkably mitigated to make the lives of Tokyo residents more comfortable.

Targets ◆ Increase the achievement rate for the PM2.5 environmental standards to 100% by FY2024. ◆ Ensure zero days with photochemical smog advisories by FY2020. ◆ Reduce the concentration of photochemical oxidant to 0.07 ppm or less* at all monitoring stations by FY2030 (* annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration, averaged over 3 years). ◆ Promote effective measures to reduce noise from construction sites.

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Description of setting targets for photochemical oxidant concentrations Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

◆ Description of target setting • More than 40 years have passed since 1973 when the environmental standard of 0.06 ppm or less as a one- hour value was set. However, the standard has not been met at any stations in Tokyo with the maximum one-hour value from April to December 2015 being 0.19 ppm. • For the early reduction of photochemical oxidant concentrations to achieve the environmental standard or final target, TMG has set, for the first time as a Japanese municipality, an intermediate target with a specific year by referring to eight-hour values used worldwide. • To set the intermediate target, TMG referred to the American standards established according to the result of collecting and analyzing the latest scientific findings.

Transition of photochemical oxidant concentrations Daily maximum 8-hour concentration (ppm) and relationship between target values

Maximum concentration of State of California (annual fourth-highest concentration) Maximum concentration of TMG (annual fourth-highest concentration) Maximum concentration of State of New York (annual fourth-highest concentration)

Achieve the target in FY2030 ahead of the reduction trend.

Intermediate target (Annual fourth-highest concentration)

Final target (Equivalent to

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. environmental standard) Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. (Annual highest concentration)

(FY)

▼ Comparison between principal environmental standards of international organizations or other countries and intermediate target of TMG

Concentration (ppm) X-hour concentration Year of setting Remarks Annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour Intermediate target of TMG 0.07 8-hour concentration 2016 concentration, averaged over 3 years Environmental standard of Japan 0.06 1-hour concentration 1973 WHO guideline 0.05 8-hour concentration 2005 — Annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour US standard 0.07 8-hour concentration 2015 concentration, averaged over 3 years Average over 3 years of number of days per year EU target 0.06 8-hour concentration 2002 exceeding standard is to be 25 days or fewer. • The WHO guideline value is equivalent to the environmental standard value of Japan, which is the final target. • The US standard is stricter than the EU target. • If achieved, the US standard is believed to help mitigate health effects, such as a decline in lung function, and reduce hospitalizations, emergency hospital visits, and the risk of death.

082 083 1. Further Improvements in Air Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Policy Directions (1) Promotion of countermeasures for PM2.5 and photochemical oxidants

To promote countermeasures for PM2.5 and photochemical oxidants, TMG will take finely-tuned measures for various sources and develop broad-based cooperation with surrounding local governments. It is important to continue studies on unexplained issues, such as the formation of PM2.5 and photochemical oxidants. TMG will also consider emissions control measures for NOX and VOCs focusing on days with high-concentration photochemical oxidants. Regulation and guidance for factories or workplaces and broader spread of certified appliances ▼ Certification label for small combustion appliances For factories or workplaces in Tokyo, TMG has tightened regulation and guidance for substances for which emission standards have been stipulated, including soot and smoke, II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. by giving guidance on notifications according to laws and regulations, examining the notification details, and conducting on-site inspections as required. As measures for small boilers etc. not subject to regulation by law, TMG has certified those

meeting TMG’s criteria as “low-NOx and low-CO2 small combustion appliances.” TMG will be committed to continuing regulation and guidance and encourage the broader spread of certified appliances.

Technical support for businesses ▼ Breakdown of estimated total VOC emissions in Tokyo Stationary evaporation sources account for approximately Homes & offices Painting (inside factory) 8% Painting 16% Painting 21% (outside factory) 60% of VOC emissions in Tokyo and most of them are small 13% Airplanes & vessels 2% and medium-sized facilities. To encourage efforts by these Stationary Construction evaporation businesses for voluntary emissions control and enable them to machinery 1% sources 63% Mobile sources Total VOC take effective measures, TMG will continue technical support, 17% emissions in FY2010 Automobiles 15% 69,700 t/year Printing 15% including holding various seminars, distribution of technical Stationary combustion guides by industry type, and the dispatching of advisors whose sources 4% function will be to recommend control measures matching Boilers, etc. 4% Others 1% Adhesive usage

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Fueling, etc. 14% Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. actual conditions at facilities. (outside factory) 3% Adhesive usage Cleaning 6% (inside factory) 2% Metal surface treatment 1% Effective use of Appropriate Control System ▼ VOC Reduction Guidebooks (Inside Plant Edition of Chemical Substances and Construction/Civil Engineering Edition) TMG will strive to further reduce VOC emissions from the industrial sector by using its Appropriate Control System of Chemical Substances and other systems to consider reduction approaches according to the status quo and VOC use at businesses.

Expanded use of next-generation vehicles Low-emission vehicles and fuel-efficient vehicles have been developed and spread as TMG has required businesses to introduce specified low-emission and fuel-efficient vehicles ▼ Measurement survey of automotive emissions and encouraged the use of them. As a result, the number of low-emission vehicles and fuel-efficient vehicles has increased to account for approximately 20% of the total number of automobiles owned in Tokyo. TMG will strive for the expanded use of automobiles with high environmental performance by supporting the introduction of next-generation vehicles. Monitoring system for automotive emissions As the result of research and study, the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection has found automobiles with a defeat device*87 that enables them to meet

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. the NOx emissions standards in automotive emission testing by ▼ Photograph of gasoline evaporative emissions Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. when fueling taken with special infrared camera the national government in spite of their emissions actually being several-fold the limit during on-road driving. TMG will build an effective monitoring system to prevent such malicious violation. Measures for gasoline evaporative emissions Gasoline evaporative emissions are VOCs that are released in the air during fueling, parking, and driving. Controlling the emissions will likely achieve further improvements in the air environment. Through the cooperation in the framework of

the nine local governments coalition in the Kanto district, TMG Source: Website of Nine Local Governments Coalition's Aozora Network will reduce VOC emissions from automobiles by requesting the national government to introduce ORVR vehicles*88 as they are ▼ Benefits of ESI

For shippers: appropriate countermeasures for gasoline evaporative emissions. + Positive consumer experience

A + Way to implement sustainable goals B C D

Measures for vessels CO-OPERATION TMG will need to flexibly respond to the tightening of legal

REQUIREMENTS & CARGO TO SAIL restrictions on exhaust gas from vessels, such as a stricter POSITIVE CONSUMER EXPERIENCE For carriers: PROMOTIONAL SCHEME For ports/terminals: + Sail high-profile cargo + Cleaner air upper limit for the sulfur concentration in fuel oil (3.5% to CLEANER SHIPS + Benefits + Increased stakeholder acceptance III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. 0.5% by 2020 or 2025) in the International Convention for Source: Website of World Ports Climate Initiative the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). For further reduction of NOx and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions in the Port of Tokyo, we will be committed to encouraging vessels with low environmental load to call at the port using incentives based on ESI*89, an international environmental program. Reducing emissions from combustion appliances in commercial and residential sectors The commercial and residential sectors’ rates of contribution to the concentration of PM2.5 are not high on the whole but still

084 085 1. Further Improvements in Air Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

account for approximately 10% of human-related emissions in ▼ Small combustion appliance (portable engine generator) Tokyo. TMG will promote the reduction in NOx emissions by investigating actual conditions of exhaust gas from the many non-regulated small appliances in the sectors and applying the Certification Program for Small Combustion Appliances with

Low NOx/CO2 to a broader range of appliances. Measures for VOCs in intimate living environment VOCs from general households and offices amount

to approximately 10,000 tonnes a year accounting for ▼ Sample indication on aerosol & spray products approximately 16% of VOC emissions in Tokyo (estimate for o O High VOC Low VOC FY2010). Though air pollutants, including PM2.5, have drawn Label check Nitrogen gas increasing attention recently, emissions control measures for Carbon dioxide their causative agents, VOCs, are not very widely spread in the Flammable gas

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. intimate living environment. Therefore, TMG will encourage low DME Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. LPG VOC products to be selected as familiar housewares. Shape check

NOx and VOC emissions control on days Low VOC Spray Pump-type (with no aerosol with high-concentration photochemical gas used) oxidants In Tokyo, days with photochemical smog advisories cannot be Advantage • The risk of fire is eliminated completely eliminated partly because of climate conditions, (as flammable gas is not used). including the frequent occurrence of extremely hot days with high levels of insolation. Therefore, we need to cooperate ▼ Mechanism of occurrence of photochemical smog with businesses in a more flexible manner to pursue effective control measures that have a minimal negative impact on their Photochemical smog operations. TMG will consider a new mechanism that enables Sun Photochemical effective handling of photochemical smog forecasts and reaction

Ultraviolet requests to businesses for emissions control. rays Nitrogen oxide, VOCs Promotion of broad-based cooperation TMG has implemented measures to encourage VOC-

discharging businesses in emissions control during summer Automobiles

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Factories or workplaces Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. through the cooperation in the framework of the nine local governments coalition in the Kanto district and will additionally carry out measures for combustion appliances mainly in winter. We will develop other broad-based measures, such as the

promotion of the wider spread of low-NOx and low-CO2 small combustion appliances certified by TMG in tandem with green purchasing by municipalities. For large-scale development plans, TMG will work with surrounding local governments to request consideration before and after the plans as the widespread impact of air pollutants, including PM2.5, is expected with such plans.

Constant air monitoring

At 82 locations in Tokyo, consisting of 47 ambient air ▼ Air pollution map (NO2) monitoring stations and 35 automotive emissions monitoring stations, 24-hour continuous monitoring is conducted for not only the six items specified by the environmental standards—

NO2, SPM, photochemical oxidants, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and PM2.5—but also seven other items—nitric

oxide, methane, non-methane hydrocarbon, wind direction, Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-ppb wind speed, temperature, and humidity. TMG will build Super Sites*90 for more detailed monitoring and identifying air environment conditions. We will provide comprehensible information to Tokyo residents and visitors to the city through the air pollution map that shows hourly measurements. Studies on countermeasures for PM2.5 and ▼ PM2.5 sampler

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. photochemical oxidants Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. On days with high-concentration PM2.5, the component composition depends on seasons and places. Therefore, TMG will analyze seasonal primary causes, identify the influence of large-scale transport, and examine data-driven effective reduction methods. TMG will research plant-related VOCs as it is becoming clear that plants emit VOCs greatly affecting the generation of photochemical oxidants but actual conditions, such as the amount generated in urban areas, have not been identified yet. We will reorganize a source inventory*91 and use it to consider future measures, including unidentified fields. Source: Website of the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection

(2) Enforcement of anti-dispersion measures for asbestos

To enforce the anti-dispersion measures for asbestos, TMG ▼ Asbestos removal will share notified information, conduct on-site inspection, and publicize the necessary information to businesses in cooperation

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. with the Tokyo Labor Bureau as it strives to ensure the safety of Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. construction workers. We will also strengthen technical support for asbestos analysis by municipalities.

Source: Countermeasure Manual for Asbestos Molded Plates (Photo provided by the Japan Federation of Housing Organization)

086 087 1. Further Improvements in Air Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

(3) Measures for noise and vibration

TMG will survey noise and vibration for the implementation of effective measures and support municipalities’ efforts to reduce complaints about construction noise, which has been on the rise in recent years.

Measures for automobile noise ▼ Roadside noise measurement in Mizuho-machi To prevent automobile noise, comprehensive measures need to be promoted, including the reduction of noise from automobiles etc., noise-reducing road surfacing, and dispersion of automobile traffic volumes. Therefore, in parallel with the construction and renovation of urban infrastructure, we will continue reducing automobile noise through the adoption of two-layer low noise pavements*92 highly effective in suppressing automobile noise and the enhancement of road networks to disperse automobile traffic volumes. We will also promote the introduction of next-generation vehicles that help reduce noise II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. as well. Measures for aircraft noise TMG measures noise around the Tokyo International Airport ▼ Aircraft noise measurement at Tokyo International Airport (Haneda), Yokota Air Base, and Naval Air Facility Atsugi. Since several research points around the Yokota Air Base and Naval Air Facility Atsugi do not meet the environmental standards, we will request the national government etc. to promote the aircraft noise prevention measures and expand areas eligible for soundproofing of residential buildings and facilities that qualify for subsidy. Measures for railway noise Although the achievement rates for the environmental standards for noise have been greatly improved in recent years, several

research points did not meet the standards in FY2013. To improve ▼ Railway noise measurement point in Ota-ward these points, TMG will request from businesses effective noise reduction measures suitable for the causes of noise, such as

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. the installation of noise barriers and introduction of railcars that Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. produce lower levels of noise, which will be determined with measurement surveys, including the identification of noise sources. Reduction of complaints about daily life noise and vibration Many of the complaints about noise and vibration in Tokyo are attributable to construction or demolition work of roads and buildings. To ensure a comfortable living environment for citizens, TMG will consider solutions to reduce complaints and continue technical support for municipalities, including the holding of training courses on monitoring and provision of technical advice.

