No. 32 August 12, 1985

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

40th Anniveisafv of Vistory of Anti-Japanese War il8 ^!^iin

'it •>

An artisan passes his skills Tin incense burners. onto a young worker.

Tin Handicraft Articles in Yunnan Province Gejiu tin handicraft has a history of more than 300 years. Through dissolution, modelling, scraping and assemble, the artisans create patterns with distinctive national features on pieces of tin. Besides the art for appreciation, Gejiu also produces many handicraft goods for daily use. The products sell well at home and abroad.

Croftswoman polishes fin articles.

Tin crane. Various kinds of tin wine vessels. .

^^^^^^^^^ BEIJING

REVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 32 August 12, 1985 Looking Back to World War 11 In China As part of a series commemorating the 40th anniversary of CONTENTS the worldwide victory against fascism, a Beijing Review article epitomizes the 8-year long history of China's anti-Japanese war (1937-45), highlighting the role the Communist-Kuomintang co• NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 operation played in the war (p. 13). Fostering Lofty Communist Ideals LEnERS 5 Army Aims to Cut Ranks by 1 Miliion EVENTS & TRENDS 6-9 The Chinese People's Liberation Army celebrated its 58th 'Star Wars' Must Be Avoided — Deng birthday August 1 on the operating table — by reducing 1 Army Aims to Cut Ranks by 1 million troops. This reduction is being carried out to remedy Million the problem Deng Xiaoping noted in 1975 when he said, "The China, Japan Sign Nuclear Agreement army should have an operation to cut its swelling" (p. 6). Financial Picture Satisfactory Officials Sacked for Car Import Racket Upiioiding Communist Vaiues and Discipline INTERNATIONAL 10-12 Since last March, an education programme has been going India: Gandhi's New Diplomatic on to remedy unhealthy tendencies, indifference to communist Moves Uganda: Obote Government values and a low sense of discipline. While implementing the Overthrown principle of "to each according to his work," the country's Helsinki: CSCE. Ten Years in leaders encourage people to have lofty ideals and a devotion to Retrospect Poland: Economic Reforms Look the nation (p. 4). Hopeful Officials Sacked for Car Smuggling 40 Years After: Reassessing the « War in China 13 Several high-ranking officials in southern Guangdong War Against Japan (pictorial) 17-20 Province's Hainan Island were dismissed because of their So Much Love for so Many 23 involvement in* car smuggling. In the meantime, provincial SPECIAL REPORT: Party secretary Lin Ruo said, Hainan's open policy will remain China's Administrative Regions: intact (p. 8). Guizhou: A Multi-Nationoi Prov• ince Waiting to Be Topped 24 Guizitou — A Province To Be Tapped FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 30 SPORTS 31 Remote and mountainous Guizhou Province has long been CULTURE & SCIENCE 32-33 one of China's most backward areas. But moves are now being BOOKS made to tap its natural resources and develop its potential as a 34 tourist attraction. Among Guizhou's strongest attributes are its COVER: A scene of a karst cave in awesome scenery and colourful ethnic minority villages, ac• the suburban Guiyang, Guizhou Prov• ince cording to an on-the-spot report by Beijing Review cor• Photo by Mi Qiu respondent (p. 24).

Tiiblislied every Monday Distribution and subscriptions handled by SubscHptton prices (1 yMir)t BEIJING REVIEW China Intomcrtienal Book Trading Australia A.$14.00 USA US$18.00 2(4 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), New Zeolond NZ. $18.00 UK £8.00 fhe People's Republic of China P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Conoda Can. $15.00 NOTES FROM THE EpiTOftS

Fostering Lofty Communist (deals

to spread unchecked for some cern, for this is intolerable under by AN ZHIGUO time? Because the people involved socialism. Political Editor were obsessed with personal gains or their small-group interests and China's aim is to vigorously In March China stepped up its abandoned their lofty communist boost its planned commodity econ• efforts to instill communist ideals ideals, the socialist cause and the omy based on public owner• and discipline into Party members, principle of serving the people. ship, while also ensuring the government functionaries and the growth of private businesses, general public. The education Discipline guarantees the realiza• Chinese-foreign joint ventures and programme, designed to remedy tion of communist ideals. If peo• wholly-owned foreign companies unhealthy tendencies, indifference ple become indifferent to these in China. In the meantime, all to communist values and a low ideals, discipline can become lax, citizens and Party members are sense of discipline, is of far-reach• inviting all sorts of temptations. urged to maintain their ideological ing significance. To curb unhealthy tendencies, integrity and consciously resist the serious offenders should be brought negative influences of the com• China today is striving for social• to legal account. But it is more im• modity economy. ist modernization. Its open policy portant to step up education among We are correcting the former and ongoing economic reforms are the populace. all aimed at realizing socialism, the egalitarian practice of "everybody first stage of communism. eating from the same big pot" and implementing the principle of "to But the country cannot build so• each according to his work." This cialism in a vacuum. The ideas of The current education Marxist principle, which is poles the former exploiting classes will programme of fostering apart from the concept "money is still exert their influence for a long communist ideals is everything," calls for correctly time to come. Also, the long-term designed to remedy balancing the interests of the state, policy of invigorating the domestic the collective and the individual. economy and opening to the out• unhealthy tendencies, It also requires that we differen• side world has undeniably increas• indifference to co/nmunist tiate between the interests of the ed the chances of bourgeois deca• values and a low sense of partial and the whole, between im• dence making inroads into people's discipline. mediate and long-term interests. minds. In short, we should continue to implement the principle of "to The unhealthy tendencies that each according to his work" and surfaced late last year manifest China's planned commodity oppose the thinking of "doing themsevles in many fields. Some economy is based on public owner• everything for money." government employees, for exam• ship of the means of production, ple, have engaged in commercial and is thus essentially different While doing so, we also want to activities. Some trafficked in from a capitalist commodity econ• imbue our people with communist commodities that are in short omy. In capitalism, the principle values and an utter devotion to the supply, took or gave bribes, raised of commodity exchange seeps into nation. All citizens are encouraged prices indiscriminately, sold fake every aspect of society. The new to contribute as much as possible goods or illegally obtained foreign unhealthy tendencies show that the to the country's modernization currencies. Unsavoury tabloids and principle of commodity exchange drive without haggling over their pornographic videotapes were com• has also found ways into some personal gains and losses. Certain• mon in some places. Party and government organiza• ly this does not mean returning to tions; money worship is so much the old w^ys of "everyone eating Why were these things allowed in vogue that it has caused con• from the same big pot."

4 Beijing Review, No. 32 LETTERS

PLA's Reduction Is Good ' would like to know what opinions News j Chinese scientists have on the question of the nature of material, 1 am very glad to hear that the not only in microcosmic, but Chinese government has begun to I also in macrocosmic respect. cut the size of the People's Lib• Kjell Pedensson Most Party members are laden eration Army. Such action helps Sweden with Communist ideals and are against a possible world war. strictly self-disciplined. But some 1 Comments and Suggestions have found the temptations of I am also pleased with the material wealth hard to resist. covers of Beijing Review, which I have been reading Beijing The Party Central Committee has are vivid and true to life. The \ for seven years. The said that education in ideals and cc^our pictures have a strong ap• articles in "Notes From the discipline should be high on the peal to the readers. I enjoy the Editors" column are interesting agenda of its current consolida• political reports because your I because they are not only simple tion drive. articles are different from local : and short but also factual. The reports that describe things in a j "Events & Trends" column also The young are the future of the gloomy tone. is edited very well. Articles on state, and efforts are also being I find it difficult to understand your government and political made to foster high ideals and a the economic reports, for the : life and social phenomena are sense of discipline among them. articles are very specific and en• fascinating. It is necessary to im- This is important to keeping the tirely new for me. Originally I I prove the "International" column. country on the right track; on no was interested in your efforts on ] Westerners, who receive reports account should the young become the field of ecology, but you give i from capitalist news media, find captives of bourgeois ideology. little coverage of it. I have as• ; Chinese views and stands on I political events interesting. Gen• This education drive has already sumed that you don't take this field seriously. erally speaking, shorter stories begun yielding results. Moving are convenient for reading. Some G. Weiershaus deeds have been reported from I questions may need to be given FRG many parts of the country: City- more depth. For example, the bred college graduates and scien• article entitled "Washington- tists and technicians choose to Economic Reforms Moscow: Has the Strategic work in border regions where liv• Conform With Chinese Focus Shifted?" (No. 51, 1984) ing conditions are harsh; peasants Needs ; should also say something about who have got rich through special• As far as we have been -able to I the historical background, eco- ized production volunteer their see, we must say that the main 1 nomic interests and the crises in own money and expertise to help trend in the work to reform the \t countries. In addition, those still in poverty; young people Chinese economy corresponds not I the articles and documents are save others' lives at the risk of their only to the needs of the Chinese too haphazard. own. Nationwide, however, educa• people, but also to Marxist- luantxo Arteaga Yeregui tion in communist ideals and dis• Leninist economic theory. Spain cipline is far from universal. And But since many of the steps sustained efforts are needed to haye never been taken before, IVIore Photos on Events carry the drive through to a suc• some mistakes will be inevitable. cessful conclusion. However, we hope single mistakes Your magazine is very beauti- won't hold the Chinese people ! ful and the layout is also good, from going on with their success• i But there were few colour photo- ful work. • graphs about the world, and Chi- \s current affairs. If you I am interested in knowing I publish colour photos on world what experiences Chinese scien• I events, your magazine would be tists have made in their work in i more attractive to readers. applying dialectical materialism Rasoarisoa Marie Jeanne to basic research in physics. I Madagascar

