Vytautas Merkys. Simonas Daukantas
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Klaipėdos Universitetas Simono Daukanto Veikalų
KLAIPƠDOS UNIVERSITETAS Humanitariniǐ mokslǐ fakultetas Lietuviǐ literatnjros katedra SIMONO DAUKANTO VEIKALǏ ISTORIJA ŽEMAITIŠKA IR %NjDAS SENOVƠS LIETUVIǏ, KALNƠ1Ǐ IR ŽEMAIý,Ǐ NARATYVO YPATUMAI (Narrative Peculiarities of Simonas Daukantas’ Works Istorija žemaitiška and %njdas senovơs lietuviǐ, kalnơQǐ ir žemaiþLǐ) Baigiamasis magistro darbas Autorius MgL II k. stud. Vaida RancinjWơ Vadovas Prof. dr. Roma Bonþkutơ Klaipơda, 2012 ANOTACIJA RancinjWơ V. „Simono Daukanto veikalǐ Istorija žemaitiška ir %njdas senovơs lietuviǐ, kalnơQǐ ir žemaiþLǐ naratyvo ypatumai“. Antrosios pakopos literatnjrologijos studijǐ baigiamasis magistro darbas. Darbo vadovơ prof. R. Bonþkutơ. Klaipơdos universitetas: Klaipơda, 2012. – 61 p. Raktažodžiai: naratologija, naratyvas, diskursas, literatnjra, genezơ, pasakotojas (naratorius). Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojami Simono Daukanto veikalai Istorija žemaitiška ir %njdas senovơs lietuviǐ, kalnơQǐ ir žemaiþLǐ pagal naratyvinƳ diskursą ir naratoriaus funkcijas. Darbe aptariama naratologijos teorijos samprata, pagrindinơs teorinơs nuostatos, supažindinama su naratyvo struktnjros elementais, pateikiama pasakotojo funkcijǐ raiška. Darbo objektas – S. Daukanto Istorijos žemaitiškos bei %njdo senovơs lietuviǐ, kalnơQǐ ir žemaiþLǐ naratyvo ypatumai. XIX amžiaus romantinơ istoriografija buvo suvokta kaip meno forma, pagrƳsta tradiciniais pasakojimo metodais ir priemonơmis bei pasižyminti jaudria vaizduote. S. Daukanto veikaluose Istorija žemaitiška ir %njdas senovơs lietuviǐ, kalnơQǐ ir žemaiþLǐ vyrauja istorinis naratyvo, -
THE EXPERTS of LITHUANIAN in SERVICE of the RUSSIAN EMPIRE: DMITRIIKASHIRIN, ZAKHARIILYATSKII, and ANDRIUS POIDENAS Summary
Giedrius Subačius THE EXPERTS OF LITHUANIAN IN SERVICE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: DMITRIIKASHIRIN, ZAKHARIILYATSKII, AND ANDRIUS POIDENAS Summary From 1795 to 1914 the Russian Empire controlled Lithuania. It instilled a ban on Latin letters for Lithuanian texts that lasted for almost forty years (1865-1904). During that time almost sixty Lithuanian books in Cyrillic (i.e., Russian) letters were printed mostly by the initiative of the imperial administrators in Lithuania. Underground Lithuanian books and newspapers were printed in Latin script abroad and dispersed by knygnesiai (book carriers) and read illegally in Lithuania. At the same time, schools that had been teaching Lithuanian were also closed and so-called public "Russian schools" were introduced as a countermeasure to the spreading network of under ground private "home" schools, which taught Lithuanian in Latin script. The book The Experts of Lithuanian in Service of the Russian Empire: Dmitrii Kashirin, Zakharii Lyatskii, and Andrius Poidenas (Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 2011) recounts linguistic biographies of the three experts who served the administra tion of the Vilnius Education District to prepare, edit, evaluate, review, and correct certain Lithuanian texts in Cyrillic. Most of the Lithuanian Cyrillic texts approved by the imperial administrators in the Vilnius Education District were distributed to the schools and the populace in the form of primers and public readings. In the rare cases of private initiatives to print Lithuanian books in Cyrillic alphabet (e.g., that of Juozapas Miliauskas), the experts were used by the administrators to criticize and to reject the unwelcome proposals. By and large this book deals with the life and work of Kashirin, Lyatskii, and Poidenas: the three experts producing and evaluating Lithuanian Cyrillic during the 1867-1901 period of the ban on Latin script. -
Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania Charles C
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Summer 2013 Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania Charles C. Perrin Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Recommended Citation Perrin, Charles C., "Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2013. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/35 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LITHUANIANS IN THE SHADOW OF THREE EAGLES: VINCAS KUDIRKA, MARTYNAS JANKUS, JONAS ŠLIŪPAS AND THE MAKING OF MODERN LITHUANIA by CHARLES PERRIN Under the Direction of Hugh Hudson ABSTRACT The Lithuanian national movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was an international phenomenon involving Lithuanian communities in three countries: Russia, Germany and the United States. To capture the international dimension of the Lithuanian na- tional movement this study offers biographies of three activists in the movement, each of whom spent a significant amount of time living in one of -
THE PAST and PRESENT of the SAMOGITIAN LANGUAGE 1. Historical Overview an Essential Question Has Been Repeatedly Raised Since Ol
The Past and Present of the Samogitian Language JUOZAS PABRĖŽA https://doi.org/10.22364/bf.28.1.05 Baltu filoloģija XXVIII (1) 2019 THE PAST AND PRESENT OF THE SAMOGITIAN LANGUAGE Juozas PABRĖŽA Šiauliai University 1. Historical overview An essential question has been repeatedly raised since olden times: is Samogitian a language or a dialect? Before the appearance of standard Lithu- anian, the concept of the Samogitian language prevailed. Quite a few Samogi- tians wrote their works in Samogitian. The 19th c. boasts a particularly large number of such works. In that period the concern and efforts to create standard Lithuanian on the basis of the Samogitian dialect were particularly obvious. The language and the spelling of Dionizas Poška, Silvestras Valiūnas and Simonas Stanevičaus, all of them originally being South Samogitians, were oriented towards their native Dūnininkai dialect. Three of the most prominent Samogitians of the 19th c. — Jurgis Ambraziejus Pabrėža, Simonas Daukantas and Motiejus Valančius — employed the North Samogitian Dounininkai dialect in their writings. The creator of the standard Samogitian language J. A. Pabrėža wrote: “A Samogitian will never agree about the language either with a Lithuanian, a Prussian or a Latvian.” (Subačius 1996: 54) Juozas Čiulda, the author of the most solid grammar of the Samogitian language of the time, written in Polish in 1854 (Trumpi samprotavimai apie žemaičių kalbos gramatikos taisykles — “Brief Reasoning about the Rules of the Samogitian Language”) consistently used the concept of the Samogitian language, and at the end of his book affirms this by stating the following: “These are my speculations about the Samogitian language. -
Censorship in Lithuania: a Tool of Russian Policy; 1831–1865
LITHUANIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES 7 2002 ISSN 1392-2343 pp. 43–66 CENSORSHIP IN LITHUANIA: A TOOL OF RUSSIAN POLICY; 1831–1865 ZITA MEDIŠAUSKIENĖ ABSTRACT This paper deals with the specificities of Russia’s policy of censorship conducted in the Northwest Province by the Vilnius Censor- ship Committee between 1831 and 1865. In the general context of the Province an attempt is made to give answers to the questions: (1) by whom and in what way the attitudes of the censors of Vilnius were regu- lated with respect to the Lithuanian and Polish press ‘under local condi- tions’ and (2) what requirements of the Censorship Committee were caused ‘by local conditions ’ and by the implementation of Russia’s policy in the Northwest Province. The study is based on official documents, censorial lawsuits, and the censored manuscripts. It is maintained that the opinion and initiative of the governor general of Vilnius were crucial in formulat- ing the ‘local’ policy of censoring. The principal aim of the censorial activity was to ensure the integrity of the Russian Empire by preventing the spread of disintegrational anti-Russian ideas and those of propagat- ing the independence of Poland and ‘Polish patriotism’. Attempts were also made to weaken the influence of the Catholic Church, in particular among the peasantry and to create conditions favouring both religious tolerance and the dissemination of Orthodoxy. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Russian nationality policy as well as the ‘Polish Question’ or Russia’s policy in the Polish Kingdom and in the Northwest Province have been subjected to increasing historical scrutiny. -
Collectivist' Spirit" (P
with the mysticism of the Eurasian 'collectivist' spirit" (p. 54). Considering transcul- ture's desire to transcend politics, and also Epstein's argument for "utopianism after utopia" and "non-totalitarian totality," this particular historical (and ideological) con- text really needs to be addressed. Eliot Borenstein New York University Virgil Krapauskas, Nationalism and Historiography: The Case of Nineteenth Century Lithuanian Historicism. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 2000. viii, 234 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York. Krapauskas' book-length historiographical essay*fills an essential spot in the cor- pus of Lithuanian historical writing. The appearance of ethnic nationalism in East Central Europe in the nineteenth century would change the politieal landscape in the twentieth. Krapauskas traces the appearance of this brand of identity formation in the historical works - professional, joumälistic and dilettante - in Lithuania during the century leading to independence in 1918. Krapauskas' monograph is solid despite persistent problems with intent and the- ory. Thus, he writes, "Historicism mediated between the prejudices of nationalism and the dispassion of historical research," using Maurice Mandelbaum's definition of his- toricism that an event could only be understood "in terms of the place it occupied and the role it played within a process of development." Presumably, Krapauskas' mono- graph should then trace this approach to history in nineteenth century Lithuania. It does not do so, except tangentially. Nationalism and Historiography is about the de- velopment of Lithuanian historical writing as part of the Lithuanian national awaken- ing. Krapauskas' approach, not his subject matter, may be historicist. Nationalism and Historiography is also conceptually tentative. -
XIX A. Lietuvių Tautinio Atgimimo Sąjūdžio Įvaizdis Bendrojo Lavinimo Mokykloje