086 087 2. Reduction of Environmental Risks Due to Chemical Substances I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Reduction of Environmental Risks Due to Chemical Substances

Efforts and Challenges Measures for chemical substances

Based on the ordinance in FY2014, the total amount of chemical ▼ Transition of chemical substances emissions substances emissions from factories etc. in Tokyo was reduced in Tokyo (Tonnes/year) to approximately 40% of the levels recorded 10 years ago. 7,967 However, it is necessary to check for risks caused by non-

regulated chemical substances as there are many areas that 63% reduction have a mix of residential buildings and workplaces in Tokyo.

In a research in FY2014, the concentrations of dioxins met the 3,352 12% reduction 2,937

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. environmental standards at all measuring points in air, soil, and Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. groundwater. The concentration in the air was approximately 1/15 compared to FY1998, decreasing to approximately 1/25 of the environmental standards. The concentration in sediments (FY) Transportation equipment manufacturing Printing Electroplating exceeded the environmental standards at one point in rivers, Plastic products manufacturing Metal products painting Wood/wooden products manufacturing Metal products manufacturing Fuel retailers Automobile maintenance and so needs ongoing monitoring. Chemical industry Others TMG revised the Chemical Substance Control Guidelines stimulated by the Great East Japan Earthquake and requests ▼ Disaster prevention measures for chemical businesses to report the response to earthquakes in order to substances in storage prevent leakage or effluence accidents of chemical substances in the event of earthquakes. Measures for soil pollution To prevent an impact from soil pollution on human health caused by the closure of factories or redevelopment works, since FY2001 TMG has required businesses dealing with hazardous substances and those who significantly modify land to conduct soil pollution research and take appropriate measures if pollution is found. In soil pollution research conducted at the time of the closure of factories, soil pollution was found in approximately 35% of

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. roughly 3,300 notifications. In the research conducted at the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. time of significant land modification, a possibility of soil pollution was found in approximately 30% of roughly 7,200 notifications

(as of the end of March 2015). ▼ Soil Pollution Control Advisor Dispatching In areas where soil pollution has been identified, measures need Program

to be taken to prevent an impact on human health. However, Small and medium business (1) Request for dispatching TMG small and medium-sized businesses have challenges in terms of an advisor Industry types •Plating cost and technologies. •Cleaning •Gas station •Printing etc. TMG provides effective technical support to small and medium- sized businesses through the effective use of Soil Pollution Advisor Contractor

Countermeasures Guidelines for Small-and-Medium-sized (2) Decision to dispatch (4) Providing an advisor Companies that contains an easy-to-understand description of technical advice rational measures and techniques as well as the dispatch of Soil (3) Selecting and dispatching an appropriate advisor Pollution Control Advisors who give advice on technical matters.

088 089 2. Reduction of Environmental Risks Due to Chemical Substances I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future Environmental risks due to chemical substances are reduced to ensure a safe living environment. ■ Emission of chemical substances is restricted to further reduce environmental risks. ■ Rational countermeasures for soil pollution are selected for further processing.

Targets ◆ Further reduce chemical substances emissions into the environment. ◆ Promote countermeasures for soil pollution considering environmental, economic, and social aspects.

Policy Directions (1) Promotion of reduction measures for chemical substances emissions

Although chemical substances emissions in Tokyo have steadily decreased, it is necessary to understand the II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. situation and check for risks in areas with mixed residential and industrial use as there are a relatively large number Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. of such areas in Tokyo. ▼ Overview of Appropriate Control System of Chemical Substances Enhancement of Appropriate Control Factories and designated workshops System of Chemical Substances Applicable Annual turnover: 100 kg or more facilities Small and medium-sized painting, printing, In addition to the PRTR system*93 of the national government, plating, cleaning businesses, gas stations, etc. 59 chemical substances (hazardous gases and TMG requests small facilities to report emissions into the Applicable substances specified in the ordinance) needing substances environment of chemical substances subject to proper control as proper control based on their properties and use specified in the ordinance. We will use these systems to consider Five items: Amount used; amount manufactured; Contents of amount of shipping as products; emissions into measures to further reduce chemical substances emissions. report the environment; and amount moved outside facilities (as waste or wastewater)

(2) Promotion of countermeasures for soil pollution

TMG will be committed to promoting improvement measures as soil pollution is highly accumulative, closely associated with groundwater pollution, and influential for a long period of time. To promote rational countermeasures for soil pollution taking into consideration the risks to human health, we will propose and request that the national government re-examine legal restrictions. Depending on the outcome, we will also appropriately address our systems based on the ordinance. Technical support for small and medium- III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. sized businesses Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. To enable small and medium-sized businesses to promote research and measures with low cost and low environmental ▼ Optimum countermeasures for soil pollution load, TMG will continue support for them by dispatching (image) advisors or by other means. Economy

• Most economical Optimum countermeasures Examination of approaches for selecting measures • Improved asset value of optimum countermeasures for soil pollution land for soil pollution In light of low environmental load (environmental aspect), cost Environment (green) reduction (economic aspect), and better understanding of • Prevention of human Society health hazards due to neighborhood residents (social aspect) in all processes related pollution • Consensus of the • Reduction of local communities to the implementation of the measures, TMG will examine environmental load • Better use of land (CO2 etc.) through approaches to encourage the selection of the rational measures measures by businesses.

088 089 3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment

Efforts and Challenges Water quality of rivers and Tokyo Bay ▼ Changes in river BOD (FY average) In FY2014, BOD*94 of rivers met the environmental standards in 90 80 Ayase River at Uchitakumi Bashi (Adachi-ward) all of 56 water areas in Tokyo. 70 Kawaguchi River at Kawaguchigawa Bashi (Hachioji City) 60 Meguro River at Taiko Bashi (Meguro-ward) 50 *95 Tama River at Tamagawara Bashi (Chofu City) COD of Tokyo Inner Bay (water areas bordering Tokyo ranging 40 from the mouth of the Tama River to that of the Old Edo River) 30 20 met the environmental standards in only one water area out 10 0 *96 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2014 of four, causing red tides and hypoxic water mass to affect FY aquatic organisms particularly in summer.

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. In the case of heavy rains in particular, “wastewater discharge ▼ Changes in Tokyo Bay COD (FY average) Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. under wet weather” is carried out to protect urban areas from COD (mg/L) 10 Inner Bay B floods, which is one of the causes of deteriorated water quality in 8 Inner Bay C Canals Tokyo Bay. As to prefectures’ percentages in discharged load in 6 terms of COD flowing into Tokyo Bay, more than 70% comes from 4 2 prefectures other than Tokyo. This represents the importance 0 of broad-based measures in cooperation with the national 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 FY government, other prefectures, and relevant organizations. Situation of water cycle in Tokyo Water cycle has changed in recent years as a result of further urbanization, changes in industry structure, and climate change, which requires an urgent response to various challenges: groundwater recharge, a decrease in river flow, floods, water pollution, and impact on ecosystem.

For the ground and groundwater in Tokyo, land subsidence is calming down as groundwater pumping has been regulated by laws and ordinances. Groundwater levels are recovering as a whole but the recovery has stagnated in recent years, causing concern over the recurrence of land subsidence due to the lowered levels in several regions.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Land subsidence is an irreversible phenomenon where the original ground height does not recover. Since Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. excess pumping may worsen the situation, TMG needs to continue striving to prevent land subsidence through appropriate regulation of pumping.

On the other hand, there is a growing interest in the use of groundwater as seen in the fact that emergency water wells were drilled as stimulated by the Great East Japan Earthquake. The Basic Act on the Water Cycle enacted by the national government in April 2014 shows an attitude of promoting the conservation and sustainable use of groundwater.

With a view to these new challenges, it is necessary to promote initiatives that help maintain a sound water cycle.

090 091 3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Increased risk to water and human health due to climate change

In June 2014, TMG revised the Tokyo Metropolitan Torrential ▼ Changes in number of rainfall events over 50 ml/hour Rain Measures Basic Policy to enhance countermeasures for Thunderstorms: Over current design rainfall (50 ml/hour, 152 ml/24 hours) flood in watersheds and districts for intensified measures, Typhoons/fronts: Over current design rainfall (50 ml/hour, 152 ml/24 hours)

over 50-ml/hour design rainfall 60

including response to be made when rainfall reaches 75 ml/hour Number of rainfall events 50

in the 23 wards and 65 ml/hour in the Tama area. 40 40 30 Thunderstorm 32 Thunderstorm torrential rain torrential rain Climate Change and Its Impacts in Japan (2012 edition) of the 20

10 14 national government indicates the possibility of different impacts Typhoon/front Typhoon/front 13 torrential rain 10 torrential rain 0 6 in connection with a rise in average temperatures in Japan, such 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 as more serious disasters due to heavy rainfall, increased risk of tidal waves, higher incidence of heatstroke, and the expanded habitat of infection-bearing mosquitoes.

It will be necessary to make efforts in the mitigation of the risk II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. of damage from landslide disasters and tidal waves and the prevention of heatstroke and infection in addition to response to torrential rain. Thermal environment in Tokyo

The annual average temperature of Tokyo has risen by ▼ Transition of number of sweltering nights in Tokyo approximately 3°C in the last 100 years. Far exceeding 1.5°C of (Days) cities located in regions less influenced by urbanization, the rise clearly shows the trend of high temperatures in cities, including the heat island effect, as well as the impact of global warming.

The number of sweltering nights has increased since the 1970s, leading to 5-year moving average*97 in 2011 being 42.6 days at a record level. The number of people transported by ambulance (Year) due to heatstroke increased from 412 in 2000 to 4,634 in 2015. Number of sweltering nights in Tokyo (5-year moving average) In addition to its own efforts in energy efficiency, TMG has based on material from Japan Meteorological Agency developed a broad range of measures: laying heat blocking *98 *99 pavements and water retaining pavements ; greening along ▼ Water retaining pavements and watering systems rivers; restoring roadside trees; developing parks and squares; III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. the greening of walls and building rooftops; water sprinkling; and planting lawn in schoolyards.

The verification of the measures effects using thermal images*100 shows that thermal infrared radiation*101 from the ground surface in redevelopment zones has steadily decreased from that measured before the development while the radiation tends to remain high in dense residential areas.

Since the trend of high temperatures in cities has continued partly because of the impact of climate change, it will be necessary to implement measures to control the temperature rise and adaptation measures focusing on the control of the impact of an increase in the occurrence of heat stress.

Tokyo in the Future An environment in which Tokyo residents and visitors to the city feel comfortable has been realized as a result of the improved water quality of rivers and marine areas, along with the creation of a luxuriant water environment, with measures for the heat in place. ■ The water quality of rivers and marine areas is improved; and citizens have become familiar with a waterfront environment that hosts a variety of aquatic organisms. ■ Spring water and groundwater are conserved; and maintenance and safety have been improved in an attractive environment that takes full advantage of the waterfront. ■ Measures for the heat are in place to allow people to feel comfortable in town.

Targets ◆ Increase the achievement rate for the marine area COD environmental standards to 100% by FY2020 and

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. maintain the achievement rate of 100% for the river BOD environmental standards. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ◆ Formulate management measures that are well balanced in terms of the conservation and proper use of groundwater. ◆ Increase areas that mitigate the midsummer heat felt by people.

Policy Directions (1) Measures for water pollution

In cooperation with the national government and relevant local governments, TMG will further promote measures for water pollution in Tokyo Bay and rivers to develop a familiar and friendly waterfront environment.

