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Energy Efficiency and GHG Reduction Final Report

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Energy Efficiency and GHG Reduction Final Report Public Disclosure Authorized Study of Japanese Experiences Public Disclosure Authorized on Sustainable Urban Development including Pollution Control and Management, Resource/Energy Efficiency and GHG Reduction Public Disclosure Authorized FINAL REPORT February 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized THE WORLD BANK JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY STUDY OF JAPANESE EXPERIENCES ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT INCLUDING POLLUTION CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT, RESOURCE / ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND GHG REDUCTION FINAL REPORT The First East Asia Eco2 Program, including this study, was funded by the Cities Alliance through a non-core contribution of the Japanese Government, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and the World Bank February 2011 ALMEC CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS MAIN TEXT 1 SUMMARY 1.1 Context of the Study.......................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Study Objectives............................................................................................................1-2 1.3 Analytical Framework of the Eco2 Initiative....................................................................1-3 1.4 Urban Development Process, Urban Management, and Environmental Initiatives in Japan..........................................................................................................................1-5 1.5 Responses of Stakeholders...........................................................................................1-8 1.6 Lessons from Japanese Experiences..........................................................................1-11 1.7 Report Structure...........................................................................................................1-14 2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND INITIATIVES IN JAPAN 2.1 Socio-economic Development and Urbanization Trends in Japan................................2-1 2.2 Historical Overview of Urban Environmental Problems in Japanese Cities..................2-5 2.3 Historical Overview of Urban Issues and Urban Management Policies......................2-10 2.4 Historical Overview of Environmental Initiatives..........................................................2-20 3 OVERVIEW OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND INITIATIVES OF EACH STAKEHOLDER 3.1 Response of the National Government..........................................................................3-1 3.2 Initiatives of Local Governments..................................................................................3-14 3.3 Participation of Community / Civil Society...................................................................3-48 4 DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INITIATIVES BY THE PRIVATE SECTOR 4.1 Historical Trend of Environmental Actions by the Private Sector..................................4-1 4.2 Overall Description of Environmental Technologies......................................................4-2 4.3 Environmental Business Market....................................................................................4-8 4.4 Notable Private Sector Projects / Technologies.............................................................4-9 4.5 Initiatives of Industry Organizations.............................................................................4-24 ANNEXES Annex A: Case Study 1: Kitakyushu City Annex B: Case Study 2: Kawasaki City Annex C: Case Study 3: Nagoya City Annex D: Case Study 4: Yokohama City Annex E: Case Study 5: Toyama City Annex F: Case Study 6: Koshigaya City iii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1.1 Major Indicators of Urban Development in Japan (1950–2005)...................................2-4 Table 2.4.1 Historical Changes in Japan’s Environmental Policies...............................................2-25 Table 3.1.1 Mapping of National Government Policies and Strategies on Urban Environment......3-3 Table 3.1.2 Roles and Responsibilities by Actor in the Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures...........................................................................3-4 Table 3.1.3 Overall Framework of Policies on Energy-related CO2 in Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan..............................................................................................3-7 Table 3.1.4 Summary of Eco-model Cities....................................................................................3-10 Table 3.2.1 Subsidy to Promote Residences in Designated Areas in Toyama City.......................3-20 Table 3.2.2 Target of Urban Development for Disaster Prevention Plan.......................................3-26 Table 3.2.3 History of Countermeasures on Air Pollution in Kawasaki City...................................3-33 Table 3.2.4 Situation of Solid Waste Management Before and After G30 Program......................3-36 Table 3.2.5 Performance of ESCO in Yokohama Southern Hospital (2008).................................3-40 Table 3.2.6 Income and Expenditure Account Statement..............................................................3-42 Table 3.2.7 Estimated Costs and Social Benefits by Scenario......................................................3-43 Table 3.2.8 Overview of Yokohama City’s Greenery Tax...............................................................3-44 Table 3.2.9 Forest Environment Tax or Water Resources Tax by Prefecture................................3-46 Table 3.2.10 Revenue and Expenditure of Water Resources Preservation Tax in FY2007............3-47 Table 3.3.1 Environmental Awareness by Household Income.......................................................3-49 Table 3.3.2 Support of Local Government on Community-based Sorted Collection.....................3-50 Table 4.2.1 List of Environmental Technologies...............................................................................4-2 Table 4.4.1 Typology of Smart Grids................................................................................................4-9 Table 4.4.2 Major Smart Grid Business Players in Japan.............................................................4-10 Table 4.4.3 Major Smart Grid Business Players in the World........................................................4-10 Table 4.4.4 Pilot Project on Next-generation Energy and Social System......................................4-11 Table 4.4.5 Infrastructure Package for Smart Cities......................................................................4-12 Table 4.4.6 Volume of Primary Energy Consumption....................................................................4-17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.3.1 ALMEC’s Understandings on the Analytical Framework on the Eco2 Initiatives and Japanese Experiences Related to Eco2 Approach................................................1-4 Figure 2.1.1 Trend of Major Socio-economic Indicators in Japan (1960–2008)...............................2-3 Figure 2.1.2 Trend of Urbanization and Employment Structure (1960–2005)..................................2-3 Figure 2.2.1 Trend of Modal Shares in Medium-sized Cities............................................................2-5 Figure 2.2.2 Trend of SO2 Densities (1970–2008)...........................................................................2-6 Figure 2.2.3 Trend of NO2 Densities (1970–2008)...........................................................................2-7 Figure 2.2.4 Trend of Photochemical Oxidant Density (1970–2008)................................................2-7 Figure 2.2.5 Changes in Waste Volumes (1955–2005)....................................................................2-8 Figure 2.2.6 Growth in Plastic Waste (1975–2005)..........................................................................2-8 Figure 3.1.1 Historical Trend of Government Expenses on Environmental Protection.....................3-8 Figure 3.1.2 Overall Framework of Low-carbon city Guidance.......................................................3-13 Figure 3.2.1 Population of Yokohama City (1950–2050)................................................................3-15 Figure 3.2.2 Future Urban Structure of Yokohama City..................................................................3-16 Figure 3.2.3 Trend in Modal Share in Yokohama City.....................................................................3-17 Figure 3.2.4 Demographical Changes in Modal Shares in Toyama City.........................................3-18 Figure 3.2.5 Compact City Strategy Framework of Toyama City....................................................3-19 iv Figure 3.2.6 LRT Line and Its Connection with Bus in Toyama City...............................................3-20 Figure 3.2.7 Land Subsidence in Koshigaya City (1961–2009)......................................................3-22 Figure 3.2.8 Average BOD Values in the Ayase River (1974–2008)...............................................3-22 Figure 3.2.9 Image of Koshigaya Lake Town..................................................................................3-23 Figure 3.2.10 Risk Assessment Framework on Natural Disaster Damage in a Stock-oriented Society.........................................................................................3-25 Figure 3.2.11 Risk Management Structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government........................3-25 Figure 3.2.12 Tokyo’s Urban Development in the Disaster Prevention Plan....................................3-27 Figure 3.2.13 Water Quality of Dokai Bay.........................................................................................3-30 Figure 3.2.14 Water
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