Acta humanitarica universitatis Saulensis. T. 12 (2011). 236–247. ISSN 1822-7309 XIX a. lietuvių tautinio atgimimo sąjūdžio įvaizdis bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje Arūnas GUMULIAUSKAS Šiaulių universitetas Pagrindinės sąvokos: XIX a. lietuvių tautinio atgimimo sąjūdis, Jonas Basa- navičius, Vincas Kudirka, Jonas Šliūpas, Mindaugas, Vytautas Didysis, Maironis, Simonas Daukantas, Motiejus Valančius, Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas, Jonas Jablons- kis, „Aušra“, „Varpas“, daraktoriai. Pirmąsias žinias apie savo tautos istorinę praeitį jaunuoliai dažniausiai įgyja dar mokyklos suole. Čia formuojamas pilietinis mokinių požiūris į valstybę, jos istori- ją. Mokyklai skirtas ypatingas vaidmuo patriotiškai auklėjant jaunąją kartą. Sunku paneigti tą faktą, jog šiame procese didžiausias krūvis tenka istorijos ir kitiems humanitariniams mokslams. Norint išsiaiškinti jaunuolių požiūrį į XIX a. lietuvių tautinio atgimimo sąjūdį, buvo atlikta apklausa, kurioje dalyvavo Šiaulių miesto gimnazijų III ir IV klasių moksleiviai, taip pat Šiaulių universiteto Humanitarinio fakulteto įvairių kursų studentai. Beje, analogiškas tyrimas atliktas 2006 m., kada norėta atskleisti kry- žiaus karų įvaizdžio formavimo Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose peripetijas (Gumuliauskas 2007, 319). Šį kartą į 11 klausimų atsakė 243 respondentai. Studentų išreikšta pozicija padėjo praplėsti lokalinio požiūrio į rūpimą problemą ribas. Apklausos rezultatai parodė, kad istorijos mokymosi tendencijos bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje išlieka stabilios. 2006 m. 84,8 % respondentų nurodė vado- vėlį, -
POSITIVISM and LITHUANIAN PROSE (The Second Half of the 19Th Century)
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY Giedrius Židonis POSITIVISM AND LITHUANIAN PROSE (The second half of the 19th Century) Summary of Doctoral Dissertation Humanities, Philology (04 H) Kaunas, 2009 This doctoral dissertation was prepared at the Vytautas Magnus University from 1999 to 2008. The dissertation will be defended according to the protocol for external doctorates. Academic Consultant: Prof. Dr. Irena Buckley (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) The Dissertation will be defended before the Council of Philological Sciences of Vytautas Magnus University: Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Danguolė Mikulėnienė (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) Members: Prof. Habil. Dr. Egidijus Aleksandravičius (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, History – 05 H) Doc. Dr. Dainora Abukevičienė-Pociūtė (Vilnius University, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) Doc. Dr. Indrė Žakevičienė (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) Doc. Dr. Rūta Brūzgienė (The Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) Oponents: Prof. Habil. Dr. Virginija Šlekienė-Balsevičiūtė (Vilnius Pedagogical University, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) Doc. Dr. Džiuljeta Maskuliūnienė (Siauliai University, Humanities, Philology – 04 H) The dissertation will be defended at a public meeting of the Council of Philological Sciences, in the Marija Gimbutienė hall (room 211) of Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Humanities at 11 a. m. on February 13, 2009. Address: K. Donelaičio 52, LT–44244 Kaunas, Lithuania The -
Konferencija Maketas 19×28.Indd