Ensured implementation of total emissions ▼ Overview of effluent control

control of effluents Control of Total emissions control of concentrations effluents TMG regulates the concentrations of hazardous substances in Regulates effluent according to the Water Pollution Control Law. For COD, Regulation substance Regulates absolute amount contents concentration of substances in effluent nitrogen, and phosphorus, TMG regulates the total emissions in effluent Applicable Areas through which as well. Based on the Tokyo Metropolitan Environmental All areas areas effluent flows into Tokyo Bay Security Ordinance, we formulate effluent standards that are Size of Daily average effluent of

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. applicable — Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. stricter than the Law requires and regulate items and facilities 50 m3 or more workplaces not subject to the Law. We are committed to implementing Part of living environment Hazardous items: substances regulations based on laws and ordinances and considering and Applicable COD (from FY1979) Living substances All nitrogens (from FY2002) environment promoting effective measures in cooperation with the national All phosphoruses (from items government and relevant local governments. FY2002)

092 093 3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Improvements in combined sewer system ▼ Improvements in combined sewer system (image) Rainwater infiltration inlet facility (residential) Installation of rainwater (Reduces the amount of water going into and implementation of dredging infiltration inlet sewer pipes by infiltrating rainwater in residential districts) Storage pipe (Reduces the amount of wastewater discharged from sewer outlets TMG will promote the improvements in the combined sewer construction during storms)

*102 Pumping station system , including the construction of storage facilities Sewer outlet and high-speed filtering facilities, to further reduce pollution

loading that flows out in wet weather. By constructing advanced Stormwater tank construction (Reduces the amount of wastewater discharged treatment facilities at water reclamation centers, TMG will Measures for from pumping stations during storms) stormwater outlets Construction of high-speed improve the quality of water discharged to the waterfront, (Reduces discharges of debris filtering facilities and oil balls) Water reclamation center Intercepting sewer making a contribution to the control of red tides in Tokyo Bay. In construction (Increases the total amount of sewage conveyed to water reclamation centers during rainfalls) river segments and canals with low levels of water flow, we will Stormwater tank construction Installation of oil *103 fences (Reduces the amount of wastewater Water treatment facility implement measures, including dredging and sand capping , discharged at water reclamation centers during rainfalls) (Reduces discharges of debris and oil balls) to prevent deteriorated water quality or noxious odors due to the elution of nitrogen or phosphorus from mud deposits. ▼ Purification mechanism of tidelands

Research and study of water quality and Reeds absorb Seawater Absorption into seaweed (Undaria nutritional salts pinnatifida, Laminaria, Porphyra/ Beach Ulva, Zostera marina, etc.) Oxygen from air Filtration blends into aquatic organisms Tideland seawater Seawater Rocky stretch

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG will strive to keep the habitat of aquatic organisms in Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Sedimentation and adsorption Tideland of organic matter good condition and improve the water quality of Tokyo Bay Phytoplankton Zooplankton through the effective use of monitoring data for efforts in water

purification in cooperation with the national government and Crabs, lugworms, etc. living in Sedimented tideland eat organic matter in mud Elution remains relevant local governments and the accumulation of findings Decomposition by Shellfish, such as clams, benthic animals and on water purification by investigating the actual conditions of filtrate seawater microorganisms the elution of nutritional salts from sediments and studying the purification mechanism of the ecosystem in shallow water and tidelands.

(2) Restoration of water cycle and improvements in the waterfront environment in Tokyo

TMG will aim for a restored water cycle and improved waterfront environment that are relevant to Tokyo taking into account the impact of climate change while tackling the conservation and properly controlled use of groundwater and the conservation and recovery of spring water. In addition, we will need to develop the waterfront environment in coastal areas as a more attractive space taking advantage of the holding of the Tokyo 2020 Games. Conservation and properly controlled use of groundwater

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. In light of recent changes in the situation surrounding Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. groundwater, TMG will examine management measures to ▼ Spring water balance conservation with proper use by identifying the actual conditions of ground water. As hot springs are a particular form of groundwater use, we will continue the verification in connection with groundwater. Conservation and recovery of spring water Spring water acts as a river source as well as a place where living things are grown and local community is formed. It has further potential as a valuable resource, as it can also be a resource for tourism. As efforts toward the conservation and recovery of spring water, TMG will continue the conservation of green spaces and forest that play an important role for groundwater recharge and the promotion of rainwater

Improvements in waterfront environment ▼ Clear stream restored in Tamagawajosui headrace TMG will strive to improve the waterfront environment in Tokyo by cooperating with or supporting businesses developing the waterfront environment, including the promotion of greenery with flowers and plants and municipalities conserving ecosystems along the waterfront, including spring water and waterways, and by continuing efforts in the restoration of clear streams and improvements in the water quality of the moat in the outer garden of the Imperial Palace. We will also promote efforts taking advantage of the attractions of waterfronts, including areas along the Sumida River and coastal areas, and create a variety of enticements and attractions along ▼ Illustrated scheme of measures against torrential rain for rivers waterfront spaces.

Shirako River Underground Regulating Reservoir (underway) Promotion of disaster countermeasures, Shirako River Kanda Shirako River Shakujii River River II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. including improved safety of rivers etc. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Shakujii River Based on the revised Tokyo Metropolitan Torrential Rain Measures Interchanging flood control function between watersheds Kanda River New reservoir Basic Policy, TMG will implement comprehensive measures to (connection)

reduce flood damage, such as watershed measures, including the Kanda River Ring Road No. 7 Underground Regulating Tokyo Bay installation of infiltration inlets*104, and the maintenance of rivers Reservoir (completed) and sewer systems. TMG will also need to enhance non-structural measures as the construction of facilities takes a long time. We ▼ Measures against torrential rain in sewer system: 2nd Tameike Sewer Trunk Line with 8.0-m inner will promote countermeasures for flooding in large underground diameter malls and strengthen the provision of real-time information to Tokyo residents by improving the functions in a flood forecasting system*105 and introducing it into the latest radar, Tokyo Amesh*106. Moreover, TMG will construct erosion control facilities, including erosion control dams*107 and grating crib works*108, to prevent landslide disasters caused by typhoons and torrential rain, promote the construction of super levees and develop waterproofing measures for seawalls and their inner walls in order to prevent flood damage due to tidal waves.

▼ Watershed measures (image) III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

Storage Greening between buildings building rooftop Infiltration gutter

Storage at school yard Rainwater tank Rainwater infiltration inlet (individual homes) Green space and bare ground in place Rainwater infiltration trench

Permeable paved road

Rainwater storage tank Rainwater infiltration inlet

094 095 3. Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

(3) Promotion of measures against heat in town

TMG will aim for an even more comfortable urban environment by developing measures for the heat, such as the creation of cool spots in town. Looking ahead to the Tokyo 2020 Games, we will strengthen measures for the heat at arenas and in town. Since temperature rises may increase the risk of the occurrence of infection in the future, we will also make efforts in preventing infection.

Encouragement of efforts by municipalities ▼ Installation of dry-type mist and private businesses generation equipment (Ueno Zoo) In cooperation with various participants, such as municipalities and businesses, TMG will create cool spots by installing dry- type mist generation equipment*109 and maintaining flowers and plants at different places in Tokyo in addition to the existing measures for heat island effects. We will further encourage efforts by various participants through the revision of the Guidelines for Heat Island Control Measures. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II.

Enhanced cooperation with the Organising ▼ Performance of heat blocking pavements Committee and relevant ministries and Daytime Night-time agencies for holding the Tokyo 2020 Games (1) Reflecting (3) Reducing radiant heat solar heat Toward the holding of the Tokyo 2020 Games, TMG will promote the construction of heat blocking pavements as heat Sunlight control measures for roads, including the marathon course. We will implement public relations for the prevention of heatstroke Heat (emission) and have measures for the heat spread in society, adopting

efforts in non-structural aspects, such as the expansion of (2) Controlling heat accumulation to reduce road surface temperature efforts in water sprinkling in cooperation with communities.

Implementation of countermeasures to ▼ Collecting virus carrying infectious diseases mosquitoes As to mosquito-borne infections, TMG will build a context- sensitive, comprehensive response system by working with the national government, relevant organizations, and citizens, which enables TMG to control the occurrence of mosquitoes at ordinary

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. times, conduct surveillance*110 of the inhabitation status of virus Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. carrying mosquitoes and occurrence of patients, and quickly carry out research at the time of the occurrence as well as the extermination of mosquitoes.

094 095

1. Cooperation with Various Participants

II–5

Directions of Future Environmental Policies

Comprehensive and Cross-Sectional Efforts in Environmental Initiatives

1. Cooperation with Various Participants

2. Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Urban Development

3. Enhancement of System for Highly Enforceable Environmental Administration

097 1. Cooperation with Various Participants I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

1. Cooperation with Various Participants

Efforts and Challenges The Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) has promoted ▼ Project for Regional Environmental Power Revitalization in Cooperation with Municipalities cooperative efforts by providing financial and technical support to municipalities’ environmental initiatives and sharing 58 projects with 33 municipalities completed in FY2014 71 projects with 36 municipalities applied for in FY2015 information on the initiatives. Project examples: • Energy efficiency measures using energy audits at small and medium-sized facilities As proven by diesel regulations and proposals and requests • Aggressive control of alien or introduced species to the national government, TMG has made efforts in • Promotion of recycling small electronic devices for a cyclical use of metal resources promoting collaboration on initiatives and solving wide-area challenges at broad-based partnership conferences, such as the Environmental Problem Measures Committee of the Nine Local ▼ Presentation of climate change measures

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Governments Coalition Summit Conference. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Won Government Leadership Award (World Green 2011 Building Council) Through the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program, TMG has Held workshops at UN Rio+20 (introduced Tokyo 2012 developed cooperative efforts in CO2 reduction, making credits Cap-and-Trade Program) tradable with Saitama Prefecture. 2013 Won City Climate Leadership Award (C40/Siemens) Invited to Technical Expert Meeting of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate To prevent improper disposal, such as the illegal dumping Change (announced results of Tokyo Cap-and- 2014 of industrial waste, TMG, 11 prefectures, and 20 cities have Trade Program) Held C40 Tokyo Workshop (introduced energy established the Extensive Liaison Council for Prevention of efficient buildings in Tokyo) Presented GHG reduction targets and TMG’s Improper Disposal of Industrial Waste (commonly known as 2015 efforts at side events of COP21 (Paris) Industrial Waste Scrum) for the promotion of cooperative efforts.

TMG has joined C40*111 and ICAP*112, which are groups of cities

making pioneering efforts in climate change measures, to ▼ TMG’s presentation at COP21 side event promote cooperation with cities around the world.

At international conferences and other occasions, TMG has presented its leading climate change measures, such as the Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program and energy efficiency measures for buildings.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. In conjunction with cities in Asia, such as Beijing, Seoul, and Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Bangkok, TMG has held workshops and exchanged officials in the fields of waste management and air quality.

▼ Exchange with cities around the world in 2015

Exchange and promotion in the environmental field London, Moscow, Paris, State of Tomsk (joint accord reached) Field of waste Bangkok, Singapore, State of Tomsk, Yangon Dispatch and management acceptance of Field of air officials Bangkok, Beijing quality

098 099 1. Cooperation with Various Participants I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future Environmentally conscious efforts are promoted in cooperation with various participants along with active collaboration on environmental initiatives with cities around the world. ■ Based on the cooperation and collaboration between various participants, including the administration, citizens, businesses, and NGOs/NPOs, environmentally conscious efforts are promoted in every scene, resulting in further environmental improvements across Tokyo. ■ Between Tokyo and cities around the world, collaboration and joint study on policies are actively carried out to solve environmental problems on a global scale and deal with the environmental challenges common to cities.

Targets ◆ Promote efforts in cooperation with various participants, including municipalities and NGOs/NPOs. ◆ Expand and develop initiatives jointly addressed in metropolis conferences as well as the nine local II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. governments coalition in the Kanto district. ◆ Promote the exchange of policy information and technical cooperation with cities around the world.

Policy Directions To realize a sustainable society, TMG will contribute to the solution of the world’s environmental challenges as well as environmental improvements in Tokyo by enhancing the effects of initiatives through strengthened cooperation with various participants, including citizens, businesses, and NGOs/NPOs, and promoting the exchange and cooperation with cities around the world.

Cooperation with municipalities ▼ Project for Regional Environmental Power Revitalization in Cooperation with Municipalities To promote efforts in the environment taking advantage (image)

of regional characteristics and resources, TMG will continue TMG Financial support Municipalities • Clarify project policies to • Implement region-involved promote environmental efforts that comply with supporting municipalities’ initiatives that also serve as solutions initiatives across Tokyo. Supplementation TMG’s project policies. • Horizontally develop efforts and collaboration • Implement beyond-ward- by municipalities that serve border efforts in cooperation for wide-area environmental challenges in Tokyo. the solution of wide-area with neighboring environmental challenges. municipalities. Response to wide-area In the field of resource recycling, the linkage with the environmental challenges

administration of municipal solid waste is particularly important. Further promotion of environmental policies across Tokyo III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. TMG will promote efforts in the solution of challenges by working with municipalities to examine the formulation of 3R ▼ TMG’s advertising poster to improve recognition rules for business waste.

