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Archivum Lithuanicum 6, 2004 ISSN 1392-737X, ISBN 3-447-09371-4

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Archivum Lithuanicum 6, 2004 ISSN 1392-737X, ISBN 3-447-09371-4 Archivum Lithuanicum 6, 2004 ISSN 1392-737X, ISBN 3-447-09371-4 Giedrius Subaèius University of Illinois at Chicago Lietuviø kalbos institutas, Vilnius Grafemos <µ> netektis Lietuvos rankraµzèiuose XIX amþiaus pradþioje dauguma Didþiosios Lietuvos spaustuvininkø lietuvið- kose knygose atsisakë ilgosios <µ> raidës. 1806 metais jau nei Juozapo Zavadskio, nei Misionieriø spaustuvës rinkëjai jos neberinko (plg. ðio ALt tomo p. 239264), taèiau rankraðèiuose ði raidë dar daþnai (bent spontaniðkai) pasitaikydavo. Ðio straipsnio tikslas yra ávertinti ilgosios <µ> grafemos pëdsakø specifikà lietuviø autoriø rankraðèiuose maþdaug nuo XIX amþiaus pradþios, kada ji iðnyko ið dau- gumos lietuviðkø spaudiniø, iki XIX amþiaus antros pusës, taip pat apibûdinti <µ> vartosenos rankraðèiuose ir spaudiniuose skirtumus. James Mosley yra minëjæs, kad Europoje ilgoji <µ> kursyviniuose rankraðèiuose vartota daug nenuosekliau negu spaudiniuose. Nuo XVI amþiaus ji ten esà daþnai ið viso nevartota1 (teiginys, kad daþnai ið viso nevartota, kelia abejoniø, nes esama daug rankraðèiø, kur ta <µ>, kad ir nenuosekliai, akivaizdi). Didþiosios Lietuvos XIX amþiaus pradþios rankraðèiuose nëra grieþtai iðlaiky- tos spaudiniams bûdingos papildomosios <µ> ir <s> distribucijos (t. y. nesilaikoma taisyklës <µ> vartoti þodþio pradþioje ir viduryje, o <s> þodþio pabaigoje). Antra vertus, toji <µ> ið rankraðèiø neiðnyko taip greitai ir dësningai kaip ið spaudiniø. Raidþiø rinkëjams pakako iðimti ilgosios <µ> literas ið spaustuvës kasø ir knygose jø tiesiog nebegalëjo atsirasti. Rankraðèiø autoriai savo áproèiø taip greitai ir me- chaniðkai atsikratyti nepajëgë, net jei ir buvo sàmoningai apsisprendæ taikytis prie naujos spaustuvininkø mados. Ið áproèio ta senoji <µ> vis tiek prasprûsdavo. Autoriø apsisprendimas veikiausiai nebuvo toks ryþtingas, kad jie bûtø ëmæsi ko- 1 James Mosley, A Note on the Origin and round hand) often made no use at all of Uµe of the Long S, 2000 (autoriaus at- long s, and the relaxed and inconsistent siøstas rankraðtis), 1: From the early six- usage of calligraphers is strikingly diffe- teenth century, however, writers of the rent from the rigid practice observed by cursive form of the script and the hands printers. that developed from it (chancery cursive, 265 Grafemos <µ> netektis 0 0 0 Lietuvos rankraµzèiuose 0 0 0 reguoti nenuoseklius savo paraðymus. Kartais gal net prieðingai autoriams galëjo patikti <µ> raidës pëdsakai jø paèiø rankraðèiuose. 1. RANKRAÐÈIAI SU ILGOSIOS <µ> PËDSAKAIS. XIX amþiaus pra- dþioje kai kurie autoriai rankraðèiuose dar akivaizdþiai paraðydavo ilgàjà <µ> grafemà, nors ir nenuosekliai ar ganëtinai retai. 1.1. JURGIS AMBRAZIEJUS PABRËÞA. Jau 1803 metø pamoksle Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrëþa ilgàjà <µ> maþai bevartojo2. Taèiau jà tada raðë garso [ð] pozicijoje, þymëdamas digrafà <µz> (t. y. <sz>): dàgiyµzku 65, dwasyµzku 65, yµz 65, 66, ysµznóumyrósiu 66 (bet ir <sz>: ysz 66). 