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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19693-2 - The Politics of China: Sixty Years of the People’s Republic of China 3rd Edition Edited by Roderick Macfarquhar Index More information

INDEX

Afro-Asian Conference, 128 Beijing Students’ Autonomous Federation (BSAF), Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives (APCs), 437–439, 440n369, 443n375 58–65, 69, 72 Beijing Workers’ Federation, 436–437, 456 Agricultural reforms Blair, Anthony, 564 cooperativization, 13, 57–65, 60n46, 61n48 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 1n1, 2n5 Cultural Revolution, 151–152, 158–159, Bourgeois liberalization 238–239 Bo Yibo role, 401, 431–432 Deng Xiaoping, 332–333 CCP criticism of, fang-shou cycle, 388, Deng Xiaoping’s policies, 291–292 388n184, 394–395, 398–404, post-Tiananmen, 515 399nn220–222, 400n223, 400n225, tax abolishment, 586 402nn233–235, 403n238 Third Plenum/Eleventh CC, 318 democracy movement, 431 All-China Federation of Trade Unions, 56 Deng Liqun role, 400, 402–403 Anshan Iron and Steel Works, 109 Deng Xiaoping role, 388, 388n184, 394–395, Anti-pornography campaign, 473, 486n73 402, 402nn233–235, 403 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 81–85, 94–96, 99, 231 globalization, governance issues, 539–540 Anti-Right Opportunist Campaign, 104 Liao Gailong role, 403n238 An Ziwen, 48, 49, 461n423 Li Peng role, 400–401 Peng Zhen role, 402, 402n235 Bai Hua, 330, 348, 348n25 People’s Daily articles, 487 Bankruptcy reforms, 540. See also Economic post-Tiananmen criticism of, 471–473, reforms 475–476 Bao Tong Wang Renzhi criticism of, 475–476 arrest of, 458, 458n415 Yan Jiaqi role, 403n238 bourgeois liberalization role, 403n238 Yao Yilin role, 401 criticism of by PSC, 451 Zhao Ziyang role, 401–403, 403n238 political reform role (neoauthoritarianism), Zhuozhuo meeting, 476 428–429 Bo Xicheng, 520 purge of, 461n423 Bo Yibo student protest role, 439 anticorruption drive role, 384, 384n167 Barshevsky, Charlene, 559 bourgeois liberalization role, 401, 431–432 Baum, Richard, 238 Chen Yun’s desire for justice for, 316 Ba Zhongtan, 514 crime, corruption policies, 366–367 Beidaihe Conference, Liu-Deng program, dismissal of, 226, 316 121–125, 121n20, 122n22, 132, 136 economic reform claims by, 364n85 Beida-Qinghua Two Schools Big Criticism Group Gao-Rao affair role, 49 “Two Schools,” 284 Hongqi (Red Flag) support by, 411

651

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19693-2 - The Politics of China: Sixty Years of the People’s Republic of China 3rd Edition Edited by Roderick Macfarquhar Index More information