TMG will support specific initiatives jointly addressed by municipalities, such as the promotion of bicycle sharing beyond ward borders.

It is important to apply the experience and technologies cultivated by TMG in solving the challenges that municipalities must confront. TMG will raise the level of efforts across Tokyo by providing the opportunity to share or jointly examine information “It’s not easy sharing a winning 700 million and cooperating in the development of human resources. lottery ticket, but sharing a bicycle is easy!”

▼ Example of a campaign by the nine local Broad-based cooperation between governments coalition in the Kanto district municipalities Through the cooperation in the framework of the nine local governments coalition in the Kanto district, TMG will raise awareness of residents by conducting joint campaigns featuring issues closely associated with the daily life of residents. We will develop the efforts into more tangible ones that involve businesses and residents.

To enable a quick response to a wide variety of challenges that include new fields, TMG will promote joint efforts, such as appealing to the national government and provision of information. Cooperation with citizens, businesses, and

NGOs/NPOs ▼ Program to Involve Citizens in Co-Creation Project to Reduce Food Losses II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG will promote further collaboration and cooperation with Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. each participant, by strengthening the cooperation with citizens and NGOs/NPOs and, for the collaboration with businesses in particular, by developing advanced, environmentally conscious efforts in measures for climate change or waste.

TMG will expand the examination of and efforts in building new programs through model projects or verification in cooperation with pioneering businesses already working on food losses or native species planting.

To control the amount of waste generated by consumers, it is ▼ Programs provided through Forests Green Spaces Conservation Activities Information Center indispensable to collaborate and cooperate with citizens and (1) Summarize activity NGOs/NPOs. TMG will continue enhancing cooperation to raise Accepted by: information Conservation Area Forests Green awareness and foster motivation. Experience Programs (4) Introduce applicant Spaces Conservation Tama River Water citizens Activities Resources Forest Team Information Center Tokyo Forestry Support TMG will continue activities in cooperation with businesses, Team Others (3) Consultation, Registration inquiry, NGOs/NPOs, and volunteer organizations, such as Tokyo registration

Greenship Action taking advantage of conservation areas and (5) Participation (2) Make information about the activity nature experience events led by the private sector held on public III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

TMG-owned land in Hachioji City. Citizens

(6) Regular emails to registered Through the effective use of the Forests Green Spaces Conservation citizens Activities Information Center, TMG will provide programs to

encourage citizens less familiar with nature to participate in natural ▼ View of experience program environment activities and make ongoing efforts.

TMG had allocated funds raised by the program Fund-raising for Greenery in Tokyo to efforts to increase visible greenery, but will restyle the program to the Fund-raising for Flowers and Greenery in Tokyo to use the funds more broadly for efforts to plant, grow, protect and display flowers and greenery.

100 101 1. Cooperation with Various Participants I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

▼ TMG’s presentation at Technical Expert Meeting Promotion of international environmental of United Nations Framework Convention on cooperation Climate Change (June 2014) TMG will promote city diplomacy and strengthen the provision of information on its pioneering efforts as well as policy collaboration and technical cooperation.

TMG will make its pioneering environmental measures public and take a leadership role in promoting climate change measures among cities and municipalities around the world by continuing its participation in international networks, such as C40, ICAP, and ICLEI*113, and taking part in new global frameworks, including Compact of Mayors, and international conferences.

▼ Example of policy and technical cooperation In the field of waste management, including recycling, and the with cities around the world field of air quality, including PM2.5 control, TMG will strengthen Tokyo Metropolitan Research

Institute for Environmental Exchanging researchers Beijing Municipal Research the cooperation with cities in Asia, including Beijing and Seoul, based on agreement Institute of Environmental

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. and exercise its experience and know-how to enhance and Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Protection strengthen policy and technical cooperation by participating in Protection international conferences and the exchanging of researchers.

To formulate its resource recycling initiatives, TMG will refer to efforts in other cities, such as measures for waste in the London Learning from each other by 2012 Games and the use of design for garbage collection in sampling, measuring, and cities around the world. analyzing PM2.5 and VOCs

Aggressively and on a global basis, TMG will make public information on and provide know-how related to its pioneering efforts toward the sustainable use of resources and the resource recycling initiatives for the Tokyo 2020 Games.

Topic Participation in the Compact of Mayors

In October 2015, Tokyo joined the world’s largest coalition of city leaders addressing climate change. The Compact of Mayors was launched mainly by C40 and ICLEI in 2014 to support the success of COP21 that was held in Paris, France in 2015. The purpose of the establishment is that cities, which emit 70% of greenhouse gas all over the world, work together to deal with risks of climate change.

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Cities that joined the Compact commit to announcing the reduction target of greenhouse gas and the action Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. plan they set and reporting the current progress. Key commitments of Cities in the Compact Measure greenhouse gas emissions Establish targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions Identify risks associated with climate change Formulate an action plan As of February 2016, more than 450 cities all over the world joined the Compact, and about 60% of them are cities in Europe and the U.S. From Japan, 5 cities including Tokyo joined the Compact. (http://www.compactofmayors.org/)

(1) Commitment (2) Inventory (3) Target (4) Plan Compliance

100 101 2. Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Urban Development I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

2. Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Urban Development

Efforts and Challenges TMG has promoted the reduction of environmental load by ▼ Example of promoting environmental consciousness institutionalizing the environmental consciousness in urban Institutionalization of environmental consciousness development through the Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment System, Green Building Program, Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program, System and Green Building Program and the environmental Appropriate Control System of Chemical Substances, Urban Redevelopment Systems, Greenery Program, consciousness in business activities through the Vehicle Emission Development Permission System, Vehicle Emission Reduction Program, etc. Reduction Program etc. Mechanisms to evaluate environmental consciousness Energy-Saving Label, Certification Program for Small TMG has created and disseminated mechanisms to evaluate Combustion Appliances with Low NOx/CO2, Nine Local Governments Coalition Designated Low-Emission the levels of environmental consciousness, such as the Green Vehicles, Third-Party Assessment Program for Industrial II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Labelling for Condominiums and Low-Carbon Benchmarks for Waste Disposal Companies by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Low-Carbon Benchmarks for Small and Small and Medium-Sized Facilities. Medium-Sized Facilities, Green Labelling for Condominiums, Freight Company Fuel Efficiency Assessment Program, etc. To promote human resource development, TMG has held Initiatives taken by TMG environmental education workshops for teachers of elementary TMG’s Smart Energy Action Plan, Tokyo Energy Savings & Renewable Energy Specifications, Tokyo Metropolitan schools since FY2008 and environmental study lectures for Green Purchasing Promotion Policies, Tokyo Metropolitan Green Purchasing Guideline, Tokyo working members of society since FY2011. Metropolitan Construction Recycling Guidelines, Tokyo Metropolitan Green Procurement Principle (public TMG has promoted environmental learning through the construction), etc. effective use of TMG-owned facilities and land as a venue for

experiencing environmental learning by conducting a tour of ▼ Environmental education workshops for landfill sites (Environmental Learning Hall set up in FY2009) and teachers of elementary schools taking Tokyo Greenship Action in conservation areas of Tokyo. FY Occasions Participants 2012 6 106 TMG is implementing effective public relations by accepting 2013 6 80 smart phone access in the website of the Bureau of Environment 2014 6 90 and using SNS, including Facebook.

▼ Website of the Bureau of Environment III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

▼ SNS of the Bureau of Environment

102 103 2. Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Urban Development I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future Environmental consciousness is built into citizens’ daily actions and companies’ business activities and urban development has a low environmental load. ■ Environmentally conscious actions are practiced in every facet of citizens’ daily life and companies’ business activities. ■ Environmental load in the future is considered in the construction and renovation of urban infrastructure and urban development is sustainable. ■ Children who will shoulder responsibility for the next generation have plenty of opportunities to receive environmental education and citizens are provided with many places for environmental learning, which is all the while fostering an environmental awareness.

Targets ◆ Make environmental consciousness more tangible and intrinsic through a variety of approaches, including

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. regulation and encouragement. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ◆ Enhance and strengthen the environmental education for children who will shoulder responsibility for the next generation and aggressively provide citizens with opportunities for learning about the environment. ◆ Enhance and strengthen environmental public relations to help environmental initiatives become more common among citizens and businesses and environmentally conscious actions to be practiced.

Policy Directions TMG is committed to environmentally conscious efforts with all its might while encouraging citizens and businesses to take environmentally conscious actions through different approaches.

Creating a mechanism to encourage ▼ Items estimated/evaluated in Environmental citizens and businesses to make Impact Assessment System of Tokyo 1. Air pollution 2. Noxious odors environmentally conscious efforts 3. Noise and vibration 4. Water pollution 5. Soil pollution 6. Ground TMG will continue creating a mechanism for environmental 7. Geography and geology 8. Water cycle 9. Living things and 10. Shade consciousness to realize a sustainable city. ecosystem 11. Radio disturbance 12. Wind environment As to program-based approaches, such as the Tokyo Cap- 13. Landscape 14. Historical sites and cultural assets and-Trade Program and Greenery Program, TMG will consider 15. Opportunity for nature 16. Waste III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. making them more effective and enforceable. experience 17. GHG

TMG will take the initiative in the use of eco materials, including ▼ Awareness raising brochure (image) recycled materials, and environmentally conscious products while setting up rules and mechanisms for spreading sustainable procurement in business activities across Tokyo.

With a view to the full liberalization of retail sales of electricity in April 2016, TMG will provide adequate information and raise awareness through the visualization of the power sourced from renewable energy and create a mechanism to encourage the aggressive use of renewable energy by citizens and businesses.

To help low-carbon buildings to be positively evaluated in the ▼ Promotion of CO2 reduction based on Special Development Areas for Urban Renaissance (image) real estate market, TMG will aggressively use the Carbon Report Reduction of thermal load Effective use of natural • Reduced air-conditioning load energy and raise awareness of a green lease that enables building with high-performance Low-E • Solar power generation double glass

owners and tenants to cooperate in energy efficiency. Management of area Efficient use of energy energy networks for energy • Automatic brightness control with brightness sensor efficiency • Information management with TMG will further establish and spread third-party assessment integrated BEMS Measures for heat island effects • Greening of walls and building programs to properly evaluate and certify environmentally rooftops • Dry-type mist generation equipment conscious businesses, such as the Certification Program for

Excellent Industrial Waste Disposal Companies and Freight Effective use of resources • Recycling of rainwater and water Company Fuel Efficiency Assessment Program. from air conditioners

To help citizens and businesses select environmentally conscious products, TMG will continue implementing certification programs for environmentally conscious equipment and devices, ▼ Considering sustainable public procurement programs to subsidize part of purchase costs, and preferential code (image) tax treatment for the reduction of or exemption from tax depending on purchase or installation costs. Research on precedents II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. TMG will continue promoting initiatives that provide incentives in connection with programs, such as the promotion of CO2 Across-the-bureau examination reduction based on the Special Development Areas for Urban Renaissance and the encouragement of greening through the Urban Redevelopment Systems. Sustainable public procurement code taking account of environmental, social, Sustainable public procurement code and economic aspects To ensure that optimum results can be generated to the extent possible in environmental, social, and economic aspects, TMG ▼ Verification Project for Advanced Technologies Related to Measures for the Heat (image) will conduct research on precedents and an across-the-bureau Public examination to formulate a sustainable public procurement invitation awareness about technologies Disclose effects and raise Disclose effect verification

code to procure raw materials, products, and services taking the Technologies related to Installation and measures for the heat entire supply chain into consideration. Creation of business based on environmental technologies TMG will expand the market by selecting, spreading, and TMG-owned facilities effectively using excellent technologies in the private sector and strengthen the cooperation with pioneering businesses. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. TMG will also continue applying investment-oriented approaches that use TMG’s funds to trigger the investment of private funds in infrastructure, including the Public-Private ▼ Environmental learning at landfill site Partnership Infrastructure Fund and Public-Private Partnership Renewable Energy Fund. Development of human resources for the next generation Through the ongoing cooperation with businesses, relevant organizations, and municipalities, TMG will promote lifelong learning as well as ESD—education aiming to develop people who can act to create a sustainable future or society—and enhance environmental learning in tandem with school education.

104 105 2. Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Urban Development I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

TMG will carry out memorable environmental learning, training, ▼ Environmental learning course delivered at elementary school and lecture classes by providing opportunities for experience at awareness raising facilities related to hydrogen energy and resource recycling and by developing environmental learning taking advantage of regional characteristics and human resources.