August 12, 1985 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

'Star Wars' Must Be Avoided Deng The Strategic Defense Initiative, should both undertake not to be Deng said if China could not otherwise known as the "Star the first to use nuclear weapons. get technology from the West, in• Wars" plan, must not be imple• Second, nuclear arms should be cluding Europe, and consequently mented, said Chinese leader Deng gradually destroyed. If such agree• could not turn out goods suitable Xiaoping. The plan, which em• ments could be reached between to these countries, it was impossi• phasizes the use of weapons in the Soviet Union and the United ble to expand two-way trade. He space, Deng said, would cause a States, the people of the world said he hopes Europe will invest critical change in the arms race. would be at ease, Deng said. more funds in China. In a meeting with Robert Max• Speaking of the recent visit by well of the Pergamon Press and Chinese Vice-Premier Yao Yilin to Mirror Group Newspapers on the Soviet Union, Deng told the Army Aims to Cut Aug. 2 in Beidaihe, Deng pointed visitors that progress- has been out that Star Wars involved more made in bilateral economic and Ranks by I Million than adding 9 few nuclear war• trade relations and exchange of heads or changing a few types of personnel between China and the The People's Liberation Army missiles and would adversely af• USSR. But, owing to the existence (PLA) celebrated its 58th birth• fect the arms race. of the three major obstacles — day on August 1 on the operating On Aug. 1 in a meeting with Soviet aid to Viet Nam in its inva• table. Yoshikatsu Takeiri, chairman of sion of Kampuchea, the stationing the Central Executive Committee of large numbers of Soviet ttoops The operation to reduce the of the Japanese Komei Party, along the Sino-Sovfet border and PLA's troops by 1 million began Deng said China welcomed the the Soviet aggression against about two months ago. But it's meeting of the leaders of the Afghanistan — there are limits to been under consideration for a Soviet Union and the United the development of Sino-Soviet decade. Chief of General Staff States in November. political relations. Yang Dezhi quoted Deng Xiao• ping as saying back in 1975, "The "But it is not realistic for China Commenting on the situation on army should have an operation to place too much hope on the the Korean Peninsula, Deng ex• to cut its swelling." The opera• meeting," he said. "As for the ques• pressed the hope that the dialogue tion, postponed because of the tion of nuclear disarmament, we between the two parts of Korea interference of the "gang of have taken notice of the intention would make progress and that the four," has now begun, said Yang. of both the Soviet Union and the tripartite talks, which also involve United States to reduce the number the United States, would be suc• The army reduction, he said, of their nuclear weapons. It is cessful. means a drastic cut in the number always good to decrease the num• He said what China is doing is of administrative staff members, ber but this has no practical signif• facilitating the dialogue between especially in the headquarters of icance." he said. the Koreans and will promote the the General Staff, the General Deng noted that the Soviet peaceful reunification of Korea in Political Department, the General Union and the United States had the form of a federal system. Logistics Department, the re• enough nuclear weapons to destroy gional military units, and the the world several times over. Even Deng described Sino-British re• Commission of Science, Tech• if they reduce their nuclear arms lations as "good." He told Max• nology and Industry for National well that China was willing Defence. by 25 to 50 percent, the two na• to develop economic ties with tions still have the nuclear power Europe. If Britain and other Euro• The streamlining will cut the to destroy the world. pean countries would be more number of people in the three Deng said China has two prin• generous in technology transfers, general departments by 23.8 per• ciples on nuclear arms. First, the he said, their chances of economic cent and the regional military Soviet Union and the United States ties to China would improve. areas staffing by 50 percent.

6 Beijing Review, No. 32 vanced studies. The reduction in- troops is tak• News In JBrieff ' ing place in all three service Xiamen Special Economic branches. And the Air Force, in Zone Extended particular, sees the reduction as The State Council has an opportunity. As the number decided to enlarge the Xia• of troops are cut, the Air Force men Special Economic Zone will focus on developing high• to include all Xiamen and tech defence systems, said newly Gulangyu Islands. The ex• appointed Air Force Commander panded 131-square-kilometre Wang Hai, 59, who replaced zone will be able to operate Zhang Tingfa, 67, in July. in some ways as a free pojrt. "The number of Air Force It will focus primarily on servicemen will be drastically cut industrial production, but and a large number of units tourism, commerce and real above the regimental level dis• estate wall also be encourag• banded or merged," Wang said. ed. The aim, he said, is to make the Air Force a more compact and ef• Xinjiang Allowed More ficient military division and to Children promote young and competent people to command posts. Like all minority areas in China. Xinjiang Uygur Au• Political work will not be tonomous Region allows its neglected during and after the citizens to have two children These army officers and soldiers, streamlinjng, the Air Force com• instead of following the gen- who may never again be in their mander stressed. The aim is not L'rally prescribed one-child uniforms, help build a wharf at the only to equip officers and men policy. If both children are Shengli Oilfield. with modern weapons and exper• girls, or if one is handicap• tise, but also to pass on the lofty ped, the couple may have As older leaders step aside, a ideals of communism, the dis• another. In rural areas, a much younger generation is tak• cipline and other fine traditions couple may have three chil• ing their place, he added. The of the PLA. dren, while families in re- youngest deputy director of the nuiic ureas may have four. General Political Department is The army, after the readjust• 44 years old and the youngest dep• ment, will become better-organiz• .\injiang now has a pop• uty chief of the general staff is ed and better-equipped and will ulation of 13.44 million and 42. Most of them are college be able to respond faster to a is hoping to hold the number graduates or have completed ad- surprise attack, Wang added. at 17 million by the year 3000. Shengli Oilfield Turn out More Oil PLACES IN THIS ISSUE The Shengli Oilfield in Shandong Province produc• ed 91.296 million barrels of crude oil in the first half of this year, an increase of nearly 29 percent over last year. The oilfield also com• pleted a seismic survey line 10,482 kilometres long, 34 percent more than the pre• vious year. Profits, taxes «nd industrial output each went up at least 21 percent. 1. Beidaihe (p. 6) 2. Hainon Island (p. 8) August 12, 1985 than-anticipated revenues and special meeting was held last May China, Japan Sign lower expenditures. on reducing administrative expen• ditures. The statistics in the first Nuclear Agreement At a July 23-Aug. 7 tax meeting half of the year, however, showed in Beijing, Wang told the partic• that except for Shaanxi Provincer China and Japan signed a ipants the state revenues totalled in which the expenditures dropped nuclear co-operation agreement at 81.36 billion yuan, 54.2 percent of by 1.23 percent, all other prov• the Fourth Sino-Japanese Govern• the figure budgeted for 1985, and inces, municipalities and autono• ment Members Conference in 25.9 percent more than in the same mous regions have registered in• Tokyo. period last year, while the expendi• creases. Among those with At the two-day meeting, which tures were 69.76 billion yuan, 45.6 increases, Qinghai, Liaoning prov• was held July 30-31, Chinese percent of the budgeted 1985 inces and the Tibetan Autonomous Foreign Minister Wu Xueqian figure. Region registered increases of and Japanese Foreign Minister Describing the financial situa• more than 40 percent. These in• Shintaro Abe also signed an agree• tion as fine, the minister accounted creases in administrative expendi• ment of intent for a Japanese loan for the good news with the devel• tures were attributed largely to the to China. uncontrolled increases of staff in opment of production, the expan• some Party and governmental or• During the meeting, which in• sion of commodity circulation and ganizations and to the huge collec• cluded talks on economic co• the reforms in taxation. tive purchases. operation, the head of the Chinese While affirming the achieve• delegation complained about the ments in tax work in the past few Recently top officials from the yawning trade gap between China years, Wang stressed that the cur• State Council also have urged and Japan. Gu Mu, who is also rent central task for the tax offic• provincial governments to cut state councillor for China, said the ials is to combat tax evasion. their administrative expenditures, imbalance between what China stressing that the spending quotas buys from Japan and the amount It also was announced at the should not be exceeded this year of Japanese purchases from. China meeting that a national campaign as it was the case last year. could adversely affect the business against tax evasion will be launch• relationship between the two ed in the state- and collectively- countries if the two do not begin owned enterprises and in individ• Officials Sacked for to show signs of evening out. ual businesses this year, follow• As in previous years, Gu said, ing a State Council decision. Car Import Racket China's trade deficit with Japan With the development of Several high-ranking officials has been increasing and was up to market-oriented production and in southern Guangdong Province's US$2 billion in 1984. The amount Hainan Island, including the Hai• has been rising steadily in 1985 the opening of more channels for nan Administrative Region Party and had reached US$2.3 billion circulation of goods, China's tax• vice-secretary and head of the during the first half of the year, able units rose to 7.2 million from Hainan People's Government Lei Gu said. 1.62 million in 1978, according to Yu and his colleague Chen Yuyi, Jin Xin, director of the General were dismissed recently because Shintaro Abe acknowledged the Taxation Bureau of the Ministry of their involvement in car smug• balance of trade dilemma. "The of Finance. More than 50 percent gling. important thing," he said, "is that of the units have evaded taxation Japan and China should face this to varying degrees, Jin told the From January 1, 1984 to March problem and settle it as quickly meeting. He called for further 5, 1985, the report of the Party as we can." improvement of the taxation sys• Central Committee released on tem and the enactment of needed July 30 said the Hainan author• tax laws. He also urged local tax• ities approved the import of Financial Picture ation bureaus to supervise the 89,000 motor vehicles (90 per• completion of financial audits of cent are, cars and minibuses), the Satisfactory taxable units, especially those in• import of 2186 m. colour' TV sets, dividual businesses. 252,000 video recorders and China's financial situation for 122,000 motorcycles. More than the first sixth months of the year China's financial officials also 10,000 cars and minibuses and looks fine, said Finance Minister have called for strict control over most of the other consumer goods, Wang Bingqian. Wang attributed expenditures and for a balance be• which were imported tax-free to the healthy economics to higher- tween revenue and expenditure. A be used only on the island, were 8 Beijing Review, No. 52 resold all over the country at than 800 yuan in bonuses last year double or triple the prices. and 787 yuan in this year's first two months. The editors got 1,500 China & the Worir The report said 872 companies yuan this year and Chief Editor and 88 departments under the re• Guan Xin was .given 1,000 yuan SiQO-Indonesian Direct gional government participated in on one occasion. jTrade the scandal. Even schools and, Vice-Premier Yao Yilin kindergartens participated in the Car smuggling also bred other said recently the Chinese smuggled auto trade. Many cadres economic crimes, the report said. government would encour• have been out rustling up loans Altogether 143 cases are under age Chinese industrial and and foreign exchange for the con• further investigation, and four commercial organizations to traband, said the report. people were found guilty of conduct direct trade with In• pocketing more than 1 million donesia. A number of bank branches yuan. Lian Bingzong, a farm rtelerring to the exehange took a share in the smuggling for worker in Qionghai County, made of notes ol memorandum of what is called "gratitude fees" or 2.09 million yuan. utidcr.'^taiiding on direct "formality fees." The Industrial trade, Indonesian delegation and Commercial Bank branch and The corruption network must head. President Sukamdani, the Agricultural Bank branch in be broken, government depart• said he was satisfied with Tunchang County granted loans of ments involved in the scandal direct trading between the 8 million yuan to the Foreign further investigated, those respon• two countries. Although Economic Commission and got a sible punished-and illegal income there are no diplomatic ties profit of 100,000 yuan, the Sanya confiscated, the report said. between the two countries, Agricultural Bank branch received he said, Indonesia is regard• 35 percent of the earnings in ad• Guangdong Provincial Party Sec• ed by China as a friendly dition to loan interests. On an• retary Lin Ruo said the develop• country and given preferen• other occasion, the branch receiv• ment policy for Hainan Island tial treatment in custorns ed cars worth 115,000 yuan and would not change despite the re• duties. 150 20-inch colour TV sets at a cent dismissal of Party and govern• price 650 yuan lower than the ment officials. As a place open to Five Principles Guide wholesale price, in return for a foreign investment, Hainan Island Relations loan of 30 million yuan granted has been given special powers to "The Five Principles of to the car smugglers. import foreign goods and retain Peaceful Coexistence are the foreign exchange to develop fast• most reliable guidelines to Much of the loan money was er, he ^aid, but using criminal handling relations among used to buy foreign exchange at activity to improve the backward• countries, and these princi• high prices. Foreign exchange ness of the area was not permis• ples can stand any test," said worth US$570 million was bought sible. Premier Zhao Ziyang at a for the contraband, the report Lin encouraged Party and gov• meeting with a visiting Thai said. For example, Fu Shengfu, ernment officials to engage in delegation. deputy manager of the Wenchang criticism and self-criticism, to Colour TV Set Factory, bought heighten the sense of discipline Entry and Exit Procedures US$1 million in foreign exchange and crack down on embezzlement, Simplified at an exchange rate he set him• bribery and other economic The Chinese government self and pocketed 200,000 yuan. crimes. recently has decided to sim• The county's Puqian district Party plify entry and exit proce• committee got 30,000 yuan in dures for overseas Chinese, commissions for offering Fu its ac• according to a spokesman count number in the dealing. for the Ministry of Public Most of the profits went to Security. individual pockets, however. An Beginning August 1, over• official in Qiongshan County re• seas Chinese who come back ceived bonuses of more than 8,500 to China to visit relatives yuan on two occasions. The and friends, or for tourism Hainan Daily made a profit of 4.3 or business, no longer need million yuan in the dealing. Every visas or exist permits. member of the daily received more August 12, 1985 9 INTERNATIONAL