652 index

Bo Yibo (cont.) removal from Politburo, 517 Mao’s policies in support of, 55 Tiananmen Square role, 457, 466 rectification campaign role, 354, 384, 384n167 Chen Yi, 213, 214, 224, 276 reform policies generally, 492 Chen Yizi, 428–429 student movement response, 394 Chen Yonggui, 283, 322 taxation policy, 42, 48, 87 Chen Yuan Bridgham, Philip, 255 criticism of Deng Xiaoping by, 487 Bukharin, Nikolai, 94 as People’s Bank of China vice president, Bush,GeorgeH.W.,559 508n152 Bush, George W., 433, 433n349, 482 on Soviet Union abortive coup, 489 Chen Yun Cao Diqiu, 188–189, 191, 198 anticorruption drive role, 384, 384n167 Cao Yiou, 171 APC setup by, 61, 62 Capital Iron and Steel (Shougang), 499, 516 background, 2, 14 Castro, Fidel, 1n1 Beidaihe Conference role, 122 Central Advisory Commission (CAC), 340, criticism of Deng Xiaoping by, 487, 495–496 343–344, 343n9, 502–503 criticism of Hua Guofeng by, 310 Central Discipline Inspection Commission criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 429, 432, 451 (CDIC), 343n9, 354 death of, 519, 522, 542 Central Military Commission, 331 Gao-Rao affair role, 49–51 Central Party Secretariat office, 344–345 Great Leap Forward role, 90, 93–94, 99–100, Chai Ling, 455–456, 458, 458n415 102 Charles I, 1n1 guiding principles policy, 387 Charles II, 1n1, 2n5 Hu Yaobang resignation role, 396 Chen Boda Liu-Deng program role, 114–115 Beidaihe Conference role, 122 Mao’s policies in support of, 55 Cultural Revolution role, 157, 161, 172, 187, martial law declaration role, 451 192, 197, 207 modern sector transformation, 58–60, 65–67 dismissal of, 260, 263–265, 264n69 opposing rash advance program, 69–70, 74 516 Group purge role, 215 promotion to Politburo, 76, 317 as Lin Bao ally, 256–260, 257n41 publication of essays by, 126 as Mao ally, 90 rectification campaign role, 354, 384, 384n167 Ninth Party Congress role, 225n136 reform policies generally (the thirty-nine promotion to Politburo alternate, 176 points), 474–475, 499, 519 relationship with Wang Dongxing, 259 refusal to retire, 377 relationship with Wang Hongwen, 259 relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 468n2 Cheng Weigao, 484 retirement of, 404 Chen Jinhua, 507 Seven Thousand Cadres Conference (1962), 117, Chen Li, 207, 209 119 Chen Liangyu, 593 Soviet model adaptations, 71 Chen Muhua, 414n279 spiritual pollution attack role, 354, 359 Chen Xilian support for Yao Yilin, 461n424 dismissal of, 322, 323 Third Plenum/Eleventh CC role, 316–317 as MAC head, 296, 296n198 Twelfth Party Congress role, 343 as political ally, 297 Thirteen Party Congress role, 405, 406 power, position of, 274 Chen Zaidao, 210, 212, 252 promotion of, 277 Chen Ziming, 458, 458n415 Chen Xitong Chiang Kai-shek, 250 arrest of, 517 Chi Haotian, 552 criminal prosecution of, 547–548 China Can Say No!, 564 criticism of economic policies by, 484 China Economic Development Corporation, hunger strike role, 444 426–427, 464 promotion to Politburo, 502 China Economic Times (Zhongguo jingji shibao), 546

index 653

China Rural Trust and Development Corporation, reconstruction of, post-Cultural Revolution, 464 221–223, 253–254 China Should Not Be ‘Mr. No’ – Issues in role of, Peng Zhen on, 330–331 Contemporary Chinese International Strategy, 564 Seventeenth Congress, 590–595 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Sixteenth Central Committee, Sixth Plenum, achievements of, 6 587–588 admission criteria, 570–571 Sixteenth Central Committee, Third Plenum, bourgeois liberalization role (See Bourgeois 583 liberalization) Sixteenth Congress, 572–577 Chairman role, 118 Sixteenth Congress work report, 577–578 collapse of authority, 178–190 social humanism support by, 349–350 collective leadership image, 594–595 succession dynamics, 573–576 consolidation movement, 352–357, 354n45, summer retreat cancellation, 581–582 355nn47–48, 356n51, 356n54 Tenth Party Congress, 281–283 consolidation–rectification campaign, 358–360, Thirteenth Congress, 402nn234–235, 359n63 (See also Rectification campaigns) 403–406, 404n246, 405n251, 406n255, Constitution, 226, 254–255, 281, 344, 471, 506 577–578, 593–594 “three represents,” 567–571, 577 crime, corruption in, 418–419, 418n298 Twelfth Party Congress, 342–345, 343n9, Cultural Revolution role (See Cultural 344n12 Revolution) Vietnam War policy, 128–130 Deng Xiaoping’s reform program, 332–336, Zhao Ziyang case handling by, 469–472, 332nn323–324, 335nn333–334 470nn4–5, 472nn12–15 divisions, factionalization post-Tiananmen, 472, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference 472n15, 475, 494–501, 519, 521–522 (CPPCC), 27 fang–shou cycle role (See Fang-shou cycle) Chi Qun, 284, 285, 294 Fifteenth Party Congress (See Fifteenth Party Christopher, Warren, 541 Congress) CITIC, 426–427, 464 First (General) Secretary role, 118 Clinton, William J., 541–542, 559–561, 564 Fourteenth Party Congress, 495, 501–504, Common Program, 28–30, 51 534–535 Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI), 128 governing capacity development, 589–590 Confucius, 283–285, 283n137 Great Leap Forward role (See Great Leap Consolidation, reconstruction (1949–52) Forward) administrative regions, 31 intellectuals, double hundred policy towards, armed resistance, 22 350, 350n30 career line development, 24 January Revolution, 190–197, 207 CCP attitudes, strategies, 24–26, 37, 38 leadership split in, 119, 123, 144–146, CCP inadequacies, shortages, 23–24 494–497 Common Program, 28–30, 51 line struggles within, 290, 290n168 counterrevolutionary suppression, 33, 37–40, militarization of politics, 247–252, 247n4, 38n25 248n5, 250n16, 251n19 democratic dictatorship, 27–29 military representation on, 227 establishment of control, 21–25 Ninth Party Congress, 150, 222, 225–228, FIve Antis Campaign (rural), 37–41, 38n25, 65 225n136, 257–261, 261n59 gradualism policy, 27–29 Party leaders, qualifications of, 532–533 labor issues, policies, 24–26 perceptions of Mao in, 326 landlord land redistribution, 35–37, 36n24 post-Eleventh Congress membership, 313 land reforms, 32, 33–37, 36n24 post-Ninth Congress members, April 1969, military rule, 29–30 249 modernization, 30 public criticism of, 319–322, 419, 419n303 new liberated areas, 21–22, 35 Qin Benli dismissal role, 437 Northeast region role, 33 reaction to Red Guards, 183–185 old liberated areas, 21