TMG will build a mechanism for sharing information to deepen the cooperation with municipalities in terms of environmental learning. Public relations for promoting new environmental initiatives As to the effective use of hydrogen energy, sustainable use of ▼ Public relations development (image)

resources, and conservation of biodiversity, TMG will develop Spread to citizens and businesses public relations taking advantage of media advisors’ technical New environmental initiatives Media advisor point of view, including the utilization of public relations media Hydrogen- based society optimum for targets. II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. ◆ Information provided using Resource public relations media recycling optimum for targets

Biodiversity

Topic Learning: The What is ESD? environment Learning: Learning: International Energy ESD stands for Education for Sustainable Development. understanding Basic concepts of ESD The world is filled with a variety of challenges: the environment, [Knowledge, sense of Learning: Learning: values, actions, etc.] World poverty, human rights, peace, and development. ESD represents Disaster Integrated Heritage Sites prevention development of and regional learning and activities that aim to generate a new sense of environment, cultural assets economy, and society values and actions to solve these challenges in modern society Learning: and create a sustainable society based on the values and actions Biodiversity Related matters by helping you to personally take on these challenges. Climate change In short, ESD is education to groom those who will eventually take on leadership roles in creating a sustainable society. ▼ Collaboration of the ESD Quest mascot of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. International trends surrounding ESD Science and Technology and the “Hug- kun” ESD mascot of the Ministry of the Proposed by the Japanese government and Japanese NGOs, Environment based on the latter’s suggestion, at the Johannesburg Summit 2002, UN Decade of ESD started in 2005 after a UN resolution. Since the completion of UN Decade of ESD, the philosophy of ESD has been incorporated into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), becoming increasingly important.

From the webpages of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Ministry of the Environment

104 105 3. Enhancement of System for Highly Enforceable Environmental Administration I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

3. Enhancement of Promotion System for Highly Enforceable Environmental Administration

Efforts and Challenges

In February 2008, the Tokyo Environmental Public Service ▼ Energy audit to check equipment at facility Corporation (Environmental Public Service Corporation) was designated as the Tokyo Metropolitan Center for Climate Change Actions, and it has worked with TMG to support energy efficiency measures at homes as well as small and medium-sized facilities ever since.

Since FY2015, part of the administrative tasks for conservation areas in Tokyo have been entrusted to the Environmental Public Service II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Corporation which has maintained and managed green spaces.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental ▼ Studies enjoined by TMG in FY2015 Protection has conducted studies entrusted to it by TMG, joint • Study on comprehensive efforts for vehicle emission reduction studies with universities, and studies using funds from the • Study on resource management during the urban waste disposal process and management approaches for hazardous substances in national government and private businesses. urban waste • Technology development for final disposal process On the other hand, there is the challenge that sufficient efforts • Study on reduction of particulate matter concentrations • Study on reduction measures for high-concentration photochemical have not been made in important subjects for the recent oxidants • Study on analysis methods for hazardous chemical substances and environmental administration, such as renewable energy, identification of the current status of the environment hydrogen energy, and the conservation of biodiversity. • Study on functions of ecosystem formed on shores and tidal flats • Study on the current status of heat island effects in Tokyo • Research on a new green index

▼ Operations of Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation ● Environmental research and study, technical support Public service Environmental research and study (Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute ● Studies using funds from outside for Environmental Protection)

Climate change actions ● Global warming countermeasures support for small and (Tokyo Metropolitan Center medium-sized facilities

Public Service Corporation Public Service for Climate Change Actions) ● Global warming countermeasures support in the “Cool Net Tokyo” residential sector Tokyo Environmental III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Conservation of the natural ● Conservation of the natural environment (administration environment of conservation areas)

● Acceptance of application for removal of bulky refuse Cyclic use of resources ● Acceptance of home appliance recycling

Proper disposal of waste and support ● Promotion of international cooperation in the field of for disposal technologies waste management ● Certification Program for Excellent Industrial Waste Disposal Companies in Tokyo with Proper Disposal and Recycling ● Spread of environmental awareness (tour in Public relations environment-related facilities)

● Utilization of company-owned land (effective use for Profit-making Promotion of public service service spreading hydrogen energy)

Administration

106 107 3. Enhancement of System for Highly Enforceable Environmental Administration I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I. Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Tokyo in the Future TMG and the Environmental Public Service Corporation are promoting environmental initiatives under the strong cooperation between them. In particular at the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, a department of the corporation, the functions of study have been enhanced to back up the development of initiatives by TMG.

Targets ◆ Strengthen the cooperation between TMG and the Environmental Public Service Corporation and secure human resources and improve the system at the corporation. ◆ Strengthen the functions of study at the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection and improve its technological capabilities by exchanging human resources.

Policy Directions

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Human resources will be maintained and the system will be improved to strengthen the functions of the Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Environmental Public Service Corporation, including the Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, and effective initiatives will be developed through the cooperation between TMG and the corporation.

▼ Facility operated by Environmental Public Service Strengthening cooperation with Corporation to spread the use of hydrogen Environmental Public Service Corporation energy: Tokyo Hydrogen Museum (image) The Environmental Public Service Corporation, an organization supervised by TMG, has accumulated a great deal of experience and technologies as an institute specializing in the field of the environment, has undertaken many projects of TMG, and acted as an intermediary between citizens or businesses and the administration. The cooperation between TMG and the corporation will be deepened to support TMG’s policies in a more effective manner taking advantage of such experiences and human resources.

Strengthening functions of Tokyo ▼ Hydrogen mascots Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection The Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection will tackle new fields of study, such as renewable III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. energy and hydrogen energy, to support TMG’s initiatives in Suison Sanson Erere Mizuzie Always fine and happy! Friendly and easygoing Mild but strong Reliable leader! terms of their technical aspects. with everybody

By introducing advanced technologies to citizens and aggressively accepting trainees from overseas, the functions of ▼ Air analysis training at Tokyo Metropolitan the institute will be strengthened as a hub for the provision of Research Institute for Environmental Protection information, environmental learning, and exchange of people. Development of human resources taking leadership in environmental administration TMG has valuable assets—the knowledge and experiences related to the environment that have been cultivated through its advanced efforts. TMG will apply these assets to the formulation and promotion of initiatives through training for the succession of technology.

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III

Ensuring Promotion of the Plan Ensuring Promotion of the Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Ensuring Promotion of the Plan

For the ensured promotion of this Master Plan, TMG will properly manage the progress of the plan by periodically confirming and verifying the achievements of targets and progress of initiatives. Since environmental challenges today are significantly influenced by shifts in social and economic conditions and technological innovation in Japan and abroad, TMG will carry out revisions necessary to be able to flexibly cope with the changes, developing environmental initiatives. We will periodically disclose the achievements of targets etc. to citizens and encourage efforts by a diverse range of participants through the effective promulgation of information.

▪ Roadmaps for achieving targets II-1. Realization of a Smart Energy City

Initiatives Targets Main efforts 2016 2020 n Reduce Tokyo’s greenhouse gas emissions by 30% below 2000 Steady operation of Tokyo Cap-and-Trade Program

II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. levels by 2030. Sectoral targets Examination for the following periods include: • Approximately 20% reduction in Support of efforts through the Carbon Reduction Reporting Measures at large and the industrial and commercial Program (Energy audits, benchmarks, support of effective small-to- medium sectors (approximately 20% measures, etc.) facilities (for industrial reduction in the commercial & commercial sectors) Creation of a mechanism for low-carbon buildings to be sector) evaluated in the market, including the effective use of the Carbon • Approximately 20% reduction in Report

Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and Energy Management Energy and Measures Efficiency Energy of Promotion the residential sector • Approximately 60% reduction in Support of the spread of a Further promotion the transport sector green lease of the spread

n Reduce Tokyo’s energy Encouragement of energy efficiency and power saving actions by consumption by 38% below energy efficiency advisors etc. 2000 levels by 2030. Sectoral Support of the introduction of energy creation/storage targets include: equipment • Approximately 30% reduction in Measures for residential Encouragement of the energy efficiency renovation of existing the industrial and commercial sector sectors (approximately 20% residential buildings reduction in the commercial Provision of information on Enhancement of efforts looking sector) residential buildings with ahead to mandatory • Approximately 30% reduction in high-level energy efficiency compliance with the energy the residential sector performance efficiency standards • Approximately 60% reduction in the transport sector Encouragement of the introduction of low-emission and fuel-

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. efficient vehicles (Designation system, mandatory introduction, n Increase an adoption rate of subsidy and loan facilitation, etc.) next-generation vehicles in passenger vehicles to 80% or Support of the introduction of next-generation vehicles and more and that in cargo vehicles Measures for transport universally designed (UD) taxis with high environmental to 10% or more in Tokyo by sector performance 2030. Encouragement of efforts by businesses (Effective use of the Vehicle Emission Reduction Program and Freight Company Fuel Efficiency Assessment Program)

Promotion and raising awareness of eco-driving

Promotion of district Formation of traffic networks and making public transportation environment traffic more convenient initiatives Bicycle sharing in a broader area beyond four wards Ensuring Promotion of the Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

Initiatives Targets Main efforts 2016 2020 n Installation of commercial

Promotion of Energy Efficiency Measures and and Measures Efficiency Energy of Promotion Approach to the market made by restructuring the Green Building cogeneration systems (CGSs) in Program and enhancing labelling programs Tokyo: • 600,000 kW by 2024 Support of the spread of CGSs and the use of area energy • 700,000 kW by 2030 networks

Energy Management Low-carbon footprint in urban development Use of Program on Effective Use of District Energy n Alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons (HFCs) CO₂ reduction started at the development stage through the Special Development Areas for Urban Renaissance and Urban emissions: Redevelopment Systems • FY2014 levels or below by FY2020 Encouragement of the use of area energy networks through the • 35% below FY2014 levels by Urban Redevelopment Systems FY2030 Taking the initiative at Promotion of efforts based on the TMG’s Smart Energy Action TMG’s facilities Plan

Other GHG Enforcement of the proper management of fluorocarbons countermeasures Encouragement of the introduction of non-fluorocarbon/low GWP*114 equipment

n Percentage of power generated Partial subsidization of household storage batteries and solar II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. by renewable energy in the total heating equipment etc. electricity use in Tokyo: Promotion of the use • Approximately 20% by 2024 of solar energy Ongoing efforts, including the promotion of the effective use of Expansion of Introduction of Renewable Energy Renewable of Introduction of Expansion • Approximately 30% by 2030 the Tokyo Rooftop Solar Register Further installation of City Charge n Installation of solar power generators in Tokyo: Promotion of the use Effective use of the geothermal heat potential map • 1 million kW by 2024 of urban renewable Promotion of biomass power generation and heating, small energy • 1.3 million kW by 2030 hydroelectric generation, and the use of sewage heat Expansion of Partial subsidization of the introduction of self-consumption n Installation of solar power introduction of local- renewable energy power generation systems or heating systems generators to TMG’s facilities: production-for-local- consumption for businesses • 22,000 kW by 2020 renewable energy

n Raise public awareness about the Effective use of public- Operation of Public-Private Partnership Renewable Energy Fund effectiveness of heat energy, such private partnership fund as geothermal heat, to promote its introduction in Tokyo. Creation of a mechanism to Awareness raising Creation of a provide adequate information mechanism to help to consumers select renewable energy electricity Promotion of the use of FIT power from renewable energy by Environmental Public Service Corporation

n Use of fuel-cell vehicles and Spread of fuel-cell Using funds for massive financing buses in Tokyo: vehicles and buses III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. • 6,000 vehicles by 2020 (at least 100 fuel-cell buses) Installation of hydrogen Using funds for massive financing for maintenance and operation -100,000 vehicles by 2025 stations costs

Creating a Hydrogen Based Society Support of the entry of small and medium-sized businesses -200,000 vehicles by 2030

Support of the introduction into n Installation of hydrogen stations Spread of household/ residential buildings Encouragement of the in Tokyo: commercial fuel cells introduction into commercial • 35 stations by 2020 and industrial sectors • 80 stations by 2025 Examination of the use of Efforts for • 150 stations by 2030 renewable energy from Tohoku introduction Promoting the use of and other regions n Use of household fuel-cells in CO₂-free hydrogen Tokyo: Encouragement of the introduction of equipment for using hydrogen from renewable energy • 150,000 units by 2020 • 1,000,000 units by 2030 Awareness raising Effective public relations optimum for targets *Opening the Tokyo Hydrogen Museum in summer 2016

Proposal and request Cooperation with businesses to Ongoing requests to the national government study measures replacing (deregulation, etc.) regulations Ensuring Promotion of the Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

II-2. Facilitation of 3Rs/Proper Waste Disposal and Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources

Initiatives Targets Main efforts 2016 2020 n Promote the reduction of Promotion of food loss resource losses, including food Promotion of awareness raising through the cooperation with reduction losses. pioneering companies, NGOs/NPOs, and municipalities

Promotion of Sustainable Use of Resources of Use Sustainable of Promotion n Recycling rate of municipal solid Setting recycling rules waste: Promotion of business waste recycling • 27% by FY2020 Broader spread of recycling • 37% by FY2030 rules

n Final disposal amount of waste in Implementation of model Tokyo (comparison to FY2012): Promotion of projects • 14% reduction by FY2020 sustainable use of • 25% reduction by FY2030 resources in cooperation with Examination and implementation of pioneering businesses initiatives based on the results of model projects

n Promote the adoption of low II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. carbon, environmentally Collection and Providing information to small symbiotic, and recyclable Promotion of examination of and medium-sized companies resources and expand sustainable sustainable information to raise their awareness procurement in business activities procurement and consumption behavior in Tokyo.