India while getting signatures for loan|^ from Federal Germany, Italy and Gandhi's New Diplomatic Moves Japan. Gandhi has paralleled his diplo• While proving his political acumen in his own country by matic overtures in the West with winning a long-sought agreement with Sikh leaders who moves among his South Asian have been battling with New Delhi for greater autonomy neighbours by sending a special en• in the Punjab, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi has voy to Nepal, Pakistan and Bang• made a series of diplomatic attempts to ease the South ladesh to strengthen ties in Asian situation and increase India's role in international the sub-continent. During talks affairs. with the Indian envoy on the normalization of Indian- Pakistan relations, Pakistan Pre• by WANG KUN agreements will hold until the year 2000. Although the two sides sident Zia ul-Haq expressed his share views on some international support for the development of ' HILE Indian Prime Minister issues, during their meetings they friendly relations with India. W Rajiv Gandhi has proved his agreed to disagree on several key diplomatic dexterity by winning Gandhi also travelled to Bang• areas. Among the areas of dis• an agreement with Sikh lead• ladesh with Sri Lanka President agreement was India's refusal to ers over their battle for greater Junius Richard Jayawardene to ex• respond to the Soviet proposal autonomy in the Punjab — a bat• press sympathy to the beleagured for an all-Asia forum on peace and tle that has cost India thousands of nation that is trying to rebuild it• security. Gandhi also stressed his lives and threatened the country's self from the devastation wrought position on the Afghanistan issue political unity —Gandhi also has recently by a hurricane! Gandhi by saying he opposed any interfer• played a more active role in the has promised to increase economic ence in Afghan affairs by any for• intemaitional arena. His facile aid to Nepal and Bhutan and said eign country. shuttles between the Soviet Union, he would consider Nepal's South Asia Peace Zone proposal. the United States and South Asian Not long after the visit to the countries have garnered the Soviet Union, Gandhi flew to In addition, Gandhi has made world's attention. Washington to meet with Presi• a series of moves aimed at empha• Operating under the theory that dent Reagan and members of the sizing India's commitment to non- a stable international order will US Congress. During the June alignment. Last January the prime facilitate India's introduction into visit, the Indian leader secured minister initiated and chaired a the 20th century, the prime minis• agreements from the Americans New Delhi summit attended by Ar• ter has underscored his dedication for scientific, technological and gentina, Mexico, Tanzania, Greece to non-alignment by soliciting aid military aid. The United States and Sweden, in which the dele• and friendship from both the also agreed to extend for another gates signed a statement prohibit• Soviet Union and the United three years a scientific and ing the research and storage of States.' technological programme with nuclear weapons. In April the In• India that would have expired in dian-sponsored Foreign Ministers' In late May of this year Gandhi October, and to co-operate in Consultative Conference, which paid a visit to the Kremlin for his cleaning the polluted Ganges River. was attended by more than 80 na• first international visit since be• Though US-Indian relations remain tions, condemned South African coming prime minister. During stalemated on many issues, Gand• racism, announced sanctions talks with Soviet leader Mikhail hi's visit helped create conditions against the South African regime Gorbachev, Gandhi reiterated his for New Delhi to win economic, and agreed to provide military aid promise to strengthen ties between technological and military aid to the South West Africa People the two countries as outlined in from Washington. Organization (SWAPO). Gandhi the Indian-Soviet treaty. The two has also attempted to mediate the leaders then signed basic guide• The prime minister also has Iraq-Iran war, and to play a posi• lines for programmes involving made stops in Europe and Japan, tive role in the Mideast peace economic, trade, scientific and where he discussed defence and process and internal unity of non- technological co-operation. The high-tech co-operation with France alignment movement.

W Beijing Review, No. 32 Uganda shut down of all borders, and a halt to exchange transactions. On luly 29 the Military Council of Obote Government Overthrown the Ugandan National Liberation Army was set up with Tito Tribal hatred and an afflicted economy sparked the over• Okello as its chairman and head throw of Obote's Ugandan government on July 27, making of state. General elections are Uganda the third African nation after Mauritania and the scheduled to be held within 12 Sudan to suffer a coup d'etat in 1985. months. A spokesman for the military said the military would vouritism for Opon Acak, arousing conduct free and fair elections and by LIU XIUFENG and the dissatisfaction from the Acholi allow the people to choose a new ZHANG GUOBIN officers, who support Muwanga. government. Brigadier Okello called Obote the worst dictator RIBAL friction, escalating in• Furthermore, the inflation rate of Ugandan history, and ap• T flation and industrial losses recently reached 200 percent pealed to all people of Uganda to sparked the Ugandan coup d'etat while the deficit also pushed up• work together to build one unit• tfiat wrested power from Presi• ward. Although the gross ed, peaceful country. dent Milton Obote on July 27 and domestic product and per- made Uganda the third African capita income increased in 1984, Anti-Obote guerrilla leader and government after. Mauritania and the Obote government's failure to former Defence Minister Yoweri the Sudan to fall to rival powers provide solutions to economic Moseveni announced his support in 1985. distress only exacerbated the for the military authorities. country's social unrest. Former President Amin also ap• On the day following the sei• On July 28 the military au• plauded the coup. With the deep- zure, rebel leader and Northern" thorities claimed control of the rooted strife among the tribes and Brigade Commander Bazilio Olara country and announced the sus• the serious economic difficulties Okello declared the "total end of pension of the constitution, the facing Uganda, the new govern• Obote's tribalistic rule," and pro• dissolution of parliament, the dis• ment will, like its predecessors, be ceeded to consolidate his power missal of all the ministers, the tested as to whether it can endure. by closing the Entebbe airport and ordering a 12-hour curfew. Violence between two of Uganda's 40 tribes is seen by many as the impetus behind the coup. Helsinki Okello, a member of the Acholi tribe, which has long struggled CSCE, Ten Years in Retrospect with Obote's Langi tribe, and Tito Okello led 2,000 Acholi troops in the overthrow. The Langi tribe The Helsinki Conference and its extended sessions have has in the past been the target of gone on for ten years with no substantial results ever hav• discrimination by the Acholi and ing been achieved. To many member states, however, Bangada clans. During his presi• the Helsinki meetings are worth maintaining as a forum dency, Obote attempted to ex• for dialogue. clude other tribes from power and appointed officers on the basis of by LIU XUMIN and looked forward to the future their political and tribal affilia• of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). tions. As this month's sheduled OREIGN ministers from 35 elections drew closer, the power F countries met in Helsinki Discussion at the meeting focus• struggle between Obote and Army from July 30 to August 1 to mark ed on how much "security" the Chief of Staff Smith Opon Acak the 10th anniversary of the ac• conference has brought to Europe. on one side and Vice-President cords on security and co-opera• The ten-year-old CSCE is filled Paulo Muwanga and Okello on tion. During the meeting, the with "disappointment and dis- the other became more public. ministers reviewed the imple• sidence," said Hans-Dietrich Gen- Obote, in a speech at the officers' mentation of the Helsinki Final scher. Foreign Minister of Federal meeting on July 18 showed fa• Acts signed on August 1, 1975, Republic of Germany. August 12, 1985 11 Observers in Helsinki noted that the extended CSCE sessions have been held year after year, but no substantial results have pro• Poland duced. Over the decade, the sole achievements have been the East- Economic Reforms Look Hopeful West agreement on informing and dispatching observers when hold• Poland has been plagued by social upheaval and eco• ing large-scale military manoeu• nomic doldrums since 1980. In order to turn the tide, the vres, some relaxation of restric• Polish government has adopted sweeping economic tions on journalists' activities and reforms. the reunion of divided families. But the decade appears more inde• libly marked by tension and the by LIU ZHONGCHUN After researching the demand nuclear arms race between the and profitability of a product, the enterprises decide how they can Soviet Union and the United CONOMIC adjustments be• States. best meet the demand with ef• E gun in January 1982 are ficient production processes. showing signs of success in Member states gave their views Poland. Industrial and agricul• Under the reform, socialist of CSCE's modest contributions. tural output have grown, and peo• enterprises can freely decide The United States criticized the ple are more confident of the what to do with their fixed Soviet Union for failures to ob• future. assets, including selling, lending serve the accords, stamping on hu• or transferring them. They are man rights and not tolerating dis- Following the rebirth of Poland also free to merge with other en• sidence. The Soviet Union, in turn, after World War II the govern• terprises or divide into smaller reproached the United States for ment adopted a centralized eco• units. interfering in the affairs of other nomic system. But in October 1956 countries in name of human rights, the government discarded the Another change is that enter• and criticized the West for high strictly centralized system and be• prises producing exports can unemployment among youth. gan to make adjustments. These communicate directly with changes, however, failed to pro• foreign buyers or partners after Some medium and small-sized duce the expected results and receiving state approval. European countries accused the many fundamental problems re• Enterprises have also adopted superpowers of violating the spirit mained. As a result, Poland has self-government, which means of the accords. European repre• been haunted by social upheaval that workers can take part in sentatives said their countries and economic decline since 1980. management in accordance with sought dialogue and peace, not the national enterprise autonomy conflict or war. The appeal for Drawing a lesson from the law. Worker committees are the disarmament was overwhelming. earlier reforms, the government principal organization for self- They called for Washington and government. Moscow to reach agreement on re• decided that it would plan only ducing nuclear arms and to halt strategic goals for the national The economic readjustment production plans for space wea• economy rather than setting was adopted in the face of a dif• pons. The European nations gene• specific production quotas for ficult situation — political dis• rally hoped the dialogue between every low-level enterprises. Some sidents were active, the economy the United States and the Soviet firms — such as those directly was suffering and the foreign debt Union would lead to detente. Some supported by the central govern• had grown to some US|30 billion. European countries said their des• ment, those engaged in defence Reforming the price system, a key tinies should not be controlled by production and those producing part of the readjustment, has any superpower, but by them• goods called for in international proved to be a major headache selves. agreements — would continue to for the government. The rate of have strict instructions. inflation continues to run as high All the participating countries as 15 percent. The new measures conducted bilateral and multila• Based on market conditions — have not yet yielded a true teral contacts during the three-day prices, demand, profit and com• economic recovery. Despite these meeting. Many said they wished petition — enterprises can now problems, however, Poland's the meetings could be maintained independently make decisions on economic machine is slowly ac• as a means for dialogue. production and management. celerating.