Tar�ta�tin� �o�slin� �onferencija TION MOKSLU GR�STO �VIETIMO LINK LIETUVOS EDUKOLOGIJOS UNIVERSITETAS Ų PRANEŠIMŲ SANTRAUKOS LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES ASED EDUCA Tar�ta�tin� �o�slin� �onferencija ARDS RESEARCH-B W O TION T MOKSLU GR�STO �VIETIMO LINK PROGRAMA. MOKSLINIŲ PRANEŠIMŲ SANTRAUKOS ASED EDUCA VIETIMO LINK International Research Conference O � T TOWARDS RESEARCH-BASED U GR�S EDUCATION SL ARDS RESEARCH-B PROGRAMME. ABSTRACTS OF RESEARCH REPORTS W O MOK T VIETIMO LINK International Research Conference O � T TOWARDS RESEARCH-BASED U GR�S EDUCATION SL MOK Tarptautinė mokslinė konferencija • MOKSLU GRĮSTO ŠVIETIMO LINK UDK 37.014(474.5)(06) Mo-65 KONFERENCIJOS ORGANIZATORIAI LEU Mokslinis ir organizacinis komitetas: Konferencijos garbės pirmininkė – Lietuvos Respublikos švietimo ir mokslo ministrė Audronė Pitrėnienė. Pirmininkė – doc. dr. Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė. Pirmininkės pavaduotojai: doc. dr. Emilija Sakadolskienė, dr. Agnė Brandišauskienė, doc. dr. To- mas Lazdauskas. Nariai: doc. dr. Birutė Autukevičienė, prof. habil. dr. Marijona Barkauskaitė, dr. Vaiva Jucevičiūtė- Bartkevičienė, doc. dr. Loreta Chodzkienė, doc. dr. Rita Dukynaitė, prof. habil. dr. akademikas Algirdas Gaižutis, doc. dr. Alvyra Galkienė, doc. dr. Natalja Istomina, doc. dr. Linas Jašinauskas, doc. dr. Jolita Kudinovienė, prof. dr. Ona Monkevičienė, doc. dr. Lina Murinienė, doc. dr. Dalia Nasvytienė, prof. dr. Aivas Ragauskas, doc. dr. Vaiva Schoroškienė, doc. dr. Henrika Šečkuvienė, doc. dr. Kęstutis Trakšelys, doc. dr. Emilija Urnėžienė, prof. dr. Loreta Žadeikaitė, prof. habil. dr. Rimantas Želvys, doc. dr. Aušra Žemgulienė. Tarptautinė mokslinė patariamoji taryba: prof. habil. dr. Jolanta Maria Baran, Krokuvos pedagoginis universitetas / Lenkija prof. dr. Bosse Bergstedt, Lundo universitetas / Švedija prof. habil. dr. Gerd-Bodo von Carlsburg, Heidelbergo pedagoginis universitetas / Vokietija doc. -
Simono Daukanto Didžiojo Lenkų–Lietuvių Kalbų Žodyno Rašymo Laikas: 1852–1856, 1857–1858 M
I S S N 1 3 9 2 - 7 3 7 X Archivum Lithuanicum 19 KlaipĖdos universitetas lietuviŲ Kalbos institutas lietuvos ISTORIJos INSTITUTAS ŠiauliŲ universitetas UNIVERSITY oF ILLINOIS AT CHiCaGo vilniaus universitetas vYtauto didŽioJo universitetas ARCHIVUM Lithuanicum 19 lietuvos ISTORIJos institutas vilnius 2017 redaktorių kolegija / editorial board: proF. Habil. dr. Giedrius Subačius ( filologija / philology), (vyriausiasis redaktorius / editor), universitY oF illinois at CHiCaGo, lietuvos istoriJos institutas, vilnius DR. Birutė Triškaitė ( filologija / philology), (vyriausiojo redaktoriaus pavaduotoja / associate editor), lietuviŲ Kalbos institutas, vilnius Habil. dr. Ona Aleknavičienė ( filologija / philology), lietuviŲ Kalbos institutas, vilnius PROF. HABIL. dr. Roma Bončkutė ( filologija / philology), KlaipĖdos universitetas proF. dr. Pietro U. Dini ( kalbotyra / linguistics), università di pisa PROF. Habil. dr. Jolanta Gelumbeckaitė ( kalbotyra / linguistics), JoHann WolFGanG GoetHe-universitÄt FranKFurt am main dr. Reda Griškaitė ( istorija / history), lietuvos istoriJos institutas, vilnius doC. dr. Birutė Kabašinskaitė ( filologija / philology), vilniaus universitetas PROF. Habil. dr. Bronius Maskuliūnas ( filologija / philology), ŠiauliŲ universitetas doC. dr. Jurgis Pakerys ( filologija / philology), vilniaus universitetas proF. Habil. dr. Rūta Petrauskaitė ( filologija / philology), vYtauto didŽioJo universitetas, KAUNAS HABIL. dr. Christiane Schiller ( kalbotyra / linguistics), HUMBOLDT-universitäT zu berlin proF. dr. William R. -
The Unique Cultural & Innnovative Twelfty 1820