Development of Venous Business and Promotion of Proper Disposal of of Disposal Proper of Promotion and Business Venous of Development n Foster an environment in which Dissemination and disposal companies that make Improvements in the program and promotion of the substantial efforts to reduce examination of promotion measures Third-Party Assessment environmental load and promote Program high-level cyclic use of waste are Informing businesses of the program through lecture classes fairly recognized and are Enforcement of competitive in the markets. reporting system for Survey of the current status of the use and storage of PCB use and storage of PCB containing equipment in Tokyo and enforcement of the proper n Prevent illegal dumping of waste containing equipment, storage and disposal within the parameters of the deadline and enforce proper disposal. and support for small- and medium- Waste sized businesses

Promotion of separate discharge/proper Promotion of the separate collection of mercury-containing disposal of mercury- wastes containing waste

Beautification of public III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. space adopting a new Verification project Expansion into main districts style

Strict on-site inspection On-site inspections at building demolition work sites and at demolition works encouraging the generators of waste to understand their responsibilities

Reinforcement of Disaster Disaster of Reinforcement n Build a system to promptly and Research to Formulate the Plan

Waste Measures properly dispose of disaster waste by 2020 in preparation for the Formulation of the Plan. occurrence of Tokyo Inland Formulation of the Earthquake. Tokyo Disaster Waste Support of the formulation of Disposal Plan disaster waste disposal plans by municipalities Ensuring Promotion of the Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

II-3. Succession of Urban Environment Symbiotic with Diverse Forms of Life in Rich Nature

Initiatives Targets Main efforts 2016 2020 n Promote the development of parks and encourage tree Development and spread of the ecosystem assessment method planting on private land to Promotion of greening Promotion of greening taking into account the ecosystems create new green spaces. with consideration for biodiversity n Promote greening considering Promotion of greening at the development stage through the biodiversity and expand the Special Development Areas for Urban Renaissance and Urban habitat space of living things. Redevelopment Systems Conservation of Biodiversity and Creation of of Greenery Biodiversity Conservation Promotion of ecological network Expansion of ecological networks through the spread of native building with diverse species planting entities

Conservation of Proper maintenance and management of conservation areas greenery at existing green spaces Promotion of urban greening and conservation of city farmland II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. n Develop needleleaf and broadleaf Development of mixed forests in the deserted needleleaf and Improvement of public functions of forests through reforestation forest areas in Tama to recover broadleaf mixed forests (thinning) and pruning habitats and growing spaces for in the Tama area and recovery of spaces to animals and plants. provide habitats for the growth of living things

n Reinforce rare species measures Reinforcement of rare in their conservation areas (for all Implementation of measures, including patrols and monitoring species conservation areas by FY2024). cameras measures in Support activities, including the dispatch of advisors conservation areas

n Promote the proper control of wild life to mitigate the effects on Promotion of proper Proper management of population through monitoring surveys ecosystems and living control of wild life and the revision of the Animals and Birds Protection Management environment, etc. Plan and Deer Control Plan

n The number of participants in Introduction of nature through fresh approaches, such as art and

Development of Environment of to Conservation Support nature experience activities in Provision of learning culture Biodiversity and Expansion of Citizens’ Engagement conservation areas: opportunities through • 30,000 in FY2024 in cumulative experience-based Implementation of programs for beginners to become involved in total programs and fostering • 50,000 in FY2030 in cumulative of human resources total

n Identify the potential attractions Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. of natural parks, promote the Formulation of the Strategic development of Examination of ideals conservation of their luxuriant Natural Park Vision initiatives based on the Vision of natural parks natural environment, history and culture, and promote their use.

n Continue to protect the natural Efforts at Ogasawara environment on Ogasawara Promotion of the eradication of alien species and conservation of Islands in cooperation Islands, a world natural heritage rare species in cooperation with the national government and with municipalities site. municipalities

n Provide opportunities for learning Promotion of and experiencing the Enhancement of the natural environment conservation and environmental learning environment to raise awareness environment experience taking advantage of private funds and in cooperation with the about the importance of know-how private sector biodiversity. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

II-4. Ensuring a Comfortable Air Environment, and Quality Soil and Water Cycles

Initiatives Targets Main efforts 2016 2020 n Increase the achievement rate for Regulation and Statutory guidance on notifications, examination of the the PM2.5 environmental notification details, and on-site inspections standards to 100% by FY2024. guidance for factories and technical support Technical support, including the distribution of technical guides for businesses for VOCs by industry type and dispatching of VOC reduction n Ensure zero days with advisors photochemical smog advisories by FY2020. Encouragement of the introduction of low-emission and fuel- Expanded use of efficient vehicles (indicated again) n Reduce the concentration of next-generation Further Improvements in Air Environment Support of the introduction of next-generation vehicles and photochemical oxidant to 0.07 vehicles universally designed (UD) taxis with high environmental ppm or less at all monitoring performance (indicated again) stations by FY2030. Promotion of the spread of low-NOx and low-CO₂ small combustion appliances Emission reduction Investigation of the actual Certification of a broader range measures in conditions of exhaust gas from of appliances commercial and non-regulated combustion residential sectors appliances II. Directions of Future Environmental Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. Encouraging low VOC products to be selected in the intimate living environment

Emission control on Examination and implementation of effective handling of days with high- photochemical smog forecasts and requests to businesses for concentration emissions control photochemical oxidants

Examination and implementation of effective measures, including Promotion of studies the research of plant-related VOCs and reorganization of inventories

n Promote effective measures to Measures for noise and Support of municipalities’ efforts to reduce complaints about reduce noise from construction vibration construction noise sites.

Reduction of Environmental Risks Risks Environmental of Reduction n Further reduce chemical

Due to Chemical Substances Chemical to Due Enhancement of Operation of the Appropriate Control System of Chemical substances emissions into the Appropriate Control Substances for a stricter control environment. System of Chemical Examination and implementation of measures suitable for actual Substances emissions

n Promote countermeasures for soil Technical support based on the use of the Soil Pollution pollution considering Countermeasures Guidelines and dispatch of Soil Pollution environmental, economic, and Technical support for Control Advisors social aspects. businesses Examination of rational Spread of rational

III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III. measures and techniques measures and techniques

Improvements in Water/Thermal Environment n Increase the achievement rate for Ensured implementation of the total emissions control of effluents the marine area COD environmental standards to 100% Measures for water by FY2020 and maintain the Improvements in combined sewer system and implementation of achievement rate of 100% for the pollution dredging river BOD environmental standards.

n Formulate management Conservation and Identification of the measures that are well balanced Examination of management properly controlled use actual conditions of in terms of the conservation and ground water measures to balance proper use of groundwater. of groundwater conservation with proper use

n Increase areas that mitigate the Creation of cool spots in cooperation with various participants midsummer heat felt by people. Promotion of measures Promotion of heat control measures for Tokyo metropolitan for the heat in town roads, including the construction of heat blocking pavements Expansion of efforts in water sprinkling in cooperation with communities Ensuring Promotion of the Plan I. Formulation of New Tokyo Environmental Master Plan Master Tokyo Environmental New of Formulation I.

II-5. Comprehensive and Cross-Sectional Efforts in Environmental Initiatives

Initiatives Targets Main efforts 2016 2020 n Promote efforts in cooperation with various participants, Financial support thorough the Project for Regional including municipalities and Cooperation with Environmental Power Revitalization in Cooperation with municipalities Cooperation with Various Participants NGOs/NPOs. Municipalities (until FY2024)

n Expand and develop initiatives Ongoing efforts, including information sharing jointly addressed in metropolis Broad-based conferences as well as the nine Promotion of environmental initiatives in cooperation with large cooperation between local governments coalition in the cities as well as the nine local governments coalition in the Kanto municipalities Kanto district. district

n Promote the exchange of policy Cooperation with information and technical Cooperation with companies: Takaonomori Nature School citizens, NGOs/NPOs, cooperation with cities around Natural environment conservation activities etc. and businesses the world. Promotion of efforts in cooperation with various participants

Promotion of

international Promotion of information exchange with cities around the world Policies Environmental Future of Directions II. environmental and provision of technical support for them. cooperation *Exhibition of the JAPAN HOUSE at the Rio 2016 Games

Promotion of Environmental Consciousness toward Sustainable Sustainable toward Consciousness Environmental of Promotion n Make environmental consciousness more tangible and Promotion of the creation of a regulation- and encouragement- intrinsic through a variety of Creating a mechanism oriented mechanism approaches, including regulation to encourage and encouragement. environmentally conscious efforts Research and bureau-specific Awareness raising examination to formulate a n Enhance and strengthen the public procurement code environmental education for Urban Development children who will shoulder responsibility for the next Building of an environmental Sharing information with generation and aggressively Development of human learning portal site municipalities provide citizens with resources for the next opportunities for learning about generation the environment. Promotion of environmental learning in tandem with school education n Enhance and strengthen environmental public relations to Effective public relations for hydrogen energy, biodiversity, etc. by help environmental initiatives Public relations for involving media advisors become more common among promoting new citizens and businesses and environmental environmentally conscious initiatives actions to be practiced. III. Ensuring Promotion of the Plan the of Promotion Ensuring III.

Enhancement of Promotion System for for System Promotion of Enhancement n Strengthen the cooperation

Highly Enforceable Environmental between TMG and the Cooperation to spread hydrogen energy Environmental Public Service *Opening of the Tokyo Hydrogen Museum in summer 2016 Corporation and maintain human

Administration resources and improve the system at the corporation. Strengthening Enhancement and strengthening of the subject of study, such as cooperation with renewable energy and hydrogen energy n Strengthen the functions of study Service Corporation at the Tokyo Metropolitan and Research Institute Research Institute for Implementation of training for the succession of technology Environmental Protection and improve its technological capabilities by exchanging human resources.