72 Beijing Review, No. 52 40 Years After: Reassessing the War in China

hensive picture of the struggle tire northeast China — the CPC by WU JINGSHENG which swept the country four proposed that the whole country Our Correspondent decades ago. unite to combat Japanese aggres• sion. Again in its "August 1st N the eve of the 40th anniver• The numerous pictures, photos Declaration" of 1935, the CPC O sary of the end of World War and objects on display pointed to put forward a proposal for the II, the entire world is looking three themes: The War of Re• establishment of a united front to back to the devastating years of sistance Against Japan was fought fight the Japanese. To speed the war to see what lessons might be by the whole nation under the establishment of such a united learnt. banner of the united front initiat• front, the CPC, in an August 1936 ed by the Chinese Communist message to the KMT, suggested China's role in the war against Party (CPC) and on the basis of that the civil war be stopped and fascism was its War of Resistance co-operation between the KMTa bi-party united front be set up Against Japan, a war in which and the CPC; the Chinese people to battle the Japanese. But it was over 20 million Chinese people made a tremendous sacrifice in only the Xian Incident on De• were killed or wounded. The the war; and the victory in the cember 12 of the same year that sacrifices were many but the anti-Japanese war was an impor• forced the KMT to turn its atten• alternative was unthinkable. tant contribution to the defeat of tion from fighting Communists to fascism around the world. The war in China was nq fighting the Japanese. The incident ordinary war. In addition to the involved the capture of KMT lead• horrors of countless massacres, the A Nation Takes Up Arms er Chiang Kai-shek by two of his generals. They forced him to anti-Japanese war saw a divided Japan launched its full-scale agree to a united front war effort nation pull together to combat a war of aggression against China before releasing him. common enemy. In the days prior by instigating the Lugouqiao to Japan's attack on China, the (Marco Polo) Bridge Incident Kuomintang (KMT) was fighting near Beijing on July 7, 1937. But Conspicuous in the exhibition desperately to eliminate the Com• six years prior to this, the Japanese is the text of a joint proposal for• munist Party of China (CPC). By had engineered the September 18 warded by Soong Ching Ling, He pulling together following the Incident and occupied northeast Xiangning, Feng Yuxiang and 11 Japanese invasion, the allied Chi• China. In 1932 the puppet regime others at the Third Plenary Ses• nese army was able to finally ex• of Manchukuo was set up, and sion of the KMT in February pel the enemy from Chinese by 1935 Japan extended its con• 1937. The proposal called for the territory. trol to large parts of Hebei, restoration of Sun Yat-sen's Three Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. Great Policies (alliance with Recently, 1 visited the Military Russia, co-operation with the Museum of the Chinese People's The worsening national crisis Communist Party and assistance Revolution in Beijing. Though prompted the Chinese people to to the workers and peasants) the museum has in the past large• close their ranks to struggle and the re-establishment of ly ignored the KMT's role in the against the Japanese invaders and KMT-CPC co-operation in op• anti-Japanese struggle, the cura• save the nation from doom. On posing the invading Japanese. tors recently re-evaluated the na• December 9, 1935, students in At about the same time, the ture of the KMT-CPC co-opera• Beijing took to the street, raising Central Committee of the CPC tion that led to victory for the the clarion call of "stopping the set forth its five demands and Chinese people. civil war and uniting as one four guarantees. The five demands against foreign invaders." Replenished by historical relics were: Stop civil war, promote collected over the past few years, Shortly after the September 18 democracy and freedom, con• the museum has put a new face Incident in 1931 — in which the vene a national assembly, get on its Hall of Anti-Japanese Japanese seized the city of Shen• ready quickly to fight Japanese War, which provides a compre• yang (Mukden) and later the en• invasion and improve the people's

August 12, 1985 13 The Eighth Route Army soldiers strike back at Japanese troops outside the Xil ng watchtower of the Great Wall.

livelihood. And the four guaran• southern outskirts of Beijing. Japanese. On September 22, tees included: Eradicate the hos• Their pictures and heroic deeds following the Japanese attack tility of the two political powers, are displayed in the exhibition. on Shanghai, the KMT's change the name of the Red Army, Also described are the deeds of Central News Agency made introduce a new democratic Xie Jinyuan, deputy commander public the CPC's manifesto on system in the revolutionary base of the 524th Regiment of the KMT-CPC co-operation. The fol• areas and stop confiscating land KMT's 5th Army, and his 800 lowing day Chiang Kai-shek pub• from landlords. All these, through soldiers who defended th& ware• lished another speech in which he repeated negotiations between house of four banks in Shanghai. announced the de facto recogni• both parties, laid the foundation tion of the CPC. Thus, the second The day after the Lugou• for the establishment of the anti- round of co-operation between the qiao Bridge Incident, the CPC Japanese united front. KMT and the CPC was forged 10 Central Committee published a years after the first round in Soon after the Lugouqiao circular calling on soldiers and 1924-27, and the united front Bridge Incident — in which Chi• compatriots throughout the coun• against Japan was officially nese fought back against Japanese try to unite to form a firm "Great formed. provocations just outside of Bei• Wall" to resist the Japanese. On jing, both Beijing and Tianjin fell. July 15, the CPC gave KMT Exhibits displayed in the Hall On August 13 the Japanese at• leaders their manifesto to make of the War of Resistance Against tacked Shanghai. Encouraged and public the co-operation between Japan demonstrate these historical supported by the strong resistance the KMT and the CPC. At the events and the important role sentiments of the people, same time the CPC sent a delega• played by the KMT acceptance of the KMT forces stationed in tion composed of Zhou Enlai and a united front in helping mobilize Beijing and Shanghai battled others to Lushan Mountain to a nationwide campaign against heroically against the invaders. negotiate with KMT representa• Japan, an accomplishment achiev• Tong Linge, deputy comman• tives. Two days later Chiang Kai- ed thanks to repeated urgings der of the 29th Army, and shek, Chairman of the National from the CPC. Zhao Dengyu, commander of the Military Council, published a 132nd Division, died bravely in speech at Lushan that expressed According to the agreement the fighting in Nanyuan, in the his determination to defeat the reached between the KMT and

14 Beijing Review, No. 32 the CPC, the Red Army was re• Route Army Commander-in-Chief the Soviet Volunteer Air Brigade named the 8th Route Army of Zhu De praising his army for its fought shoulder-to-shoulder with the National Revolutionary Army meritorious service in the defence Chinese airmen. (which was later renamed the of Taiyuan. In October 1938, Guangzhou 18th Group Arii\¥).'Zhu De and After the fall of Taiyuan in and Wuhan fell in succession. The Peng Dehuai, appointed comman- November 1937, the Japanese in• anti-Japanese war had entered a der-in-chirf and deputy com• vaders occupied almost all of period of stalemate. Because of mander-in-chief of the army, northern China. Given this, the the heroic resistance of the Chi• soon led their troops eastward 8th Route Army manoeuvred to nese army and civilians, particu• from Shaanxi Province to Shanxi the areas behind the enemy lines larly the development of guerrilla Province and across the Huanghe and established anti-Japanese base warfare behind the enemy lines, (Yellow) River to take on the areas in north and central China. and because Japan had extended Japanese. In accordance with the co-opera• its assault so far that it ran short A month after the 8th Route tion agreement, the Red Army of both men and supplies, the Army left its base area, its 115th guerrillas scattered in eight prov• Japanese army had to end its of• Division made a surprise attack inces in the south were regrouped fensive moves and switched to on Japanese troops at Pingxing- and redesignated as the New 4th strategic defensive. In the months guan Pass, Shanxi Province. The Army of the National Revolution• that followed, the Japanese Japanese force was then engaged ary Army. Together with the 8th launched only a few campaigns in in an attack against the KMT's Route Army and the Northeast an attempt to lure the KMT into Great Wall defence line. In the Anti-Japanese Allied Army, peace talks. Meanwhile, the/ battle, the 115th Division was they waged wide-spread guerrilla turned their attention to battling able to decimate more than 1,000 warfare behind enemy lines. With the resistance in the rear. troops of the Japanese army's the former Red Army troops hit• As the Japanese dug in 21st Brigade and seize a large ting the Japanese from the rear through 1938, Wang Jingwei, a quantity of military supplies. and the KMT troops attempting KMT leader and president of the The victory smashed the myth of to slow the Japanese assault on Executive Yuan, defected to the Japanese invincibility and boosted the front, the former foes in the enemy. And other KMT power the confidence of the whole na• civil war worked in tandem to holders began to waver and turn tion. tackle a common enemy. ipassive about resisting the Japa- Before long, the Japanese army During this time, Shanghai and 'nese. Conflicts with the CPC be• marched on Taiyuan in central Nanjing fell to the enemy in suc• came more frequent. Shanxi Province. During the cession in November and Decem• Then, in the winter of 1939, a Xinkou campaign in defence of ber 1937. In Nanjing, the Japa• KMT warlord attacked CPC-led Taiyuan, Hao Mengling, comman• nese troops massacred more than forces in west Shanxi. der of the KMT's 9th Army, and 300,000 people. It was not until Liu Jiaqi, commander of the March 1938, when CinC Li The exhibition included a per• KMT's 54th Division, died in Zongren's KMT 5th War Zone sonal letter from Zhou Enlai to battle. Fighting in co-operation troops won a great victory at KMT 2nd War Zone CinC with the allied troops, the 8th Taierzhuang, Shandong Province, Yan Xishan. In the letter Zhou ad• Route Army made surprise attacks that the unending stream of bad monished Yan to uphold national on enemy positions in northeast news was broken! The Taier• unity and work together against Shanxi and in areas along the zhuang campaign is also describ• Japan. The CPC established the northern section of the Datong- ed in the exhibition. Prior to the principles of self-defence, victory Fenglingdu and the Zhengting- campaign, Wang Minzhang, com• and truce, in other words, to fight Taiyuan Railways. The battle of mander of the KMT 122nd Divi• "on just grounds," "to its ad• Yanmenguan and a night surprise sion, led his men to make a last- vantage" and "with restraint," to attack made by the 8th Route ditch defence and died in the seek unity through struggle, and to Army on Yangmingbao Airport fighting. A seal left behind by safeguard the united front so as to destroyed 24 Japanese planes and him is among the exhibits. The guarantee the victory of the Anti- almost completely cut off supplies victory of the Taierzhuang cam• Japanese War. to the Japanese army attacking paign and the battles that followed Following the outbreak of war, Xinkou. on the periphery of Wuhan re• flected the achievements of patri• workers, peasants, businessmen, The exhibition displays a tele• otic KMT officers and soldiers. intellectuals, and soldiers from all gram sent by the National Military ethnic groups and political parties Council in October 1937 to 8th During the defence of Wuhan, — people of every class, including

