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Macedonian Language Tendencies in Balkan Context

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Macedonian Language Tendencies in Balkan Context Marjan Markovikj University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius" of Skopje, Faculty of Philology "Blaže Koneski" Skopje-Macedonia Macedonian language tendencies in Balkan context • Macedonian language occupies central part of the Balkan Peninsula and it is a official language of the Republic of Macedonia (Република Македонија). Macedonian language is spoken by some 2.000.000 speakers. Macedonian belongs to the south group of the Slavic languages. Standard Macedonian was codified and implemented as the official language in 1945, and became one of the official languages in the former SFRJ (Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia). • Macedonian language is a genetically Slavic language with an inherited grammar and lexicon, transferred to an environment with genetically unrelated languages. Macedonians belong to the descendants of those Slavic tribes which in the 6th century A.D. arrived in the Balkan Peninsula and got in touch with other present-day members of the Balkan linguistic league (Balkansprachbund) in the administrative frame of the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empire. Especially the Ottoman period (almost 500 years) is a period of intensive linguistic convergence, a period which results with the shaping of the so called Balkan linguistic league. During common contact, and with the goal of achieving clearer communication between the speakers of different languages (Macedonian, Albanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Romani, etc), the languages of the Balkans changed their structure. Their structures adapt and above all, come closer to one another. • From today’s perspective, Macedonian language is an incredibly interesting complex adaptive system, a fascinating phenomenon. It has in its arsenal the inherited Slavic characteristics and the acquired Balkan characteristics. In its ongoing "independent" development, Macedonian language uses all these means to articulate the conceptualisation of the contemporary world as exactly as possible and to provide clearer communication between the speakers. ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ( ( Kriva Palanka ( ( ( A ( I ( ( B ) ) ) R ) ( ( ) E ( B ( ( ( ( S ( ( . ) ) umanovo r ( K ( U a ( ) ) ( v ( Blagoevgrad ( i ( L ) r Kratovo ( K (G.Džumaja) G ( ( ( ) ( Zletovo ( A ) ) R ( Delèevo ( I ( ( ) a ) Tetovo Razlog A w ( Skopje ( i Koèani ) ( ~ ( ( P ) a Sv.Nikole Bansko sk ( ) re ( ( T ( ( ( ) Pehèevo ( ( Gostivar ( ( Goce Delèev a k Veles ) ) A ( i I Štip Berovo (Nevrokop) d ( a N a ( ( ( ( c R O i Radoviš Sandanski D ln ( ( M ) E g (Sv.Vraè) e ea s ( r ta ( C ( B ( ( ( ( ( ( A Melnik ( ( ( ( ) ( M ( ( ( ( Negotino ( ( ( ) ) ( Debar Brod Strumica ( ( ( Kièevo Petriè ( ( V ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Kavadarci ( ar Strumica ( ( d ( ) ) ( ar ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( C a ) k ( rn Prilep e Dojran Valovište ) ) R ( D a r n im r ) ) C Drama ( ( Gevgelija ( ) S ( ( t ( ( r ( ( u ) ) ( ( ( m ( ( ( Serez ( ( ( ( ( ( a A Struga ( ) ( ( Ohrid ( ( ( ) L ) ) ) ) B Resen ( ( ) ( Kukuš A Bitola ) ) ( ( ( ( ) ( N ( ( ( k Suho ( ( ( ( ( i ( ( ) ) l ) ) ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( I ( o ) ) ( A ) Ostrovo G Lagadina ) ) ) Voden Enidže-Vardar Lerin (Edessa) Solun ) ) Neguš ) ) Korèa ) ) Ber ) ) Kostur Kajlar ) ) ) E EEC ) R G a B ic ) ) i r st st ri i ca B ) Macedonian language territory ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( a ( ( ( ( i ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( b ( ) ) r e ) ( ( Kriva Palanka ( ( ( ( S ( ( B ) u ) ) ) ( ( lg ) ( a ( ( ( ( ( ( ) anovo ri ) Kum ( . ( a r ( ) ) ( a ( Blagoevgrad ( v Kratovo ( ) ri ( K (G.Dzhumaja) ( ( ( ) ( Zletovo ( ) ) ( Delchevo ( ( ( ) ) Tetovo a Razlog ( ( w Kochani i ) Skopje h ( c ( ( P Sv.Nikole ) Bansko a ( k ( ) s re ( T ( ( ( ) Pehchevo ( ( Gostivar ( ( Goce Delchev Veles ) ) Berovo ( (Nevrokop) a [tip k i ( d a Me ( ( ( ( s R Radovish Sandanski ta a ic ( n ( ) al (Sv.Vrach) g ( e ( r ( B ( ( ( ( ( ( Melnik ( ( ( ( ) ( ( ( ( ( Negotino ( ( ( ) ) ( Debar Brod Strumica ( ( ( Kichevo Petrich ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Kavadarci ( Strumica ( ( ( ) ) ( C V ( ( ( rn a ( ( ( ( r ( D d ( ( r ar ( ( im ( ( ) Prilep ( Valovishte ) ) a ( k e R ) ) a Drama rn ( ( C Dojran ( ) S ( ( t Gevgelija ru ( ( ( ( m ) ) ( a ( ( Serez ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Struga ( ) ( ( Ohrid ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) Resen ( Kukush ( A ( ) Bitola Gumendzhe ) ) ( l ( ( b k i ( l ) ( ( o ( ( G Suho ( ( ( a ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( ( n ) ) ) ( Ostrovo Lagadina i ) Voden ) a ) Enidzhe-Vardar Lerin Solun ) ) Negush ) ) Korcha ) ) Ber ) ) G STATE BORDER Kostur Kajlar r ) ee ) ) ce LANGUAGE BOUNDARY ) B is ) ) tr ca ic tri a is B ) Dialects of Macedonian Language ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) a ) ( ( S Kriva Palanka ( B ( ( i ( rb ( HE ( ulg ) C ) ) e a S ) ( E ( r ) PE ia ( ( S ( ( ( ( ( ) ) NKumanovo ( R r. ( ( ) ) ( E a ( Blagoevgrad ( ) H iv Kratovo ( T r ( R K (G.Dzhumaja) ( ( O ( ) ( N Zletovo ( ) ) ( Delchevo ( ( ( ) ) Tetovo a Razlog ( ( w Kochani i ) Skopje h ( c ( ( P Sv.Nikole ) Bansko a ( k ( ) s re ( T ( ( ( ) Pehchevo ( ( Gostivar ( ( Goce Delchev Veles ) ) Berovo ( (Nevrokop) a [tip k i ( d S a Me ( ( ( ( s R Radovish Sandanski ta a ic ( T( n ) al (Sv.Vrach) g ( e ( r ( B ( ( ( ( ( ( a ( C Melnik ( i ( ( ) ( n E ( ( ( ( Negotino ( ( ( ) ) ( o ( Debar Brod LStrumica ( ( d Petrich ( Kichevo V ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( eKavadarci ar Strumica ( ( ( d ( ) ) ( a ( C c r A ( ( rn ( ( ( ( DIALECTS I ( D ( ( a ( r ( im N ( ( ) D M ( Prilep Valovishte ) ) a ( k e R ) ) a N Drama rn ( ( C Dojran ( ) S ( GevgelijaR ( tr u ( ( ( ( m ) ) ( a ( ( Serez ( WESTER ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Struga ( E ) ( ( Ohrid ( ( ( T ) ) ) ) ) S A Resen ( Kukush ( ) Bitola ( l A Gumendzhe ) ) ( b ( ( E k i ( l ) ( ( o ( a ( - G Suho ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( n ( ( ) ) ) ) ( ( i ) ) ) ( Ostrovo H Lagadina a ) VoTden ) ) Enidzhe-Vardar Lerin U Solun ) ) O Negush ) ) S Korcha ) ) Ber ) ) STATE BORDER Kostur Kajlar ) ) ) Greece LANGUAGE BORDER ) B is ) ) tr ca ic tri a is B ) Dialect differentiation of Macedonian language territory ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) a ( ( j ) ( Kriva Palanka B ( ( i ( b ( ( uga r ) ) ) 3. S ) ( ( r ) ij ( . a ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) r ( a ( ( ) ) ( Kumanovo v 3. i ( ( ( Blagoevgrad ) r Kratovo ( K ( ( ( (G.Xumaja) ( ) Zletovo ( ) ) ( Del~e( vo a ( ( ) ) Tetovo w Razlog ( ( i Ko~ani ) Skopje ~ ( ( ( P Sv.Nikole 2.3. Bansko ) a k ( s ( ) e r ( T ( ( ( ) Peh~evo( ( 1.2.1. Gostivar 2. ( ( a Goce Del~ev k ) ) ( i [tip Berovo (Nevrokop) d . Veles a ( 5 a c Me ( ( ( .