Glossary Glossary

Glossary

Term Description

The program sets an upper limit for greenhouse gas emissions for individual facilities Tokyo Cap-and-Trade *1 to ensure the steady reduction of emissions and enables excess or insufficient Program reductions to be transferred or obtained through trading. Airborne particulate matter with particle sizes of 2.5 µm or smaller. PM2.5 can *2 PM2.5 penetrate deep into the lungs, raising concerns about the influence on the circulatory system in addition to the respiratory system. As a core financing organization for technical cooperation activities in the United Nations System, UNDP was founded in 1966 by integrating two UN technical cooperation organizations: the UN Special Fund and the Expanded Technical United Nations Development *3 Assistance Program. Member states of the United Nations, Specialized Agencies of Programme (UNDP) the United Nations, and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) automatically become members of UNDP (193 countries and regions involved as of September 2015). An abbreviation for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. For a comprehensive evaluation of human-related changes in climate and impacts as well as adaptation and mitigation measures from scientific, technical, and socioeconomic *4 IPCC points of view, IPCC was established in 1988 by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It consists of the general assembly, three working groups, and a Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. An abbreviation for Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage. CCS represents a series of *5 CCS processes to capture and store CO₂ generated at factories or power plants before it is discharged in the air. FIT requires electric utilities to purchase, at government-designated prices and for a certain period of time, electricity generated through renewable energy sources, *6 Feed-in Tariff (FIT) including solar light, wind power, hydropower under 30,000 kW, terrestrial heat, and biomass. Costs incurred by electric utilities for the purchase are covered by the renewable energy surcharge paid by people as a part of their electricity bill. A system that generates power by directly converting the chemical reaction of *7 Fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen in the air into electricity, emitting only water when used. One of 31 different rare metals and a general term for 17 different elements (rare earths). Rare earth includes neodymium and dysprosium used as materials for rare *8 Rare earth earth magnets indispensable for next-generation vehicles, cerium and lanthanum used as abrasive for HDD glass substrates and exhaust gas catalysts for automobiles. Various forms of resource nationalism (tendency of a national government to control and develop natural resources located in its territory), such as export restrictions, *9 Enclosure of resources priority given to domestic supply, and restrictions on bidding in the energy industry by foreign companies. A general term for beach litter that has been washed ashore, floating litter that moves *10 Marine litter on or near the sea surface, and seabed litter that has sunk to and accumulated on the bottom. A series of linked processes, from the stage of raw materials to the stage of the *11 Supply chain delivery of products or services to users. Procurement of raw materials, products, etc. that takes into account human rights, *12 Sustainable procurement labor, and environmental problems in supply chains. Glossary

Term Description

According to the Symposium on Sustainable Consumption held in Oslo, Norway, 1994, “sustainable production and consumption is the use of goods and services that Sustainable consumption and *13 respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life, while minimizing the use of production natural resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle, so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations.” “Estimated Damage from a Tokyo-Epicentered Major Earthquake” disclosed by TMG defines a North Tokyo Bay Earthquake or Tama Epicenter Earthquake as an earthquake directly striking the capital. The magnitude is assumed to be 7.3 in both cases. Hypothetical damage is characterized by suppositions that there would be Earthquake directly striking the *14 several regions with maximum seismic intensity 7, regions with seismic intensity at the capital upper 6 level would be widespread, a maximum tsunami height along the coastal areas of Tokyo Bay would be T.P. (Tokyo Peil) 2.61 m at high tide, and the death toll for the earthquakes centered under North Tokyo Bay could reach up to approximately 9,700. To promote global warming countermeasures at small and medium-sized facilities in Tokyo, the program encourages the identification of CO₂ emissions and Carbon Reduction Reporting *15 implementation of specific energy efficiency measures and helps control CO₂ Program emissions accompanying business activities by requiring applicable facilities to submit a Carbon Reduction Report. A system that effectively uses the heat originating in power generation for air *16 Cogeneration system (CGS) conditioning and hot water supply. CGS can achieve a high energy use efficiency of approximately 75% to 80%. A value that indicates CO₂ emissions per unit of activity. In terms of electricity, the *17 CO₂ emission factor factor indicates CO₂ emissions per used amount of 1 kWh. The condition in which two different things are separated or no longer linked. *18 Decoupling Decoupling hereunder refers to the situation where energy consumption and economic growth are no longer linked, both of which usually increase simultaneously. Emissions calculated for each applicable facility on which its emissions reduction Base-year emissions (Tokyo *19 obligations are based. Base-year emissions are usually the average emissions of any Cap-and-Trade Program) three consecutive fiscal years selected by businesses between 2002 and 2007. When a building with total floor area more than 5,000 m², including office buildings and condominiums, is constructed or undergoes extensions, the program requires *20 Green Building Program the submission of a plan that shows environmentally conscious efforts. It aims to encourage such efforts by disclosing the submitted plan. For a large-scale development project in one district in which the whole floor area of one or more buildings is greater than 50,000 m², the program requires the Program on Effective Use of *21 submission of a notification during the planning process, which indicates action for District Energy the effective use of energy, such as the consideration of the introduction of district heating and cooling or renewable energy. Part of Urban Renaissance Urgent Redevelopment Areas subject to the Act on Special Special Development Areas for Measures Concerning Urban Renaissance to which the use based on the existing use *22 Urban Renaissance districts or regulations, such as floor area ratio, are not applied and in which a plan can be made with a high degree of freedom. The systems relax floor area ratio etc. for excellent architectural planning that makes a public contribution, such as ensuring open spaces for public use. The Urban Urban Redevelopment Redevelopment Systems are a general term for four systems: district plans that *23 Systems stipulate redevelopment promotion areas based on the City Planning Act, specified blocks, high-level use districts, and comprehensive design system based on the Building Standards Act. An abbreviation for Building Energy Management System that serves to measure the *24 BEMS electricity used in buildings, control connected equipment, including air conditioning or lighting equipment, and restrain or control the peak demand of the equipment. Glossary

Term Description

An abbreviation for Net Zero Energy Building that reduces primary energy consumption through improvements in energy saving performance or the use of *25 ZEB renewable energy, achieving net zero or close to zero energy consumption on an annual basis. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are alternatives for specified fluorocarbons Alternatives for *26 (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)). HFCs have an chlorofluorocarbons (HFCs) ozone depletion potential of zero but a significant greenhouse effect. This index classifies facilities’ CO₂ emissions levels (CO₂ emissions per 1 m² out of total Low Carbon Benchmarks *27 floor area) for each industry type into seven levels. It allows each facility to identify its (self-rated index) emissions level in comparison with other facilities in the same industry. A report that indicates the energy efficiency levels, such as CO₂ emissions and efforts in energy efficiency measures, at small and medium-sized leased buildings. The *28 Carbon Report Carbon Report assumes that building owners etc. will use it to draw attention to environmental performance in real-estate transactions. In a green lease, owners and tenants of leased buildings are supposed to work together and voluntarily determine reductions in environmental load, including *29 Green lease energy efficiency at the premises, or the improvements in the office environment through an agreement or memorandum and implement what has been determined. An abbreviation for Home Energy Management System that helps reduce energy *30 HEMS consumption through the control of electricity at homes and the efficient operation management of home appliances. An abbreviation for Mansion Energy Management System that serves to measure the electricity used in condominium buildings, control connected equipment, including *31 MEMS air conditioning or lighting equipment, and restrain or control the peak demand of the equipment. Low-emission and fuel-efficient vehicles that emit no or only a small amount of Specified low-emission and exhaust gas and have a sufficiently good fuel efficiency and that TMG requires *32 fuel-efficient vehicles entities using 200 or more automobiles in Tokyo (except islands) to include at a certain percentage as a minimum requirement. Emissions calculated for each applicable business and used as a reference for CO₂ Base-year emissions (Vehicle *33 emission reduction targets. Base-year emissions for the third period are the average Emission Reduction Program) emissions of any three consecutive fiscal years between 2006 and 2010. Contracts that make an effort to minimize the environmental load when products or services are procured. The Green Contract Law (the Law Concerning the Promotion of Contracts Considering Reduction of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Others by the State and Other Entities (Law No. 56 of 2007)) aims to build a new economic society where technologies and knowledge for environmental conservation are *34 Green contracts rewarded in terms of the economy as well by creating a mechanism for public institutions, including the national government, incorporated administrative agencies, national university corporations, and local public bodies, to make a contract with, through a comprehensive evaluation of environmental performance as well as prices, entities that provide the best products or services. An abbreviation for Bus Rapid Transit. When articulated buses are introduced or dedicated lanes are set up, the bus system can provide transportation capacity and *35 BRT functions comparable to those of street cars. BRT delivers better punctuality and more transportation volume than ordinary buses. With interoperable bicycle parking lots called Cycle Stations (Ports) placed at different *36 Bicycle sharing (“Share bikes”) locations in a region, the bicycle sharing service allows users to rent or return a bicycle at a convenient time and place (Cycle Station) for them. A change of transportation modes, for example, changing the use of trucks for cargo *37 Modal shift transportation to that of vessels or the railroad with lower environmental load. Glossary

Term Description

A flat-bottomed vessel to carry heavy cargo in ports or through inland waterways, *38 Barge including rivers and canals. For renovation of TMG’s buildings, the specifications present examples of energy Tokyo Energy Savings & saving and renewable energy technologies of which the introduction needs to be *39 Renewable Energy considered to obtain the highest rating in the energy saving and renewable energy Specifications assessment by the Green Building Program. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that deplete the *40 Specified fluorocarbons ozone layer and have an extreme greenhouse effect.

*41 Tropical night A night from dusk to dawn, when the temperature never falls below 25 °C.

Human health hazards triggered by a significant change in blood pressure due to a sudden temperature change which occurs, for example, when moving from a warm *42 Heat shock room to a cold room. Heat shock is often associated with cooler temperatures in winter, and presents with symptoms ranging from fainting spells to arrhythmia, or even sudden death. Thermal energy at low temperatures that exists in shallow ground up to approximately 200-m below the ground surface. Ground source heat differs from geothermal heat that is derived from the heat of the magma deep underground. With its thermal *43 Ground source heat characteristics, or the small difference in temperatures between day and night or seasons (almost constant with an average of 17 °C at 10 m or more below ground), geothermal heat is used for air conditioning, hot water supply, and melting snow in cold regions. Biomass means literally “the total quantity of organisms” but is generally used to refer to “organic resources, except fossil fuel, which are renewable and derive from *44 Urban biomass organisms.” Biomass that potentially exists in cities in large quantities, such as food waste and sewage sludge, is called urban biomass. Small-scale hydraulic power generation that uses the stream in rivers and waterways. The amount of generation is not specifically defined but usually regarded as 1,000 *45 Small hydroelectric generation kW or lower in Japan. Small hydroelectric generation in cities typically uses a drop in the discharge of treated sewage or excess pressure in water supply piping in waterworks. The program requires electricity suppliers for Tokyo to submit an annual performance Environmental Energy report as well as a plan that outlines efforts to improve the environmental properties *46 Reporting Program of electricity, such as the reduction of CO₂ emission factors and introduction of renewable energy. Waste from food that is essentially edible but disposed of. Food losses at homes are divided into three types which are: (1) Not used or served as a meal and disposed of *47 Food loss as they exceed their use-by or best-before date; (2) Used or served as a meal but left over and disposed of; and (3) Disposed of yet having edible portions excessively removed. Activities that take from food manufacturers etc. food of reasonable quality but that is *48 Food bank difficult to sell in the usual manner and offer such food to welfare facilities etc. free of charge. The EU describes resource efficiency as “using the earth’s limited resources in a sustainable manner by minimizing impacts on the environment” and “creating more *49 Resource efficiency with less to deliver greater value with less input.” This Master Plan considers the improvements in resource efficiency as resource saving through life cycles. Fragmented masses of concrete or asphalt concrete of appropriately adjusted particle *50 Recycled crushed stone sizes, which are recycled as roadbed. Glossary

Term Description

Gravel, crushed stone, and sand removed from demolished concrete and reused as aggregate for new concrete. Recycled aggregate is divided into three classes *51 Recycled aggregate depending on quality: H, M, and L. Class H has the highest quality of the three, comparable to that of ordinary aggregate. The quality of Classes M and L becomes lower in this order. Materials that are human friendly, cause a low environmental load, and maintain excellent characteristics and functions throughout the lifecycle of resource extraction, *52 Eco materials manufacturing, use, and disposal. Examples include recycled crushed stone and forest certification wood. Wood that has received certification regarding a forest under sustainable management. Such certification is given by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) *53 Forest certification wood established principally by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and the Sustainable Green Ecosystem Council (SGEC) formed by the Japan Forestry Association etc. To create a mechanism for recycling construction resources in Tokyo, the plan covers Tokyo Metropolitan both public construction and private construction. The plan is formulated to promote *54 Construction Recycling the recycling of construction resources in the city in parallel with the Construction Promotion Plan Recycling Promotion Plan of the national government and that for the Kanto region. The latest plan will be formulated in April 2016. To ensure the promotion of initiatives in the Tokyo Metropolitan Construction Tokyo Metropolitan Recycling Promotion Plan, the guidelines are formulated by TMG to set forth detailed *55 Construction Recycling implementation policies for each initiative. The latest version was formulated in June Guidelines 2011. All products collaterally obtained from construction works, which are divided into construction waste soil, construction waste wood, concrete mass, etc. The amount of *56 Construction by-product such construction by-products will increase in parallel with the coming renovation of social capital. Sludge from tunnel construction using the shield method or stake foundation work, which has a high moisture content and consists of fine particles. It corresponds to *57 Construction sludge sludge in the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law. Sludge is defined as a state of mud that cannot be piled up on a dump truck and on which people cannot walk. In this Master Plan, it represents a system that collects charges for any burnable waste etc. from homes to cover the costs for the disposal of the waste. As of March 2016, *58 Charging for household waste 22 cities and three towns in the Tama area and one town on an island charge for household waste using specific paid garbage bags. A type of power generation that collects the heat from incinerated waste into a boiler *59 Energy-from-waste or uses gas from pyrolyzed waste as fuel. To (1) promote sound industrial waste disposal and recycling business, (2) develop excellent waste disposal companies and encourage proper waste disposal, and (3) Third-Party Assessment provide waste-discharging businesses with information on reliable disposal Program (Certification companies, third-party assessment organizations specified by TMG evaluate and *60 Program for Excellent certify―based on an optional application by industrial waste disposal companies― Industrial Waste Disposal excellent businesses conducting proper waste disposal, recycling, and efforts with Companies) lower environmental load as Industrial Waste Experts or Industrial Waste Professionals. The program started in October 2009. Abandoned PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) or things with PCB applied or attached to *61 PCB waste them. The Order for Enforcement of the Act on Special Measures Concerning PCB requires PCB waste to be disposed of by March 31, 2017. Glossary

Term Description

Electrical equipment etc. that is not supposed to contain PCB but does contain insulating oil contaminated with trace quantities of PCB. If PCB concentrations are Waste with trace quantities of *62 over 0.5 ppm, such equipment etc. is to be disposed of at detoxifying facilities PCB certified by the national government. If PCB concentrations are confirmed as not more than 0.5 ppm, they can be disposed of as normal industrial waste. The former is waste that is removed by an asbestos-containing material removal work and designated as special management industrial waste as it may be dispersed. The Asbestos waste and asbestos- *63 latter is industrial waste except asbestos waste, which results from the construction, containing industrial waste renovation, or removal of structure and contains asbestos that accounts for over 0.1% of its weight.