August 12, 1985 15 compatriots from Hongkong and enemy's offensives. For instance, with the consent of KMT Macao and overseas Chinese — more than 3,600 Japanese troops leaders. In the Maolin area of stood together against their com• were killed or wounded in the Anhui, they were surrounded by mon enemy. Many joined either Huangtuling battle in November KMT troops. With the exception the guerrillas in Japanese-occupied 1939. Lieutenant General Abe of a few small groups that escaped areas, performed propaganda Norihide, nicknamed the "gam of the trap, the force was slaughter• work in Kuomintang areas or generals" in Japan, was killed in ed. The CPC exposed the KMT's collected supplies to keep the re• the battle. shocking atrocity and its scheme sistance going. Many foreigners, to undermine the resistance. At among them doctors and journal• Beginning on August 20, 1940, the same time, the headquarters of ists, also journeyed to China to the 8th Route Army began the the New 4th Army were re• help with the war effort, and some famous "hundred-regiment cam• established to lead the anti- lost their lives. They made ever• paign" under the command of Japanese struggle in the vast areas lasting contributions to China's Deputy Commander-in-Chief Peng both north and south of the War of Resistance Against Japan, Dehuai. More than 100 regiments Changjiang River. and the hall reflects their great of the 8th Route Army launch• deeds. ed co-ordinated attacks on enemy In 1940 Japan proclaimed that communications lines and Japa• it wanted to form a "Greater East nese forces in north China. In just Asia Co-prosperity Sphere." The Mainstay of the Resistance three and a half months, more slogan meant nothing less than In order to consolidate their than 20,000 enemy troops were Japanese ownership of Southeast occupation of Wuhan and drive wiped out. The campaign en• Asia and all the islands of the south, after February 1939, Japan hanced the prestige of the 8th Southern Pacific. By joining Ger• launched limited offensives in Route Army and strengthened the many and Italy to form the fas• regions around Nanchang, Chang- confidence of the people that they cist Axis, Japan was embarking on sha, and southern Guangxi Prov• would eventually win. a course of world conquest. In ince, while carrying on heavy June 1941, while the Nazis were air raids against the cities of Meanwhile, in south China, the invading the Soviet Union, Japan's Chongqing, Chengdu, Kunming Dongjiang Anti-Japanese Detach• military leaders plotted a Pacific and Guiyang. Chinese troops ment and the Qiongya Detachment invasion with China as its rear fought back and won victory in were formed around Guangzhou base. Anxious to subjugate China the Kunlunguan Pass battle in and on Hainan Island under the once and for all, Japan redoubled Guangxi. In May 1940, Zhang leadership of the Communist Party its efforts to cripple the military Zizhong, commander-in-chief of after Guangzhou fell to the resistance and lure the KMT into a the KMT 53rd Army Group, was enemy. In central China, the New political settlement. To cut off killed in battle defending the Zao- 4th Army established the Jiang- China's supply link in the south• yang-Yicheng area. On display at bei (north of the Changjiang west, Japan forced Britain to close the exhibition is a letter he wrote River) and Jiangnan (south of the the Yunnan-Burma Road in July to Deputy Commander-in-Chief Changjiang River) command posts 1940. Japanese troops then invad• Feng. Zhian just before his death. in May and November 1939 ed the northern areas of Viet Nam In the letter, he expressed his de• respectively and fought behind in September. The following year, termination to fight through to enemy lines in co-ordination with Japan manoeuvred to blockade the end. At the exhibition there the 8th Route Army units that China's southeast coast while was a picture album about him pushed south to the Huaihai area. launching frenzied attacks in north which his family donated. The New 4th Army carried out and central China. But the base extensive guerrilla attacks in a areas of the 8th Route Army and Because the anti-Japanese base large area from Hubei and Henan the New 4th Army remained areas behind the enemy lines pos• provinces in the west to the coast thorns in Japan's side. To beef ed a serious threat to strategic along the Yellow Sea and estab• up its rear, Japan- launched one points and communications lines lished many anti-Japanese base cold-blooded attack after another vital to the invading Japanese areas, thus linking the battlefields in the base areas. army, the Japanese turned their of north and central China. attention to mop-up operations Between 1941 and 1942, accord• against the 8th Route Army. During this period, however, ing to displays in the exhibition The 8th Route Array was busy the Southern Anhui Incident oc• hall, the Japanese mobilized some carrying out large-scale guerrilla curred. In January 1941, more 830,000 troops, or 66.6 percent warfare, and on many occasions it than 9,000 members of the New more than in the 1939-40 period, was successful in smashing the 4th Army began marching north to mop up the base areas. They

16 Beijing Review, No. 32 War Against Japan (1937-1945)

On July 7, 1937, Chinese troops resisting Japanese attacks in whot became known as the Lugouqiao (Marco Polo) Bridge Incident. The incident marked the beginning of an all-out war in China.

Shanghai burned in the walce of Japanese bombing on August 13, 1937.

Chinese troops making a last-ditch defence in Shanghai. 2hu De and Mao Zedong discussing tactics in Yanon. On July 8, 1937 Communist Party leaders called for a united front to defeat the Japanese Duri invasion. rhn Shci

m

In resistance bases, the people gave their support to the army.

Militia destroyed railvKoy lines in areas occupied by the Japanese. Chi,' joini

Resistance fighters used tunnels to make sneak attacks. The 8th Route Army left Yanan to head for the [ frontlines. Civilians pinned "flowers" to honour returning heroes from the front.

The Chinese army overran this military base installed by the Japanese in Xushui County, Hebei Province. Japanese troops and their vehicles were captured by the resistance.

Soldiers from the 8th Route Army cheered their victory from the Great Wall after recovering lost territory.

, The Japanese troops surren- dered to the Chinese army.

Meiji Okamura, commander-in-chief of the Japanei With Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945, army, was tried by the Shanghai military court Shanghai streets were filled with celebrants. in 1948. carried out 174 operations, each naval base at Pearl Harbour on Guangxi, Guangdong and Guizhou involving upwards of 1,000 Jap• December 7, 1941, and the Pacif• fell into the hands of Japanese oc• anese troops. There were 30 other ic War finally broke out. In quick cupation troops. To co-ordinate major operations that involved succession the Japanese invaded the frontline wars, the 8th Route 10,000-70,000 troops. Southeast Asia and islands through• Army and the New 4th Army During the attacks on the rear out the South Pacific. By June made great efforts to contain the bases, the Japanese followed a 1942, the Philippines, Java, Japanese forces. Beginning Feb• policy of "burning all, killing all Malaya, Burma, Thailand and ruary 1944, they mounted spring, and looting all." Massacres of un• many Pacific islands had fallen. summer and autumn offensives in armed civilians were common. The invasion of China had ex• the enemy's rear areas, recaptur• These massacres further reduced a panded into a full-fledged Pacific ing much of the lost area and deal• population that was already de• War, with China serving as a ing massive casualties in the pleted due to food shortages caused major theatre. process. by the war. Undaunted, the sol• As Japan occupied Burma, the In 1944, the American 20th air diers and civilians fought back Yunnan-Burma Road was closed, force helped counter Japanese air tenaciously and killed more than and one of China's main supply attacks and used China as a base 2,000 enemy troops in each of channels was thus shut off. In for bombing raids on Japanese- several counterattacks. The resis• December 1941 China and Britain held areas. Some planes were shot tance scored triumphs in August decided to jointly defend the high• down by the Japanese, and Chi• 1941 in the Shanxi-Qahar-Hebei way and a Chinese expeditionary nese military personnel and civil• area, in July in northern and cen• army was subsequently dis• ians in the resistance areas saved tral Jiangsu, and in November and patched into Burma in February many US airmen and helped them December in the Yimeng Moun• 1942. Major General Tai Anrun, return to their bases. The exhibi• tain in Shandong. head of the 200th division of the tion includes a group of photo• The CPC Central Committee lost 5th Army, died a heroic death on graphs recording the experiences of no time in making adjustments, May 26, 1942, while fighting the these pilots. streamlining its administration, Japanese in north Burma. His mil• To prepare for the final coun• reducing land rents and loan inter• itary exploits earned him a post• terattacks, the 8th Route Army est rates, organizing production humous medal from US President and the New 4th Army trained campaigns and carrying out Party Franklin D. Roosevelt on July 20. hard and consolidated their rectification. Meanwhile, the Cen• Unfortunately, the medal was strength between battles during tral Committee ordered the main later lost, but a duplicate medal the latter part of 1944. They forces to join the local guerrillas was reissued by the US Army in launched spring and summer of• in waging a people's war. Nu• November 1983 upon the request fensives in 1945, and greatly re• merous ingenious warfares were in• of Tai's relatives. The medal is duced Japanese-held occupation vented to cripple the Japanese displayed at the exhibition. areas. When the CPC held its 7th operations. Gradually, the tide Congress in April 1945, resistance turned for the resistance forces. The international situation be• bases numbered 19, with Yanan gan to look more encouraging in as the centre. They spread over 19 During the War of Resistance early 1943. The Red Army coun• provinces, with a total population Against Japan, the CPC, under the terattacked in Europe and the Unit• of 95.5 million. Troops numbered leadership of Mao Zedong, adopt• ed States mounted vehement offen• 910,000, with an additional 2.2 ed a clear-cut political stand and sives in the Pacific theatre, too. million militia members. The wise military tactics. The 8th With Pacific shipping routes ex• cities held by the Japanese were Route Army, the New 4th Army, posed to increasing fire, the Jap• literally islands surrounded by a the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied anese turned to the land route ex• sea of resistance forces. Army, the guerrillas in south tending from northeast China to China and the resistance fighters Viet Nam as its supply line for By then, the day of defeat for throughout enemy-occupied areas, forces in Southeast Asia. Early in Japan was drawing near. endured great hardships. They 1944, the Japanese went on the On May 2, 1945, the Soviet Red made great sacrifices to emerge as offensive along the Beijing- Army captured Berlin. And on the mainstay of the country in the Hankow, Hankow-Guangzhou and May 8, fascist Germany uncon• struggle against the invaders. Hunan-Guangxi Railways. The ditionally surrendered. On July Chinese army was defeated in 26, China, Britain and the United Sacrifice and Contribution operations ranging from Henan States jointly issued the Potsdam The Japanese naval and air and Hunan to Guangxi and large Declaration, demanding the Jap• forces attacked the United States parts of Henan, Hubei, Hunan, anese surrender. The Soviet Union August 12, 1985 21 lowed US, and British troops to achieve success in the Pacific theatre. Of course, the Allies worldwide effort to defeat fascism was cru• cial in bringing about the surren• der of Japan.

China's War of Resistance Against Japan was backed by peo• ple the world over. China's per• sistence in its war against Japan, and its success, in turn, had far- reaching significance for bringing to an end imperialist enslavement and oppression and promoting the-*—- struggle of all countries for in• dependence and national libera• tion.