654 index

Consolidation, reconstruction (1949–52)(cont.) Wang Zhaogao anticorruption role, 384, overview, 19–21 384n167 parochialism, 20 Zhao Ziyang policies, 367n96 Party member recruitment, 23 A Critical Moment – Contemporary China’s 27 peasant associations, 34–35, 36 Problems That Urgently Await Solution, 547 political achievements, 37 Cromwell, Oliver, 1n3, 3n6 power transfers, 32 Cromwell, Richard, 2n5 private sector control, 26–27, 41 Crossed Swords, 563 production restoration, 26 Cuban revolution, 1n1 program implementation, 32–33 Cultural policy provision of services, 25–26 Cultural Revolution, 152–153, 156–158, 161, reassurance policy, 20–21 164–168, 239–240 regional authority, 30–33 Jiang Qing, 130–136, 239, 294n192 taxation, 34 Cultural Revolution Three Antis Campaign, 33, 37–41, 38n25, 65 agriculture, industry, health reforms, 151–152, united front strategy, 27–29 158–159, 238–239 urban mass movements, 37–41, 38nn25–26 anti-revisionism campaign, 161, 171–174 urban reconstruction, 22–24 balance of power shifts, 202–204, 227–228 worker retention, recruitment, 24–25, 40 cadre rank divisions preceding, 138 Constitution, 226, 254–255, 281, 344, 577–578, coalition groups, 124–125 593–594 collapse of authority, 178–190, 242 Contemporary Trends (Dangdai sichao), 437, 538, consequences of, 227–228, 236–245 539, 556 crisis emergence, 160–161 Counterrevolutionary campaigns. See also criticism of, 204–209, 315–317, 326–328 Rectiﬁcation campaigns cultural policy, 152–153, 156–158, 161, consolidation, reconstruction (1949–52), 33, 164–168, 239–240 37–40, 38n25 Cultural Revolution Group role, 169–170, 174, socialist construction, transformation (1953–6), 186, 187, 191, 199–200, 202, 207–208, 61–63, 65 213–215, 235, 256–257 Tiananmen Square (See Tiananmen Square) deaths attributed to, 242 Crime, corruption decentralization of power, 227 anticorruption drives, fang-shou cycle, 384, Deng Xiaoping’s Resolution, 327–328, 330 384n167, 463–464, 464nn433–434 deportations, 181 anticorruption drives, post-Tiananmen, disillusionment process, 243–244 516–517, 516n179 economic reforms, 151–152, 159, 238–239 anti-pornography campaign, 473, 486n73 education reforms, 151–152, 158–159, Bo Yibo anticorruption drive role, 384, 171–174, 176, 239–240 384n167 Eleventh Plenum, 174–178, 182, 183, 185, in CCP, 418–419, 418n298 192, 204–205, 247, 247n4 Chen Yun anticorruption drive role, 384, February Adverse Current, 204–209, 213–214, 384n167 224, 227, 235 economic reforms, 365–368, 365n90, 366n93, “February Outline” document, 166–167, 171 367nn96–97 Fifty Days Campaign, 171–174, 176, 178, fang-shou cycle generally, 365–368, 365n90, 182 366n93, 367nn96–97, 382–384, 516 Group purge, 204, 212–215 383nn164–165, 384n167, 418–420, Five-Man Group, 164–168 418n298, 426–427, 426n326, Forum (February) Summary, 167–168 427nn331–332 fragmentation of power, 228, 242–243 globalization, governance issues, 566–567 goals of, 111, 177, 192, 246–247 Hu Yaobang policies, 367n96, 516 government reorganizations during, 170, 172, People’s Daily coverage, 419, 463 179, 240–241 Qiao Shi anticorruption drive role, 384, industry reforms, 151–152, 159–160, 238–239 384n167 intellectual policy, 164–168, 239–240