*64 Home care waste Syringe needles, tubes, and plastic bags resulting from home care.

Plastic waste accounting for approximately 70% of floating and beach litter is degraded by ultraviolet or a significant difference in temperature on the beach and gradually fragmented by physical stimulation, including wear due to beach sand. Among such fragments, those smaller than 5 mm are called micro plastics. Fragments of several-hundred µm to approximately 1 mm have been seen floating in marine *65 Micro plastics areas around the world so far. Micro plastics in a size similar to zooplankton become easily mixed in with the ecosystem through accidental ingestion by fish. Therefore, it has been pointed out that micro plastics can act as carriers to bring contaminants on their surface into bodies of living things. (Abstract from the webpage of the Ministry of the Environment)

*66 Driftage Garbage, dirt, or unwanted substances washed ashore on beaches.

10 prefectures consisting of Ibaraki, Tochigi, Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Niigata, Yamanashi, and Shizuoka. (The Kanto Regional Environment Office, the Ministry of the Environment has *67 Kanto Regional Block constituted a conference to share information on disaster waste management and examine broad-based cooperation for waste management upon large-scale disasters.) Species, subspecies, or more minor taxonomic categories of animals and plants naturally distributed in a given area. TMG recommends “greening with native species,” *68 Native species or greening with plant species originally inhabiting Tokyo, as biodiversity-conscious greening. A program that requires, based on the Tokyo Metropolitan Nature Conservation *69 Greenery Program Ordinance, the submission of a greenery plan when a building is constructed, extended, or renovated at a site over a certain size. Green and water coverage Percentage of the area of greenery covering the ground surface, park areas, and *70 ratio water surface in an entire region. Borders of areas with abundant nature, including mountains and hilly areas, are *71 Conservation area defined to specify conservation areas for protection and recovery based on the Tokyo Metropolitan Nature Conservation Ordinance. Species anthropogenically and intentionally or unintentionally brought in from *72 Alien species outside their original habitats. Reclaimed land redeveloped as parks where citizens can experience the ocean and *73 Marine park nature and enjoy recreation. Examples include seaside parks, wharf parks, and pedestrian path parks. Guidelines that set forth the contents to be discussed by TMG and businesses regarding certain subjects, such as the formation of networks with surrounding Guidelines for Greening Public *74 greenery and the creation of safe, comfortable, and beautiful spaces, in order to Open Spaces improve the value of public open spaces developed through the Urban Redevelopment Systems. Glossary

Term Description

Policies formulated by TMG jointly with municipalities to specify greenery to be General Policies for Securing *75 secured in the future or created through urban development and propose new Greenery initiatives for further promotion of efforts in securing greenery. To ensure the symbiosis between human beings and nature, ecological networks provide organic connections centering around regions with excellent natural environment, taking into account ecological integration. The formation of the *76 Ecological networks networks is expected to help multilateral functions to be exercised, such as ensuring habitats and growing spaces for wildlife, the provision of opportunities for people to experience nature, and the prevention of global warming. A management system to handle uncertain subjects whose future cannot be easily predicted in a plan and that may not proceed as originally planned. It takes a form of feedback management with adaptability that builds the occurrence of situations *77 Adaptable management unexpected in an original plan into the management system in advance, continues monitoring, and changes handling in response to the outcome, examining the correction and modification of the original plan as necessary. A series of cliffs formed by the erosion of rivers or the ocean. The cliff line retains a *78 Cliff line natural geography and vegetation and has plenty of spring water below it, forming a framework of greenery in Tokyo that continues beyond municipality borders in Tokyo. Regarding part of urban areas that retains relatively large farmland and homestead Preservation System of woodlands, presenting characteristic scenery, municipalities conserve and develop *79 Agricultural Scenery in the scenery with an eye to the future. Such part is also maintained by municipalities Urbanization Areas in Tokyo as space that provides the functions of green space, including the conservation of urban environment, recreation, and disaster prevention. Alien species from abroad that may cause damage to ecosystems, people’s lives and bodies, and agricultural, forestry and fishery industries and are specified in the *80 Invasive alien species Invasive Alien Species Act. The Invasive Alien Species Act is a law regarding the prevention of damage to ecosystems etc. caused by invasive alien species. The World Heritage (assets inscribed based on the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Convention and to be handed down to future generations) is divided into the Cultural Heritage and Natural *81 World natural heritage Heritage. The prerequisite to be inscribed as Natural Heritage is meeting one of the four criteria: geology and geomorphology; ecosystem; natural beauty; and biodiversity. For Tokyo Ecotourism, TMG specifies areas having excellent natural characteristics and needing to have both protection and utilization properly realized and has set rules jointly with relevant municipalities for the routes, the number of people, and *82 Ecotourism in Tokyo hours for utilization. The utilization in these areas is accompanied by Tokyo Nature Guides certified by TMG, who describe the nature there and provide guidance on the proper utilization. A general term for technologies, industries, equipment, and services in fields related *83 ICT to information processing and communication. Ozone etc. generated by photochemical reaction when VOCs and NOx in the air are *84 Photochemical oxidant exposed to ultraviolet rays. High-concentration photochemical oxidants have an impact on mucous membranes or the respiratory system in the human body. When photochemical oxidants do not diffuse but remain in the air depending on *85 Photochemical smog weather conditions, photochemical smog is generated to haze the sky in white and may cause symptoms in the human body, such as stinging eyes and sore throats. An abbreviation for volatile organic compounds. A general term for organic compounds that are used as organic solvents, including paint and printing ink, and *86 VOCs readily evaporate to turn into gas in the air. Examples include various substances, such as toluene, xylene, and ethyl acetate. Glossary

Term Description

A device to defeat, during on-road driving, an exhaust gas reduction system for *87 Defeat device meeting exhaust gas regulations, significantly worsening exhaust gas over the regulation compliance levels. ORVR is an abbreviation for Onboard Refueling Vapor Recovery. ORVR vehicles are equipped with a large recovery unit that collects gasoline evaporative emissions in *88 ORVR vehicles every scene during fueling, parking, and driving to allow it to be reused as automobile fuel. An abbreviation for Environmental Ship Index. Under the leadership of the International Association of Ports and Harbors, the World Ports Climate Initiative *89 ESI (WPCI) evaluates and certifies the ESI values of vessels and member ports and harbors provide incentives, such as the reduction of or exemption from port charges, in order to promote improvements in the environment of port areas. A monitoring station that captures detailed data for the formation of air pollutants by *90 Super Site carrying out low-concentration measurement of constantly-monitored items and ongoing measurement of precursors to PM2.5 causing air pollution.

*91 Source inventory Air pollutant emissions by source.

Pavement with noise reduction capability. Using two layers of porous asphalt mixture with a high porosity of approximately 20%, the pavement reduces tire/road surface *92 Two-layer low noise pavement noise or air pumping noise caused by tread patterns and vibration noise from tires (sound of air released from tire grooves that occurs when a tire makes contact with road surface as well as noise of vibrating tires). Under the PRTR system, businesses themselves identify and notify the national government of the amount of chemical substances potentially hazardous to human health or the ecosystem discharged from facilities to the environment (air, water, and *93 PRTR system soil) or those contained in waste and removed from facilities and the national government aggregates and discloses the amount discharged and moved based on said notified data and estimates (PRTR is an abbreviation for Pollutant Release and Transfer Register). An abbreviation for biochemical oxygen demand that means the amount of oxygen necessary for microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water into carbon *94 BOD dioxide or water. BOD is a typical index of the levels of river pollution―the larger the value is, the worse the water quality has been. An abbreviation for chemical oxygen demand that represents the amount of an oxidizing agent, such as potassium permanganate, converted into the amount of *95 COD oxygen, needed to decompose organic matter in water into carbon dioxide or water. COD is a typical index of the pollution levels of marine areas, lakes, and marshes―the larger the value is, the worse the water quality has been. Water mass with a low oxygen concentration that affects living things. There are different indexes for a boundary value. The Quality Standards for Fishery Water sets *96 Hypoxic water mass forth 4.3 mg/L as a critical concentration that causes changes in the inhabitation status of benthic organisms. An average for five years that include a specific year and two years before and after *97 5-year moving average the year. Pavement with its surface coated by heat-blocking material that reflects infrared rays, *98 Heat blocking pavement a cause of the rise of road surface temperatures. Heat accumulation in pavement is prevented to reduce temperature rise on road surfaces by up to approximately 8 °C. Pavement with its porous inside filled with water absorbing and retaining material. *99 Water retaining pavement The heat of vaporization of rainwater infiltrated in the material reduce temperature rise on road surfaces by up to approximately 10 °C. Glossary

Term Description

*100 Thermal image An image of thermal infrared radiation from objects.

The amount of infrared rays radiated from objects at normal temperature. Its *101 Thermal infrared radiation measurements show the surface temperatures of objects. A sewer system in which sewage from homes and workplaces and rainwater is removed and treated through the same sewer pipe. By constructing one sewer pipe, *102 Combined sewer system both improvements in hygienic environment and removal of rainwater can be achieved quickly. In the case of heavy rains, however, rainwater mixed with sewage flows out into rivers and the ocean. This technology improves sediments by covering sludge on the seabed with clean sand, prevents the direct contact between seawater and sludge by containing sludge, *103 Sand capping and reduces the elution of nutritional salts from sludge into seawater and consumption of dissolved oxygen near the bottom layer. A facility where crushed stone is filled around a permeable inlet and collected *104 Infiltration inlet rainwater is infiltrated underground through its curved surface and bottom. A system that provides flood warnings to citizens and municipalities in Tokyo when *105 Flood forecasting system flood may occur by forecasting fluctuations in the water level of rivers in cooperation with the Japan Meteorological Agency. A system that uses radars and ground rain gauges installed by the Bureau of Sewerage, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, to analyze the intensity and distribution of rainfall. Its purpose is to correctly identify rainfall conditions for the proper and *106 Tokyo Amesh timely operation of pumps at pumping stations and water reclamation centers in the event of thunderstorms or torrential rains. The Tokyo Amesh can be browsed at the website of the Bureau of Sewerage or on smartphones. A dam in rivers or mountain streams that holds earth and sand flowing from *107 Erosion control dam upstream to adjust the re-outflow of earth and sand already accumulated on the bottom.

*108 Grating crib work A construction method that builds mortar/concrete grids on a slope to stabilize it.

Dry-type mist generation A space cooling unit that locally decreases temperature by spraying fine water *109 equipment particles and letting vaporizing water take heat from the surrounding air. Continuous monitoring of the occurrence of disease and pathogenicity in animals to prevent disease and establish effective measures. To be specific, surveillance means *110 Surveillance ongoing collection of information on and analysis of the occurrence of patients, isolation of pathogens, and retention of immunity. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. In 2005, it was established as a network to address greenhouse gas emissions reduction through the cooperation of cities *111 C40 around the world. Member cities include London, New York, and Paris. TMG joined in December 2006. An abbreviation for International Carbon Action Partnership. ICAP serves as a forum *112 ICAP for technical discussions and exchange of opinions toward the global linkage of the cap-and-trade programs by national governments and public institutions. An abbreviation for ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability that was founded as International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives in 1990. ICLEI is a global *113 ICLEI network organization that consists of municipalities and municipal councils committed to sustainable development. An abbreviation for Global Warming Potential that is a value to represent the intensity *114 GWP of global warming impacts based on CO₂ as 1.