Ambulances, contributed to the Eighth Route Army by overseas Chinese from Japanese militarism brought un• New York, arriving in China. told suffering to the people of China and of other Asian coun• pledged at the Potsdam meeting World War II had come to an end. tries. The Japanese people, too, that it would join the battle against During the 8-year struggle felt the consequences of the wars Japan within threa months of the against Japanese aggression, the of aggression. Japan's ruthless European victory. Chinese people made great sacri• invasion of China.is now part of The timetable for final victory fices. A table displayed in the history, but it should not be for• from that point was short: exhibition hall indicates that 21.8 gotten, written off or distorted. On August 6 a US bomber drop• million Chinese soldiers and Past experience, if not forgotten, ped the first atom bomb on Hi• civilians were killed or wounded. can serve as a guide for the future. roshima. And that number doesn't even China doesn't fix its eyes to the past, but chooses to look forward On August 8 the Soviet Union include statistics for Liaoning, to the future. Peace and the declared war against Japan. Jilin, Heilongjiang, Rehe and Taiwan. necessity of preventing war are On August 9 CPC Chairman deeply treasured in China. Mao Zedong called on all resis• The table also points out that tance forces to go on a nationwide the Japanese invaders suffered For 40 years after World War offensive against Japan. heavily in the China theatre. II people from all walks of life in On the same day the Soviet According to the Japanese statis• Japan have made efforts to pro• army crossed into northeast China tics, during the eight years (1937- mote friendship between China by three routes. 45), more than 1.33 million troops and Japan. After the normaliza• were killed, wounded or captured, And, also on the same day, the tion of relations in 1972, China higher than the toll in the Pacific United States dropped its second and Japan signed the Peace and theatre. Some 1,280,000 Japanese atom bomb on Nagasaki. Friendship Treaty in 1978. This troops surrendered in China when marked a new beginning for rela• On August 10 8th Route Army the war ended. tions between the two countries. Commander-in-Chief Zhu De Because they were bogged down The leaders of the two countries issued an ultimatum to the sur• in China for years, Japan could have pledged friendship for future rounded enemy to surrender. never realize its fascist strategy of generations. Indeed, not only On August 15 the Japanese gov- attacking the Soviet Union from must the Chinese and Japanese ernmefit formally declared its sur• both sides. Thus the Soviet troops peoples not fight with each other render. were able to devote their efforts again, but as neighbours they And, finally, on September 2 to battling Germany on the Eu• should join hands to promote Japan formally signed the surren• ropean theatre. Japan also had to friendship between people all over der papers. give up its design of meeting the the world, fight against hege- The Chinese people's War of German troops in the Middle East monism and safeguard world Resistance Against Japan and and the Indian Ocean. This al• peace. •

22 Beijing Review, No. 32 So Much Love for So Many

Comrade Rose Smith, veteran journalist and an old friend of the More than once I would walk Chinese people, died in Beijing on fuly 23 at the age of 94. She came to into her room and find her work- China in 1962 and worked as an English language copy editor first at table littered with books and the Foreign Languages Press and then at Xinhua News Agency. We have papers, the wastepaper basket full, asked Eleanor Bidien, a long-time colleague of Smith's at Xinhua, to to hear Rose say she was working contribute the following article. — Ed. on something but hadn't yet got to the heart of it, needed, to do an• Elizabeth Barrett Browning, in It was a privilege to be a next- other draft. She was nevei; satis• a sonnet to her husband, wrote: door neighbour of Rose's, on and fied with any copy unless the off, for a number of years. As I How do I love thee? Let me meaning was clear and the lan• passed her sitting on her porch count the ways. guage plain; in her late years she going to work in the morning, she still read books on journalism, a Those of us who know Rose would always call out a cheerful craft she had practiced more than Smith perhaps are tempted to re• greeting, often a challenge: She 60 years. call in how many ways Rose show• had been pondering a passage in a ed so much love to so many. Marxist work, or offered an analy• Perhaps the main reason for her sis of some current event, or she living 94 years was not her good She was a restless woman, travel had just finished a book that health but her forward-looking ling all over England, to Spain, should be read; optimistic view of life, her con• to the Soviet Union, to China, al• viction that life was a struggle ways in the thick of life; Rose had taught school in her with the best yet to come; youth and like true educators, she She was a questing woman, mov• Rose welcomed everyone to her learnt from everyone around, ing from the hand-pottery environ• home from any country and any drivers, her housekeeper, peo• ment of her father to the exhausted walk of life; she was a push-over ple in the office, young and women spinners and weavers of for children: "Grandma" always old, leaders; she shared her the textile mills, to men rising had good things to eat and perhaps family with all; her sons, her from the mines in the bowels of a toy or two; young and not so grandchildren, who came to visit the earth, to the defenders of the young, we always looked forward her from England and Australia, Spanish Republic, to the clandes• to talking to Rose; became friends of her friends; tine anti-fascist Germans, to the How could one not wish to emu• there wasn't a lazy bone in Rose's militant Soviet people and finally, late Rose's sense of responsibility body: no one hesitated to come to to her last resting place here in the to work; even when her eyes were her for help with English, a story great family of China. dimmed by cataracts, she went to to cover, a text to polish, a pro• the office every morning, rain or blem to discuss; Rose was always Some of us, like me, only knew shine, until her 90th year; Rose on call, attentive, useful; her in the last decades of her life. Smith had heart; she was fearless Rose Smith at work. in fighting for truth and social justice; she showed great sensitiv• ity to the problems of women, particularly working women; she followed the strike of the British miners this year with the same enthusiasm; she had shown for workers' struggles in her youth; and her love for the Chinese people was unquali• fied. She often said that the Chi• nese people, by their courtesy, thoughtfulness and kindness to her, had added many years to her life; she followed their efforts to build socialism with unflagging devotion and confidence. Rose Smith was a fine comrade. We Shall miss her. •

August 12, 1985 23 SPECIAL REPORT

China's Administrative Regions Guizhou: A Multi-National Province Waiting to Be Tapped it covers 176,000 square km and three hours' drive from the pro• by JiNG WEI has a population of 29.3 million, vincial capital city of Guiyang, Our Correspondent with minorities accounting for 26 Huangguoshu is 84 metres wide on percent of the total. And although the top and drains into Rhinoceros IDDEN on the eastern edge of its economy is still underdeveloped, Pool at its foot. H the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Guizhou's abundant natural re• in southwest China, landlocked sources, particularly its water re• Its most spectacular feature is Guizhou Province is known to sources and mineral reserves, give Waterfall Cave, a lOO-metre-long few people outside China. it a strong foundation for further cavern dug deep into the cliff face. The home of 47 ethnic groups. progress. From its six "windows," tourists can enjoy a grand view of the falls. As the torrent roars into the pool, its waters sparkle in the sunlight, Natural Park Replete With Wonder forming rainbows in the mist. Guizhou is unique in the rugged as a natural tourist attraction. In the last two years, 13 more beauty of its heavily forested moun• Located in the Zhenning Bouyei waterfalls have been discovered tains. Its scenery is also and Miao Autonomous County, around Huangguoshu. Some are distinguished by stone forests of petrified trees, cloud-capped ter• raced fields, isolated karst pinna• The Huangguoshu Falls. cles that seem to suddenly pop up from the ground, deep river gorges and numerous caves. The province is dotted with picturesque minority villages which present an ever- changing scene to those who visit its remote valleys.

Huangguoshu Falls Huangguoshu is the most famous of Guizhou s many waterfalls. One of the largest in the world, its 90- metre drop now makes it an im• portant source of energy as well even larger, with drops of up to 130 metres. In addition, 22 fan• tastic karst caves, a natural bridge and a petrified forest have also been found. All will soon be open to tourists. Anshun Dragon King Palade Guizhou's limestone base has contributed to the formation of numerous karst caves, with fas• cinating underground views. In the mountains 27 km to the south of Anshun, the third largest city in the province, is an exten• sive cavern network connected by underground rivers. Named for its resemblance to the wonderland described in Chinese mythology, the Dragon King Palace is divided into five parts. The most acces• sible section includes the Dragon Gate Fall, a waterfall hidden in a 50-metre-high, 25-metre-wide cave.

Its above-ground source, the (1) Zunyi Prefecture — . Dragon Pool, covers 10,000 square (2) Tongren Prefecture " — . metres and is surrounded by pre• (3) Bijie Prefecture ~~ "~ (4) Anshun Prefecture cipitous cliffs covered by ancient (5) Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture trees and lush bamboo groves. (6) Qianxinan Bouyet and Miao Autonomous Prefecture From here, tourists can ride dragon (7) Qiannan Booyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture boats into the 1-km-long front cave, which is lined with numerous The fifth and final cave is a mas• lined with stalactites resembling jagged stalactites. Another 10- sive, cathedral-like hall. More hanging lotus flowers and other minute sail along a zigzag channel than 80 metres high, its walls are wondrous forms. takes tourists to a second chamber filled with huge natural sculptures. The most amazing is a stone A big karst cave named "Dragon King Palace." waterfall — a cHff with streaks and lines looking exactly like a real falls. Another low-roofed underground waterway leads to a spacious hall where stalactites are said to resemble five flying dragons guarding two diamonds. But the fourth gallery, which is called the Crystal Palace of the Dragon King, is the most splendid of all. Guarded by stalagmite "warriors," its limestone rocks take on fantastic shapes suggest• ing their colourful names: the Flying Sea Birds, the Shepherd Fairy, the Old Dragon Returning to the,Palace, the Monkey Splash• ing Water and Clusters of Grapes.