index 655

January Revolution (seizure of power), Deng Liqun 190–197, 207, 278 bourgeois liberalization role, 400, 402–403 labor reforms, 171–175, 189–190 Central Secretariat seat, 378 leaders, trial of, 326 economic reform policy, 495 “Learn from the PLA” Campaign, 156 Hu Yaobang resignation role, 396 Mao’s power base, 153–154 liberal intellectual policy, 500–501 mass base, 158–160, 233–234 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 370–372, military control committees, 196 370n109 Million Heroes, 211, 212 People’s Daily class struggle article by, 492 Ninth Party Congress, 150, 222, 225–228, political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 387 225n136, 257 promotion to Politburo, 467 origins of, 91–92, 110, 138, 230–237, 261 special economic zone policy, 372–373 overview, 147–150, 228–230 spiritual pollution attack role, 355, 356, 357 Paris Commune model, 194–195, 205 student movement response, 394 Party’s role generally, 234–236 ten-thousand-character memorials, 536–540, people’s communes, 194–196, 205, 238 537n15, 563, 571 Politburo meeting, May, 168–170 Thirteen Party Congress role, 405 political conflict sources, 151–153 “three represents” article, 571 political department formation, 156 Deng Nan, 483 political system reconstruction (See Political Deng Pufang system reconstruction, post-Cultural economic pursuits of, 367n96, 427n331, Revolution) 464n433 Propaganda Department, 164–168, 172, 188, spiritual pollution campaign role, 356n54 192 Deng Tuo, 117, 168 provincial authority collapse, 188–190 Deng Xiaoping radical intellectuals role, 156–158, 192, 197 ability of, 311, 523 Red Guards role in (See Red Guards) background, 1–2, 3n7, 14 revisionism, Mao’s concerns with, 152–153 bourgeois liberalization role, 388, 388n184, revisionism critique by, 144–145 394–395, 402, 402nn233–235, 403 revolutionary committees, 196, 202–204, 217, center-provinicial conflict role, 480–481 220–221, 253, 253n28 criticism of Hu Yaobang by, 436 Shanghai Commune, 195, 205 Cultural Revolution role, 168, 171–174, 176, Sixteen Point Decision, 177–178, 182 178, 182, 187–189, 198, 235 strategy, 147–150, 177, 214, 232–233, death of, 528, 544–548 236–237 Democracy Wall, 319–322 three-in-one combinations, 193–203 diminishment of influence, 473–474 university administration reorganization, dismissal of, 227 171–175 Eleventh Congress role, 312–313 worker-peasant system, 159–160 fall, Gang of Four affair, 293–296, 302, 310 Workers’ Headquarters, 188–189, 191, 210 fang–shou cycle role (See Fang-shou cycle) work teams (rectification campaign), 171–175 Fifty Days Campaign, 171–174, 176, 178, 182 Wuhan Incident, 204, 209–212 four cardinal principles, 338, 347, 470n7 Gang of Four arrest role, 303–304 Dai Xianglong, 508 Gao-Rao affair role, 49–51 Dalai Lama, 103 Great Leap Forward role, 90–92, 99–100, 101 Dangdai sichao (Contemporary Trends), 437, 538, group identities as source of friction in, 11–12 539, 556 health issues, 513–514 “Decision on Several Issues Related to Perfecting Hua Guofeng fall role, 322–325, 323n299 the Socialist Market Economic System,” 583 humanism/spiritual pollution, combating, Democracy movement, fang-shou cycle, 385–386, 352–354, 354n45 388, 390–396, 392n197, 431. See also hunger strike resolution role, 443, 443n375 Tiananmen Square Hu Yaobang resignation role, 396–397 Democracy Wall, 319–322 Jiang Zemin support by, 461, 461n424