1809 metais Kningoje pirmoje apie sakramentus3 Pabrëþa taip pat su retomis iðim- timis raðë dviþenklá <µz> þymëti garsui [ð]. Plg. prieðdëlá ir prielinksná ið(-): yµz 46(3x), yµzgrieµzyiyma 46, yµzryµzty 46(3x), yµzsysókty 45, yµzsyspawiedawoima 46, yµzwalnynyma 46, neyµzpazins 46. Taip pat plg. kitø pozicijø <µz>: Farizeuµzó 45, grieµznikays 45, grieµzniks 45, grieµznikus 46, griµzt 46, krykµzta 46, negrieµznika 45, pleµzk 46, Pranaµza 45(2x), prigrieµzyiys 45, priµz 46, Raµzts 45, wysóstroµzniausis 45. Vis dëlto raðyta ir <sz>: Jzaioszió 45, krykszta 46, szcziray 46, szyrdy 46. 1817 metais toje paèioje Kningoje pirmoje apie sakramentus Pabrëþos irgi raðyta dviþenklis <µz>: duµzys 507, eyµzki 507, yµz 507, yµzgidy 505 (þr. 1 pav.), nóumyrµzt 505 (þr. 1 pav.), sóryµz 506, stroµzny 505 (þr. 1 pav.) (bet ir Jszgidy 505 [þr. 1 pav.], trokszt 505 [þr. 1 pav.]). Taip pat Kningoje pirmoje apie sakramentus (tarp 1808 ir 1822 metø) Pabrëþa kartais vartojo ligatûriná raðmená <ß>: byßkyùayti 16, dwasyßka 12, Dußys 16, yßpaýynyma 18, ónt dußys 12. Reikðminga, kad visuose penkiuose pavyzdþiuose þenklas <ß> atsidûrë eilutës pabaigoje, o likusi þodþio dalis nukelta á kità eilutæ. Galbût tai reiðkia, kad rudimentinis Pabrëþos áprotis raðyti <ß> (tam tikru periodu) pasireikðdavo tik eilutës pabaigoje (ranka buvo águdusi bûtent taip baigti eilutæ). Eilutës viduryje jis paprastai raðë ne ligatûriná <ß>, o dvi raides <µz>. 1821 metais raðytuose tos paèios Kningos pirmos apie sakramentus pamoksluose taip pat vartotas digrafas <µz>, plg. yµz 14(2x) [nors ir ysz 14], yµzaugyn 14, yµzgóldi- tu 1, karµztó 1, karµztos 11, Praµzom 17, Raµzta 18, só karµztó 11. Vis dëlto daþniau raðyta jau su trumpàja <sz>: apszyrnesny 17, ysz 19(3x), Mysziu 17, óýmuszy 18, Pasypraszi- kyt 17, praszom 17. Labai retai prasprûsdavo ir ilgoji <µ>, plg. budamµ I (þodþio pabaigoje! Plg. ir Dionizà Poðkà 1.5.), Meµsyjosziós 18. 2 [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrëþa,] KNINGA. - 3 [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrëþa,] KNINGA Tóræti sawiey Kozonius ónt nekóriu Nedie- PYRMA Apey Sakramentus ógóùnay yr lys Dyinu yr ónt ùabay daug Szwæcziu. [...] Apey Nekórius Sakramentus ipatingay, par kónyga Jórgi Ambroziejo Pabreýa [...] [tarp 1808 ir 1822 metø]; VUB RS: Metusy 1822. Kretingoy; rankraðtis ne- f. 1 D 57. randamas, jo kserografinës kopijos saugo- mos ALKAoje Putname (JAV). 266 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 1 pav. [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrëþa,] KNINGA PYRMA Apey Sakramentus, [18081822,] 505: puslapis su formomis yµzgidy, stroµzny, aµz, yµztóriety, nóumyrµzt; Jszgidy, trokszt, Jszgidik ir kt.; VUB RS: f. 1 D 57 267 Grafemos <µ> netektis 0 0 0 Lietuvos rankraµzèiuose 0 0 0 Taèiau atrodo, kad ilgainiui Pabrëþa atsikratë áproèio raðyti <µz>. Pavyzdþiui, viename ið vëliausiø rankraðèiø Rekolekcijos dvasiðkos (1846)4 jis jau atsisakë ilgosios <µ> ir <ß> visose pozicijose (Apasz-toùs [perkelta] 45, neysz-pasakitay [perkelta] 47, peklysz-kó [perkelta] 47). Vis dëlto ir ten pasitaikë atsitiktinis pasyµliepsió 90. 