( i s R n Radovi{ Sandanski ta .2 l 1 a ( ( ) g e (Sv.Vra~) ( 1. r ( B ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( . ( ( ( ) .4 ( Melnik ( 1.2.1.( ( ( .2 Negotino 2.1. ( 1 ( ( ) ) ( Debar Brod Strumica ( ( ( Petri~ ( ( Ki~evo ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Strumica ( ( ( ( ) ) ( C Kavadarci ( ( ( r ( n ( ( ( ( V ( ( D 1.2. ( ( r a i r ( ( m 1.1. d ) a ( Prilep r Valovi{te ) ) 2.2. ( a k 1.2.2. e ) ) R 2.4.2. ( Drama a Dojran ( n ( ) r S ( ( t ( ( Gevgelija ( C ( r ) ) ( u ( ( ( Struga ( m Serez ( ( ( ( ( ( ( a ) ( ( ( Ohrid 1 ( ( . ( ) 2 ) .3 ) . ) ) ( Kuku{ ( A ) Resen Bitola ( 1. Gumenxe ) ) . ( ( 2.4. 1.2 ( k i l ( l 2.4.2. ) ( ( o ( ( G Suho ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) b ) ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ( ( a ) ) ) ( Ostrovo Lagadina n ) ) ) Voden Enixe-Vardar i Lerin j ) Solun a ) Negu{ ) ) 2.4.1. Kor~a ) 2.5. ) Ber ) ) DR@AVNA GRANICA 2.5.1. Kostur Kajlar ) 2.5.2 ) ) 2.4.1. ) ca B i i r ) ) 2.5.3. st t Grcija r i c i a Bs ) phonological features ¯Western dialect complex° ¯South-eastern dialect complex° - *½ > e in all positions and in front of c,: cena, cedilo, - group *c½ > ca : cade, calo, cape, calina; cepi, cevka; - mixing of *j† with *j£ : jazik, jatrva, ja~men, zajak, - mixing of *j† with *j£ did not occur: ezik, e~men, jozik, j»zik, jäzik itn.; i~imen, etrva, zaek; - protetic j before the reflex of initial *† : ja`e, jatok, - protetic v before the reflex of initial *†: vaglen, vatok, jaglen, jo`e, j»`e; vator, v»tok, v»tor, ... - fixed stress on antepenultima: vod'enica, voden'icata, - accentual system with free stress, paradigmatic and voden'icava; restricted free stress - sintagmatic character : n'e-dojde, ne-s'e-gleda, ne-g'o- - stress has no sintagmatic character saka, ne-mu-s'e-gleda i sl.; - the stress influences articulation of the vowels - reduction, - clear pronunciation of the non-stressed vowels; elision - loss of intervocalic v: Joan, osnoa, jaor, biol, stoloj; - preserving of intervocalic v: govedar, javor, glava, jazovec; - loss of h and its substitute with f(v) before consonant and - h exists on large area: beh, ko`uh, behme; on the absolute word ending: javna, befte, ~evli, nivno - nifno, piftija, ofka(t), vrf, praf; morphological - morphosyntactic features ¯Western dialect complex° ¯South-eastern dialect complex° - plural ending (monosyllabic nouns masc.) is -ove: volove, - plural ending (monosyllabic nouns masc.) is -ovi > o¹ > stolove, virove, kl’u~ove; oj: voloj (volovi), doloj, stoloj, klu~oj (klu~evi); - three forms of definite article: ~ovekot, ~ovekov, - only one article form; there are no forms with -ov and -on; ~ovekon; `enata, `enava, `enana; deteto, detevo, deteno; lu|eto, `enite, decata; - personal pronoun for 3 pers. sg. is - toj (taa, toa, tie); - personal pronoun for 3 pers. sg. is - on (ona, ono, oni); - use of synthetic dative forms in pronouns: : mene mi, tebe - use of na as a dative marker in pronouns system: na mene ti, nemu mu, nejze- nejzi i (je), nam ni, vam vi, nim - mi, na tebe ti, na nego mu, na nas ni, na kogo mu re~e; nimi im, komu, nekomu, nikomu, dem. ovemu, onemu; - use of synthetic dative forms for kinship and personal - use of na as a dative marker for kinship and
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