656 index

Deng Xiaoping (cont.) Deng Zihui Later Ten Points, 136–137 APC setup by, 61–63 leadership, post-Gang of Four, 289–294, Beidaihe Conference role, 124 289n165 exclusion from Politburo, 75 legacy, 4, 525–527 land reform criticism by, 36 Liu-Deng program (See Liu-Deng program) Ding Guan’gen, 461n425, 471 new cat thesis, 483, 484 Ding Sheng, 306 on Party member recruitment, 23 Ding Shisun, 466 Party/state separation, 506 Discipline Inspection Commission, 317 policies generally, 470n4 Dittmer, Lowell, 158 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 384–385 Djilas, Milovan, 304 promotion of, 7, 50, 75 Domes, Jurgen,¨ 201, 324n304 public criticism of, 205, 208 Dong Biwu, 276, 281 rectification campaign role, 141–142 Du Runsheng, 461n423 reform program generally, 4, 332–336, 332nn323–324, 335nn333–334, 470, Eagleburger, Lawrence, 482 470n7, 472n12 Economic Daily (Jingji ribao), 546 reforms, post-Tiananmen (See Reforms, Economic reforms. See also Industry reforms post-Tiananmen) bankruptcy reforms, 540 refusal to retire, 377, 377n138 Company Law, 535 rehabilitation of, 276–277, 287–289, crime, corruption, 365–368, 365n90, 366n93, 310 367nn96–97 reinstatement of, 312 Cultural Revolution, 151–152, 158–159, relationship with Chen Yun, 468n2 238–239 relationship with Li Xiannian, 311 democratic centralism, 514–515, 517 relationship with Luo Ruiqing, 316 Deng Xiaoping, 290–291, 333–334, 340 relationship with Mao, 7, 50, 75, 111, 151, entrepreneurism, 519–520 289n165, 292–293, 325 fang-shou cycle, 360–364, 361nn72–76, relationship with Ye Jianying, 311, 316, 330 363n83, 364nn84–85, 407, 412–416, resignation of, 442 413n275, 421–427, 421n310, 422n312, retirement of, 403, 404, 404n246, 574 423n316, 424n318, 425n323 return, post-Gang of Four, 286–289 globalization, governance issues, 534–547, on seeking truth from facts, 315–316 555–556 on Sino-U.S. relations, 481, 482 Hu Yaobang policy, 358, 358n60 special economic zone policy, 373 modern enterprise system, 535–547, 561, 563, spiritual pollution campaign role, 356–357, 569 356n54 People’s Daily coverage, 477–478, 483 student movement response, 394–396, post-Tiananmen, 477–479, 482–484, 492–494, 395n207 504–505, 507–510, 508nn151–153, as successor of Mao, 325–329 514–516, 519–520 support of Hua Guofeng by, 311–312 price control, 340, 341, 362, 415, 421–427, Third Plenum/Eleventh CC role, 314–318, 421n310, 422n312, 423n316, 424n318, 317n279 535 Thirteen Party Congress role, 406 retrenchment, 477–478, 535, 542 Tiananmen Square justification by, 460 state-owned enterprises, 514–516, 529, Zhaoist influence rectification drive, 462 535–540, 558, 561 Zhao Ziyang as implied criticism of, 470–472 Third Plenum/Eleventh CC, 318 as Zhou Enlai’s successor, 295 Zhao Ziyang policy, 358, 358n60 Deng Xiaoping’s Resolution, 327–328, 330 Education reforms Deng Xiaoping Theory, 545, 548–549, 568, 577, Cultural Revolution, 151–152, 158–159, 594 171–174, 176, 239–240 Deng Yingchao, 298, 317, 377n139 Deng Xiaoping, 294, 334 Deng Zhifang, 516 Great Leap Forward, 73, 158–159