August 12, 1985 25 put a noticeable strain on its trans• decide to marry, they busy them• Ideal Summer Resort port and hotel facilities. selves with preparations. The With its beautiful scenery and The local tourism authorities wedding chamber is readied by the delightful weather, Guizhou is an have enlisted the help of foreign groom, while the bride-to-be em• ideal summer resort. Although companies to build or renovate broiders special clothing and shoes. situated in a subtropical zone in• several hotels and build recrea• The girl's activities are kept strictly fluenced by the southeast monsoon, tional centres. The province has "secret" from her parents, who its altitude of 1,000-2,900 metres also made investment in the South• also pretend that nothing out of the helps keep it free of freezing win• west China Aviation Company ordinary is happening in their ters and sultry summer heat. The which has purchased five air• home. average annual temperature in planes from abroad and opened When the wedding night arrives, most parts of the province is a new international air lines. To at• the young man asks four or six of cool 15° C. and above. tract more tourists, the Tourist his best friends to go with him to Still underdeveloped as a tourist Resources Development Service the girl's house. Bringing some destination, the province last yCar Company is now developing a 13- cooked glutinous rice and fish, received a little more than 3,000 km-long karst cave which is ex• they slip into her village late at foreign visitors — an influx that pected to open next year. night. Then the groom calls his bride out with prearranged signals and she, along with several of her Strong Local Customs friends, accompanies the bride• groom to their new home. On the More than 300 kilometres from make arrangements for subsequent way, they stop to eat the rice and the caves of Anshun lies the dates. Through many such occa• fish brought by the groom's party. Qiandongnan (Southeast Gui• sions, they get a better understand• The next day, he invites several zhou) Miao and Dong Autono• ing of each other and build a firm respected local people to go to the mous Prefecture. The Miaos and foundation on which they found bride's home to tell her parents Dongs, two of the province's families. of their elopement. By long-stand• ethnic groups, still retain many of ing custom, parents cannot block their traditional ways — and these A "Stolen Bride" the marriage once this has taken are reflected in the marriage cus• place. toms of the Miao people. Before settling down to a life of domestic tranquillity, however, the Hosts and Guests A Song for a Spouse young Miao couples must fulfil The Miao and Dong peoples While travelling in the autono• another ritual — the mock elope• also have unique ways of welcom• mous prefecture, visitors often ment called the "night wedding" ing guests. Visitors entering Miao come on groups of young people or "stolen wedding." villages must first "pass three bar• dressed in beautifully embroidered When a young man and woman riers." The first barrier is set up costumes decorated with silver ornaments or silk flowers and A Miao girl doing needlework. carrying lusheng (a kind of reed flute). The reason for their con• tagious gaiety is usually an anti- phonal singing festival, one of the most important events in the local Miao community, for it is at these gatherings that young Miao men and women meet their future mates. Unlike the Han people, they need no help from their parents or matchmakers, but find their own spouses by singing lyrical dialogues to each other. The song festival can draw up to several thousand participants, and is held regularly in some larger villages. It gives young couples a chance to meet each other and • ed-wkhotit-a'singk'nail.'On-their sides are • painfed* flbyi»iSra^ •)>irds,' animals and insects, and many are decorated with carvings depicting ancient folk stories.

The towers also serve as festival sites and meeting halls, and help the villagers welcome or see off their visitors.

No less striking, many local bridges are built as covered corri• dors and pavilions, and decorated with paintings and colourful sculptures. The bridges are also called "wind and rain bridges" be• cause people can take shelter there during storms.

Usually built over streams at the gates of Dong villages, they serve both as passageways and embelish- ments. According to one Gui• Dong girls pose by a "wind and rain" bridge. zhou legend, the "wind and rain bridges" keep the wealth of their at the village gate. There, the new eastern Guizhou, and at least 1,000 villages from being washed away arrival is stopped by a group of annually in the province as a by floods. young girls wearing bright festival whole. Some are strictly local oc• costumes, who sing songs of wel• casions. But most include singing, come and persuade the guest to dancing, lusheng competitions, Drum tower of a Dong village. drink several cups of the local rice drumming contests, bull fights, brew. Only the wine is finished horse races, bird fighting, wrestl• is the barrier lowered. The second ing, boat racing and numerous and third hurdles come on the other events. Nearly all feature main village street and at the host's antiphonal singing, and some are door. More songs are sung and dedicated completely to this tradi• more wine is drunk. And although tional art. the Miao liquor is not strong, guests are often more than half inebriated by the time they clear all three Drum Towers and barriers. Decorated Bridges Some 200 kilometres southeast The Dongs, for their part, are of the prefectural seat of Kaili are somewhat more direct. They sim• Liping, Congjiang and Rongjiang ply pile stools, baskets and other Counties. All are mainly inhabited obstacles in the host's doorway to by the Dongs and feature numer• prevent the guest from getting in• ous drum towers and decorated side until he can be properly re• bridges. ceived. The barrier is only removed after the guest has finished off a The main public buildings of the buffalo-horn goblet of potent local Dong villages, the towers house wine. long drums which are sounded when important events take place. Festivals The towers, with their many-pat• There are more than 200 festi• terned eaves, are built of whole vals or fairs each year in south• China fir, logs and planks, all join-

August 12, 1985 27 Promising Economy China's four largest tobacco pro• ducers. It is also the country's sec• ond largest source of rapeseed and Because of its remote location, power have been widely used in its high-quality teas attract both Guizhou was slow to begin its eco• the rural areas. Transport has domestic and overseas consumer^, nomic takeoff. In 1949, the prov• taken even bigger steps. Four ma• Guizhou tung oil and traditional ince was still dominated by sub• jor railways now link Guizhou Chinese medicines are notable, as sistence farming and domestic with the national rail system. Their are local fruits including cili pears handicrafts. It generated only 7 1,380 km of track lead to all its and kiwi fruit. Its pure waters million kwh of electricity a year, neighbouring provinces. There and good climate further enable while 70 percent of its counties are now over 27,000 km of high- the province to produce some had no roads and only 148 km \^ays, up from 1,900 km 35 years popular liquors — the best-known railway had been built. There ago, and all Guizhou's counties of them maotai, the internationally was no modern industry. With and most of its rural townships famous fiery national liquor. an annual per-capita peasant in• are reachable by roads. Airlines come under 50 yuan — far below now link Guiyang with Beijing, Guizhou has reserves of more the national poverty line, Gui• Shanghai, Wuhan, Xian, Chengdu, than 60 kinds of minerals. Recent zhou was traditionally known as Kunming, Guangzhou, Guilin, discoveries suggest that it may be ' a place where "no one has three Changsha and other cities. the richest coal bearer in i&itffi" fen of silver" (one fen equals a China. It has the country's largest half gram). Comparing with the rest of reserves of mercury, and ranks China, however, the province is second in phosphorus and manga• In the past 35 years, however, still backward. Its overall per- nese, and third in aluminium and great changes have been wrought. capita income is only 60.9 percent antimony. Substantial deposits of By 1984, the province generated of the national average, while its lead, zinc, iron, copper, molyb• 7.6 billion kwh of electricity, and average peasant income is 263 denum, gold, silver, tin, barite, had established an industrial net• yuan — one-fourth lower than that limestone and some other non- work, including coal, metallurgy, in other areas. metals have also been found. electronics, chemicals, building ma• terials, textiles, cigarettes and Resourceful Advantages With its high mountains and foodstuffs. Its annual industrial For all its developmental prob• valleys, and abundant rainfall, output value has increased more lems, Guizhou has vast untapped Guizhou can potentially generate than 70 times, and farm machinery, potential. Located in subtropical more than 13 million kw of elec• chemical fertilizer and electric highlands, it has become one of tricity. A power station with a ca• pacity of more than 6 million kw can be built on the Wujiang River Wujiongdu Hydroelectiic Power Station. in north Guizhou, experts estimate.

More Stress on Exploitation Putting more effort into exploit• ing these natural resources and building up industrial capacity will help eliminate poverty in Guizhou. The province has so far ex• ploited only 4 percent of its coal, 10 percent of its phosphorus, 6.5 percent of its aluminium and 6.6 percent of its hydropower. Its industry is also weak. The province can produce aluminium ingots, but not other aluminium products. Its leading facility, the aluminium plant in Guiyang, turns out only 220,000 tons of aluminium oxide and 110,000 tons of finished ingots a year. Even with its base of 200 million tons in verified ore

28 Beijing Review, No. 32 reserves, the factory has yet to earn a profit. Guizhou's inability to process coal and the resulting low price of its coke has also brought long-term losses in another key sector. The province will hold an in• ternational economic and techno• logical co-operation meeting in Guiyang ia September this year. Businessmen in more than 20 countries and regions have been invited to attend the meeting. This will be a major step taken by the province to expand its ties with the outside world.

Accelerating Development

With China's policy of opening to the outside world and enliven• ing its domestic economy, Gui• zhou's appeals for quicker develop• ment have become more Orgent. Liu Yuling, 52, vice-governor in charge of the province's economy, Picturesque terroced fields. says eliminating poverty is the common aspiration of Guizhou's able to grow faster than other parts out a draft plan emphasizing de• inhabitants. Although slow to de• of China, he notes. veloping Guizhou's central areas velop, it enjoys many advantages where communications are better in rich resources and some indus• He Renzhong, head of the and resources are richer. Other trial areas, especially the aviation, provincial economic and social areas will then follow siiit, aided space and electipnics industries development research centre, by policies on gradually expanding which were set up in Guizhou in shows even more confidence. He the scale of development by setting the 19605. The province should be and his colleagues have worked up joint ventures with domestic and overseas companies. In a workshop of the Guizhou Aluminium Plant. The key central arga covers about 42 percent of the province and has half its population. It is also the hub of the provirtce's re• sources, . transportation, industry and technology. All these are cru• cial to establishing joint ventures with domestic and foreign bT3?ir>c-s- men. Guizhou doesn't want to get fat at one mouthful, however, and ought to do its best to improve its conditions, He Renzhong adds.

"Guizhou is a latercomer who is expected to surpass old-timers," China's late Premier Zhou Enlai once said during a visit to the province. Now the people of Gui• zhou are devoting themselves to bringing his wish to fruition. •

August 12, 1985 29 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

10 other hospitals conduct 5g Newspaper Readership Booms similar operations with a 100- percent success rate. With the development of the econ• from "JINGJl CANKAO" omy, people need more mental (Economic Reference) nourishment. According to incom• Years in School ODAY there are 1,700 plete figures, there are 33 more T newspapers in China, eight newspapers devoted to such topics Can Be Shortened times the number that 'existed in than the number in 1982. But the early period after liberation. some of these newspapers are in from "SHiJIE JINGJI" According to the post office, the poor taste and should be improved. (World Economy) total circulation in the first quar• ter of 1985 is more than 146 mil• IAN XUESEN, a noted Chi• lion, 24 percent higher than a year Artificial Heart Q nese scientist, pointed oiiiftii ago. From the long-term point of view, we should study the basic theory Following the rise of the eco• Valve Lives On of educational science, sum up nomic newspaper, the face of the past and present experience journalism in China has been from "GUANGMING RIBAO" both at home and abroad, raise changed. According to 1982 (Guangming Daily) the benefits of training and statistics, there were only a dozen education by integrating them newspapers devoted to economic HE first person to receive a with behavioural science, and reporting in the entire country, T Chinese-made artificial heart shorten the time students spend but the number has since increas• valve welcomed her 21st addi• in the classroom. For example, ed to 70. tional spring and autumn this schools in fpreign countries are year. Xu Shubao has survived Journals publishing news of considering starting children in longer than anyone else in the science and technology have also school at the age of four rather world with a man-made heart become more popular. There are than six. valve. Professor Cai Yongzhi, now 105 more such newspapers the army surgeon who performed From my personal experiences than in 1982. And newspapers of the operation 20 years ago, noted and those of my schoolmates, I this kind published at the central that the device has helped her believe a two-year course in a level have prospered — circulation heart pulse 800 million times, and university would equal the level was up 228.5 percent in the first is still functioning perfectly. of the present four-year term and quarter of 1985 over 1984's fourth a four-year study could yield a quarter figure. Cai, heart specialist at Chang- master's degree if the primary and hai Hospital, which is affiliated Peasant newspapers, too, are secondary education systems were to the Second Army University of thriving. According to incomplete well-managed. Medicine, performed the historic, statistics, there are more than 420 10-hour operation on June 12, This understanding was reach• papers geared to meeting the 1965. The procedure cured Xu ed by researching the modern sci• needs of the countryside, and the — then an 35-year-old textile ences of the human body and aggregate circulation has reached worker — of asthma, haemoptysis thinking. People today are much 18.48 million, 14 percent of the and heart palpitations and restor• wiser than their ancestors who country's total. Peasant news• ed her normal cardiac functions. lived one million years ago, and papers provide information on Xu, who has turned 50 now, still this progress is a spontaneous and state policies, the latest news does all her own household chores unconscious process. How can about science and technology. and even climbed mountain on a the people's wisdom not be im• Since 1982, 51 more newspapers sightseeing trip. proved greatly if the potential of for teenagers have sprung up. the human brain is tapped con• Such publications attract huge In the 20 years since Cai's sciously and actively with the readerships, with some printed one pioneering surgery, the Changhai sciences of human body and million copies. Hospital has successfully given thinking in the future? How can Newspapers on China's cultural heart valves to 420 patients. the process of education not thus life .are fulfilling a growing need. Since 1980 it has also helped be greatly shortened?