1.2. ANTANAS KLEMENTAS. Antanas Klementas, raðæs eiles lietuviðkai ir lenkiðkai, 1806 metø rankraðèiuose (Dzieùko moje wùasnoræcznie, t. 15) daþniausiai vartojo trumpàjà <s>, plg. iszka 126, Iszpazinaw 126, nasza 129, nasze 128(2x), 129(2x), osob 128, praszaw 522, spiera 125, susytyki 126, Suspausk 522, szalin 125, szciestis 228, wszyscy 129, wszystkie 129. Taèiau ne taip maþa atvejø, kai Klementas pavartodavo ir ilgàjà <µ>, plg. anielµki 127, eµµe 130, isznaykinµet 125, maµz 130, nayniýµzym 742, naµze 129, 130, sawµa 230, wµzak 815, wµzædy 814, wµzelka 229, wµzyst- kim 229, wµzystko 130. Panaðiai Klementas raðë ir vëliau. To paties veikalo antrajame rankraðtiniame tome, raðytame 18071808 metais6, taip pat dominuoja trumpoji <s>, taèiau pasi- taiko ir <µ>: ieµzcze 784, kµztaùcie 123, Ùopacinµki 185, Oµoba 123, pierwµzy 183, pierwµzym 1000, Polµkiego 122, µiùy 755, Telµzach 784, Telµzew. 124, waµzego 122, wµzæ- dzie 185. Taigi Klementas 18061808 metais jau buvo nutaræs nebevartoti raidës <µ>, taèiau ið ápratimo, ypaè daþnesniuose þodþiuose ir ten, kur labiau skubëjo, dar greta <s> paraðydavo ir <µ>. Kadangi lietuviðkai tada buvo ápratæs raðyti daug maþiau negu lenkiðkai, raðë lëèiau ir atidþiau, tai lietuviðkuose tekstuose beveik ir nematyti <µ> raidës, didþiuma jø likusi lenkiðkuose þodþiuose. 1.3. ZACHARIJAS NEMÈEVSKIS. 1818 metais7 Zacharijas Nemèevskis lenkiðkame tekste daþnai raðë ir ilgàjà <µ> grafemà (bytnoµci 1, µwóy 1), ir ligatûrinæ <ß> (donoßæ 1, Proßæ 2, wßyscy 2, zbieraß 1), bet ne visur, plg. doszùy 2, pisany 1, pismem 1, siæ 1. 1.4. X.D.K.P.S. GRAMATIKOS AUTORIUS. Anoniminis autorius, pasi- raðæs X.D.K.P.S., savo gramatikoje Prawidùa Iæzyka Litewskiego (XG) apie 18201831 4 [Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrëþa,] REKÓLEK- no=ræcznie Wierszem, a w maùey czàstec- CYJYS DWASYSZKAS I tris dyinas PA- ce prozà napisane I alfabetnie porzàdnie DALITAS. Dieley Paêitka Dwasyszka Zregestrowane Którego Tom 1szy [1806]; WIERNUJU KRETINGYNIU. Ysz Zaliecy- LLTIB RS: f. 1 2156. jyma Jomilestas Kónyga Gwardyjona Par 6 [Antanas Klementas,] Dzieùko moie wùas- Kónyga Ambroziejó Pabreýa Tercyorió no=ræcznie Wierszem, a bardzo w maùey Z. S. T. Franciszkaus koznadyjy yr Moki- czæúci prozà napisane I alfabetnie porzàd- toji Kretingynys Mokslyniãêys bówósiji nie Zregestrowane Którego Tom 2gi Paraúêitas. Metusy 1846. Kretingoy; rank- [18071808]; LLTIB RS: f. 1 2157. raðtis nerandamas, jo fotografijos saugo- 7 Zacharijas Nemèevskis, 1818 m. vasario 7 mos ALKAoje Putname (JAV). dienos laiðkas ið Vilniaus Mykolui Pelkai 5 [Antanas Klementas,] Dzieùko moie wùas- Polinskiui; LMAB RS: f. 151 700. 268 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 2 pav. [Dionizas Poðka,] SÙOWNIK Iæzyka Litewskiego, Polskiego i Ùacinskiego 1, [18251830] (PÞ I) 566: puslapis su formomis Pùuµkintôis , yszpùuµkintôis ; tristiµ; LLTIB RS: f. 1 888 269 Grafemos <µ> netektis 0 0 0 Lietuvos rankraµzèiuose 0 0 0 metus, nors ir nenuosekliai, ilgàjà <µ> vartojo daþniausiai dviejuose kamienuose: Litewµk- ir stoµsow-/stoµsu- (plg. atitinkamai Litewµkich 1, Litewµkie 9, litewµkiey 8, 19, 31, Litewµkiey 8, 33, Litewµkiemu 38, po Litewµku 32 ir stoµsownie 12, 35, Stoµsownie 35, stoµsuiesiæ 39, wStoµsowaniu 66, zastoµsowania 64 bei kt.). Greta daugybës tokiø þodþiø su ilgàja <µ>, viena kita <µ> pasitaikë ir kai kur kitur: gereµneyie 21, geresneyµems 21, Gæµli 91, Konµtrukcya 70, Pañµtwo 76, Slepµna 96, Wileñµkie 76. Atrodo, kad pagal specifiná rankraðtiná <µ> ilgosios raðymà ðaknyse litewµk- ir stoµs-, analizuojant ávairius XIX amþiaus pirmosios pusës rankraðèius, net bûtø galima ieðkoti paties anoniminio autoriaus. 1.5. DIONIZAS POÐKA. Dionizas Poðka poemos Muþikas Þemaièiø ir Lie- tuvos autografe8
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