index 657

socialist construction, transformation (1953–6), intellectual renaissance effects, 379, 379n146 73 labor reforms, urban demonstrations against, Eight Articles on Literature and Art, 114, 115 417–418, 417nn289–293, 418n296 Eighth Party Congress leftism revival, 357–358, 358nn60–62 Great Leap Forward role, 93, 97, 100 martial law declarations, 437, 437n360, 443, origin of, 47 445nn390–393, 446–452, 446n384, overview, 74–77 447nn385–386, 448nn387–389, 470 Party military representation, 227 martyrdom as weapon, 435, 441–446, English Protectorate revolution longevity, 1n1, 441nn371–372, 442n373, 443n375, 1n3, 2n5, 3n6 444nn378–379, 445nn381–382 Enlightenment Society, 320 Marxism-capitalism debate, 368–372, Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, 540 370nn107–109 Enterprise Law, 484 neijin, waisong, 464–466, 464n435 Entrepreneurism, 519–520. See also Economic neoauthoritarianism, 408–410, 414n280, 415, reforms 428–429, 429n335 Everbright, 426–427, 464 overview, 337–342, 466–467 PLA reform, 373–376 Falungong movement, 564–565, 565n68 political reforms, 383–387, 384n167, 385n171, Fang Lizhi 386n174, 431–433, 432nn345–346, amnesty, call for, 431 433nn349–350, 463–464 arrest of, 458 popular support for reforms, 381–382, criticism of Zhao Zhang by, 412 382n160 expulsion from Party of, 399n220 price control, 421–424, 421n310, 422n312, political reforms, fang-shou cycle, 387, 428–429, 423n316 433 primary stage of socialism, 407–408, release of, 481 408nn258–260 U.S. embassy sanctuary for, 457 racism, 430–431 youth movement role, 390–391, 395 Seventh NPC, 413–416, 414nn279–280, Fang-shou cycle 416n285 anticorruption drives, 384, 384n167, 463–464, socialist spiritual civilization, 345–357 464nn433–434 social mobilization, 379–380, 380n153 Beijing Students’ Autonomous Federation special economic zones (SEZs), open policy (BSAF), 437–439, 440n369, 443n375 debate, 372–373 bourgeois liberalization (See Bourgeois structural reforms, 407, 415 liberalization) student movement (See Student movement) Central document no. 1, 360, 396, 406n255 Thirteenth Congress, 402nn234–235, Central document no. 3, 397–398, 398n216 403–406, 404n246, 405n251, 406n255, Central document no. 4, 399n221, 400n223 471, 506 Central Party Secretariat ofﬁce, 344–345 Twelfth CC Sixth Plenum, 388 coastal strategy, 425n323 Twelfth Party Congress, 342–345, 343n9, consolidation–rectiﬁcation campaign, 358–360, 344n12 359n63 urban discontent (1988), 416–421, 416n286, crime, corruption (See Crime, corruption) 417nn288–293, 418n296, 419n303, democracy movement, 385–386, 388, 420n305, 421nn308–310 390–396, 392n197, 431 working-class demonstrations, 436–437 economic reforms, 360–364, 361nn72–76, youth movement, 359–360, 376–378, 363n83, 364nn84–85, 407, 412–416, 377nn138–142, 378n143, 390–394, 413n275, 421–427, 421n310, 422n312, 391n196, 392n197, 393nn199–200 423n316, 424n318, 425n323 Fang Yi, 404 guiding principles question, 387–390, Fan Jingyi, 490n87 388n184, 389n190, 389nn185–186 February Adverse Current, 204–209, 213–214, housing privatization, 416–417, 417n288 224, 227, 235 human rights, 431, 433 “February Outline” document, 166–167, 171