30 Beijing Review, No. 32 SPORTS

Softball Squad Shows Striking Advances

July was a remarkable month come accustomed to a high level of good range and a level-headed style for Chinese women's softball. competition. Over the past year of play. Infield grounders turned Early in the month, the national they have competed in four inter• into outs and outfield flies were junior team won for the first time national competitions and faced chased down. The only way the the World Youth Softball Cham• formidable American opposition US team scored in the second pionship, held in the United States. seven times, running up a 1-6 match was on an over-the-fence And the national team tucked away record against the US team: But home run. the title at the second China-Japan- during the July championship, they • The Chinese team displayed an United States Softball Champion• showed no fear of the bigger, indomitable spirit. The ath• ship held in Beijing July 20-22. stronger American team. They letes fought bravely, even though charged the ball and stood firm in Though both the US and Chi• some suffered injuries. On the last the batter's box during their three nese teams chalked up matching day of the championship it was games with the Los Angeles Dia• 4-2 records in the Beijing three- raining and the field was muddy. monds, one of the strongest teams round tourney, the Chinese scored The Chinese women kept their in the world. 22 runs to the Americans' 7. Ac• morale high and won their final- cording to the rules of the three- • The standard of pitching has day games against both the Jap• day championships, that made the improved. Sun Yuefen is now the anese and the Americans, there• Chinese woipen the champs. The fastest pitcher in China, flinging by paving the way for the title. US team finished second and the softballs at 103 km per hour. Her Although the Chinese team Japanese third, with a 1-5 record. somewhat unorthodox delivery and finished atop the three-nation sizzling speed put most batters in China also swept three top championship, they still have some quandry. In the second match be• awards at the three-nation tourna• shortcomings. They didn't adapt tween China and the United States ment — Sun Yuefen of Tianjin was well to the US team's fast pitching, in the three-nation tournament, chosen best pitcher, Wang Laidi and their hitting was weak. In ad• Sun allowed only two hits while of Shanghai was named best batter dition, China should strengthen its striking out six and walking three. and Shi Minyue of Shanghai was pitching staff. If they can manage tabbed best home run hitter. • The team's fielding has im• to make these improvements, the The national team that took part proved. During the Beijing com• Softball world will have to get used in the three-nation championship petition, Chinese fielders showed to tough games from the Chinese. was made up of both veterans and rockies. Before.the competition, A Japanese hitter attempts to bee! out an infield single. they trained together only a month. Of the 17 team members, ace pit• cher Li Nianmin was the oldest. Her fast and sometimes freakish pitches have made her one of the world's best on the mound. The youngest teammate was 16-year-Dld Wang Ying from the Chinese junior nine. Blessed with quick reflexes and strength, she is a fine catcher. The squad has made remarkable progress in just one year. The team playing in the three-nation tournament this year differed from last. year's squad in four ways: • The Chinese women have be-

August 12, 1985 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

• Yellow Crane Tower Rebuilt Again The Hu^nghe (Yellow Crane) trigued many men of letters. Cui (960-1279) was bold. The main Tower has reappeared atop She- Hao (704-754), a Tang Dynasty building had only one storey en• shan (Snake) Hill in Wuhan after poet wrote: circled by zigzag corridors and a century's absence. multi-eaved square pavilions. The The celestial had gone on a Yuan Dyiiasty (1271-1368) tower A symbol of peace and prosper• yellow crane, was spectacular. The two-storeyed ity, the five-tiered tower has Only an empty Yellow Crane main building was connected to a golden roofs and crimson pillars; Tower is left behind. view platform by a walkway. each roof has 12 upturned corners, The crane had gone and never Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) tower each graced with dangling bells. to return. was elegant and graceful. The Surrounded by pines and cypresses, main hall, two-storeyed high, was the 51-metre-tall Yangtze River But white clouds will drift a adjacent to a walled garden. The landmark is a magnificent sight thousand years .... Yellow Crane Tower built during against the blue sky. The ground Cui's contemporary, the poet the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) was floor, 30 metres square, has carved laureate Li Bai, wrote many fantastic and strange. The three- beams and intricately painted poems about the tower, one of storeyed main hall was surrounded ceilings. Large murals depict the the best-known is his poem bid• by long windows and zigzag rails.' legendary origins of the tower. The ding farewell to his friend: ground floor is encircled by a spa• Construction on the present tow• cious corridor, from which visitors At Yellow Crane Tower in the er began in 1981. Some 20 metres have a view of the Yangtze and west higher than the Qing version, the the entire city of Wuhan. My old friend says farewell; new tower is the tallest of all. The present design combines many of Legend has it that a wine shop In the mist and flowers of the best qualities of the earlier sat on the hill in ancient times. An spring towers. With several attached old man always stopped by for a He goes down to Yangzhou; buildings the complex is a good drink, but never paid. The pro• example of inheriting and develop• prietor, seeing that the man was Lonely sail, distant shadow, ing ancient architecture. lonely and poor, never made a fuss Vanish in blue emptiness; over the bill. Later, to express his Wuhan plans to rebuild about thanks, the old man used orange All I see is the great river 20 historical sites in the area near peels to paint a yellow crane on Flowing into the far horizon. the Yellow Crane Tower. Corri• the wall of the shop. And, as the dors inscribed with the work of, story goes, the crane would step The tower was first built in 223 famous calligraphers, ancient and off the wall from time to time and AD. Over the centuries it was modern, will also be constructed. magically dance for the customers. destroyed by nature or wars sev• A 200-metre street to be built The wine shop, of course, attracted eral times, but it was always re- halfway up Sheshan Hill will be many customers and the owner buih. Its last misfortune was in lined with old-style shops selling made a lot of money. Decades 1884, when it burned to the souvenirs and local products. The later the owner became wealthy ground. and the old man returned. Without sales assistants will all dress in an• a word, he straddled the yellow Historical records show the cient attire. Another pavilion atop crane and rode it into the sky. The shape of the reconstructed towers the steep hill will be installed with owner built a tower in memory of differed vastly from each other. lifts and spiral stair-cases, which the wondrous man and named the Although records of the towers will take visitors directly from the place Yellow Crane Tower. prior to the Tang Dynasty (618- foot of the hill to the top. Parking 907) are no longer available, the lots and restaurants will be added Ever since the tower has in• design of the Song Dynasty tower and more tr6es will be planted. 32 Beijing Review, No. 32 August 12, 1985 BOOKS

Marxist Pioneer's Works Published Li Dazhao (1889-1927), one of The book faithfully records the the first proponents of Marxism transformation and development in China, was among the founders of Li's ideas; his understanding of of the Chinese Communist Party. Marxist philosophy, politics, eco• In the 1920s, he helped Sun Yat- nomics, history and literature; and sen formulate the "Three Great his contribution to China's revolu• Policies" of alliance with Russia, tion. The book helps readers un• co-operation with the Communist derstand how Marxism spread and Party and assistance to the workers developed in China. and peasants. He also played an important role in reorganizing the Lu Xun said, "His [Li's] writ• Kuomiritang during the first period ings will be immortal. For they of Kuomintang-Communist co• are the heritage of the pioneers, a operation. Arrested by warlord monument to the history of revo• Zhang Zuolin in April 1927, Li lution." was murdered in Beijing for his Li, as the first scholar to ad- , revolutionary activities. vocate Marxist thought in China, I The People's Publishing House attacked the old feudal ideological J recently released a two-volume mediately confiscated by Kuomin- system. Afy Marxist View and | Selected Works of Li Dazhao (in tang officials. It was only after Transformation of Matter and Mor- * Chinese), a collection of 437 arti• liberation that The Selected Works al, both written in 1919, are cles, the most extensive compila• of Shoucharig reached the public. among his most representative -i tion of his work ever published. works. He discussed in detail the t In 1959 the People's Publishing economic basis and the superstruc- * Li's writings almost never made House re-edited the book and col• ture of historical materialism, the 2 it into print. During his lifetime, lected 133 articles to produce The principles of productive forces and A Li compiled his work and en• Selected Works of Li Dazhao. relations of productions, and of trusted his brother to get them Though the 1959 collection was class and class struggle. His jf published. After his death at the far from comprehensive, the pub• views on the position and role of hands of the white terror, his lication sparked interest in Li and the people in history and the rela- ^ brother edited the works into four his ideas. tions between individuals and the - volumes at great risk. In 1933, In 1961, at the suggestion of masses greatly enlightened China's ^ when his brother was also arrested, Deng Tuo, the former secretary of early communists. ^ his brother's mother-in-law hid the the Beijing Municipal CPC Com• manuscripts in a jar and buried mittee, the Beijing Municipal Party The volumes also contain Li's *f them. Later, the manuscripts were School started to collect Li's works poems, essays, letters, diaries and * given to Li's daughter. With the and produced The Biography of Li novels. -f help of the famous writer Lu Xun's Dazhao. But the effort was labelled While his work is indispensable T brother, Zhou Zuoren, the manu- a "conspiracy" during the "cul• in studying the early stages of A. 'scripts were sent to Shanghai for tural revolution," and many of the Marxism in China, the book also publication. Lu Xun, who was editors who worked on the project reflects Li's erroneous views, then in Shanghai, wrote a fore• were persecuted. mistakes inevitable in the search it word for the book. t The publication of The Com• for the truth of Marxism. Even It was not until 1939 that the plete Works of Li Dazhao was pos• after Li had become a Marxist, he m first volume was released by Bei- sible only after the downfall of had his immaturity. As Lu Xun •f'] xin Bookshop under the title The the "gang of four." The present had said, all of his writing was iZ Complete Works of Shouchang edition was brought out with the "not necessarily sound or appro• in. (Shouchang was another name support of many organizations and priate." used by Li). The volume was im• scholars. — Zhang Jingru and Yao Weifeng ^ 34 Beijing Review, No. 32 ART PACE Returning Home. am i

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