Chekhov reading The Seagull to the Moscow Art Theatre Group, Stanislavski, Olga Knipper THE UNIQUE CULTURAL & INNNOVATIVE TWELFTY 1820-1939, by JACQUES CORY 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS No. of Page INSPIRATION 5 INTRODUCTION 6 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE BOOK 8 CULTURE IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES IN THE “CENTURY”/TWELFTY 1820-1939 14 LITERATURE 16 NOBEL PRIZES IN LITERATURE 16 CORY'S LIST OF BEST AUTHORS IN 1820-1939, WITH COMMENTS AND LISTS OF BOOKS 37 CORY'S LIST OF BEST AUTHORS IN TWELFTY 1820-1939 39 THE 3 MOST SIGNIFICANT LITERATURES – FRENCH, ENGLISH, GERMAN 39 THE 3 MORE SIGNIFICANT LITERATURES – SPANISH, RUSSIAN, ITALIAN 46 THE 10 SIGNIFICANT LITERATURES – PORTUGUESE, BRAZILIAN, DUTCH, CZECH, GREEK, POLISH, SWEDISH, NORWEGIAN, DANISH, FINNISH 50 12 OTHER EUROPEAN LITERATURES – ROMANIAN, TURKISH, HUNGARIAN, SERBIAN, CROATIAN, UKRAINIAN (20 EACH), AND IRISH GAELIC, BULGARIAN, ALBANIAN, ARMENIAN, GEORGIAN, LITHUANIAN (10 EACH) 56 TOTAL OF NOS. OF AUTHORS IN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES BY CLUSTERS 59 JEWISH LANGUAGES LITERATURES 60 LITERATURES IN NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 74 CORY'S LIST OF THE BEST BOOKS IN LITERATURE IN 1860-1899 78 3 SURVEY ON THE MOST/MORE/SIGNIFICANT LITERATURE/ART/MUSIC IN THE ROMANTICISM/REALISM/MODERNISM ERAS 113 ROMANTICISM IN LITERATURE, ART AND MUSIC 113 Analysis of the Results of the Romantic Era 125 REALISM IN LITERATURE, ART AND MUSIC 128 Analysis of the Results of the Realism/Naturalism Era 150 MODERNISM IN LITERATURE, ART AND MUSIC 153 Analysis of the Results of the Modernism Era 168 Analysis of the Results of the Total Period of 1820-1939 -
SUB 1998 Zemaiciu Bk.Pdf
Giedrius Subaçius Ûemaiçi¨ bendrin∂s kalbos id∂jos KALBOS UGDYMO PROGRAMA Giedrius Subaçius Ûemaiçi¨ bendrin∂s kalbos id∂jos XIX amΩiaus pradΩia MOKSLO IR ENCIKLOPEDIJË LEIDYBOS INSTITUTAS VILNIUS 1998 2 ÛEMAIÇIË BK IDÎJOS 3 ÈVADAS UDK 808.82–087 Su-02 Recenzavo Turinys prof. habil. dr. Lietuvos MA narys korespondentas Aleksas Girdenis, prof. habil. dr. Lietuvos MA narys Zigmas Zinkeviçius Pratarm∂...... 12 1. Èvadas...... 14 1. 1. Ûemaiçiai...... 14 Subaçius, Giedrius 1. 2. Europos kontekstas ir bendrin∂s kalbos pob∆dis...... 17 Su-02 Ûemaiçi¨ bendrin∂s kalbos id∂jos/Giedrius Subaçius. – Vil- 1. 3. Bendrin∂ kalba...... 20 nius: Mokslo ir enciklopedij¨ leidybos inst., 1998. – 490 p: 1. 4. Såmoningos intencijos norminti...... 23 iliustr. Santr. Angl. – Bibliogr., p. 464–479 ir ißnaßose. – Asmen¨ 1. 5. Måstymo apie bendrin´ kalbå kategorijos...... 27 r-kl∂: p: 481. 1. 6. Klasifikacijos ir apraßymo principai...... 30 ISBN 5–420–01427–0 1. 7. Ûemaitißk¨ ypatybi¨ pastebimumas Ωemaiçiams...... 32 Ûemaiçiai XIX a. pirmojoje pus∂je pretendavo perimti pagrindinio etnoso funkcijas, ir j¨ raßtai ∂m∂ 1. 8. 1737 met¨ Universitas Lingvarum Litvaniae raßybos tradicija...... 39 stelbti aukßtaitißkuosius. Íioje knygoje pagrindinis d∂mesys ir skiriamas trij¨ XIX a. deßimtmeçi¨ pastan- goms kurti bendrin´ kalbå Ωemaiçi¨ tarmi¨ pagrindu. Taigi ßi knyga – pastang¨ norminti kalbå istorijos analiz∂, sociolingvistin∂ istorijos studija. 2. XVIII amΩiaus Ωemaiçi¨ raßtai...... 44 2. 1. 1759 met¨ Ûyvatas Pono ir Dievo m∆s¨ J∂zuso Christuso...... 44 UDK 808.82–087 2. 1. 1. Ûemaiçi¨ tarm∂s pasirinkimas...... 44 2. 1. 2. Raßybos tradicija ir naujov∂s...... 50 2. 1. 3. Nebendrin∂ raßomoji Ωemaiçi¨ kalba...... 57 2.