658 index

Fewsmith, Joseph, 560n64, 564n62 Pi Lin, pi Kong, 283–286, 283n137, 285n145, Fifteenth Party Congress 290 economic reforms, 529, 535–540 as scapegoat, 326 enterprise reform, 541–544 strategy of, 296–298 Fourteenth Central Committee, Seventh succession issue, 275–279 Plenum, 547–548 Tenth Party Congress, 281–283 Fourteenth Central Committee report, 545, Tiananmen incident, 298–303, 299n209, 547 301n216, 310, 316–317, 319 media coverage of, 546 Zhou Enlai anti-leftist offensive, 279–280, opposition to reform, 536–541 279n122, 280n127 overview, 548–550 Gao Di, 490–491, 490n87 preparations for generally, 534–536 Gao Gang ten-thousand-character memorials, 536–540, background, 46, 251 537n15, 563, 571 incident described, 45–51, 50n39, 106 Fifty Days Campaign, 171–174, 176, 178, independent kingdom establishment by, 33 182 influences of, 44 Five Antis Campaign purge of, 7, 11, 45 rural, 37–41, 38n25, 65 relationship with Mao, 47 urban, 137, 137n38 relationship with Soviet Union, 48–49 “Five balanced aspects,” 584 Gao Gao, 458n415 516 Group purge, 204, 212–215 Gao Xin, 455–456, 457n410, 458n415 Five-Man Group, 134, 164–168 Globalization, governance issues Five-Year Plan (First) bankruptcy reforms, 540 agricultural cooperativization, 57–65, 60n46, bourgeois liberalization, 539–540 61n48, 92–93 Central Document No.1, 586 agricultural production, 67, 93 collective leadership politics, 533–534 differences between PRC and Soviet cases, 93 corruption, 566–567 factory Party committees within, 55 Deng Xiaoping Theory, 545, 548–549, 568, labor reforms, 55 577, 594 limitations of, 92–93 dissent, limitations on, 564–566, 565n68, 587 Mao’s views of, 127 economic reforms, 534–547, 555–556 modern sector transformation, 58–60, 65–67 economics of, 528–530 overview, 2–3, 41–45 effects on prosperity, 530–531 Soviet Union as model for, 17 effects on social structure, 530–531 stratification of Chinese society, 96 Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, 540 Five-Year Plan (Second), 71, 74, 76–77 Falungong movement, 564–565, 565n68 Five Year Plan (Eighth), 479–481 human rights, 541 Five Year Plan (Ninth), 535–536 international relations, 528, 540–542 Former Ten Points, 136, 176 Internet access, 531–532, 566, 587 Forum (February) Summary, 167–168 newspapers, publishing, 531 Fraser, John, 320 Ninth NPC, 555–558 French Revolution, 1n1, 2n5, 3n6 overview, 528–530, 555–556 Fu Chongbi, 216 ownership reforms, 539, 544 Party leaders, qualifications of, 532–533 Gang of Four. See also specific individuals political reforms, 538–539, 542–544 arrest of, 304–307, 305nn238–240, 307n250 public agitation, mobilization, 531–532 Deng Xiaoping’s fall, 293–296, 302, 310 public opinion emergence (permitted dissent), Deng Xiaoping’s leadership, 289–294, 561–564, 562nn57–60 289n165 scientific development concept, 582–585, Deng Xiaoping’s return, 286–289 593–594 Mao’s death, 303–304, 303n231 socialist modernization, 545–550 military coup preparations, 306–307 social stability, 585–588 Nanjing incident, 298, 300, 317 “three represents,” 567–571, 577

index 659

transparency, accountability trends in, 579–581 Heart-to-Heart Talks with the General Secretary, World Trade Organization membership, 547 528–529, 555, 558–561, 559n53, 560n54 He Dongchang, 439 Gold, Thomas, 354n45 He Long, 188, 201, 205 Gong Yuzhi, 498 He Qinglian, 564 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1n1, 2n5, 440–441, “Heshang” (“River Elegy”), 420–421, 421n309 441n372, 446, 488, 488n78, 539. See also He Zizhen, 131 Soviet Union Higher Party School, 133 Gore, Al, 541, 559 Historical trends, 500 Government Work Report (Li Peng), 505 Hongqi (Red Flag) Great Leap Forward anticrime campaign, 351–352, 352n36 Anti-Right Opportunist Campaign, 104 ceasing of publication by, 215, 411 consequences, failures of, 110–113 class struggle coverage, 351 education reforms, 73, 158–159 January Revolution, 193–195 effect on Mao’s status, 111–112 Party oversight of, 264 Great Proletarian Cultual Revolution pi Lin, pi Kong coverage, 284 (See Cultural Revolution) revisionism, 213 limitation of Mao’s role in, 96–97 Hou Dejian, 456, 458n415 Liu-Deng recovery program, 113–114 Hua Guofeng Liu Shaoqi’s views of, 142 criticism of, 297–298 Lushan Conference (1959), 103–110, 108n11, as Cultural Revolution beneficiary, 278, 283 131, 208, 251, 537 Deng Xiaoping support of, 311–312 Mao’s adjustments to, 102, 109 Eleventh Congress role, 312 Mao’s views of, 127, 142 establishment of power base by, 309–310, mass mobilization policy, 94–96, 142 310n254 modern sector transformation, 65–67 fall of, 322–325, 323n299, 324n303 origins of, 92–97 Gang of Four arrest role, 303–306, 307, overview, 4, 87–92, 148 323–324 People’s Communes, 95–96, 95n2, 99, 109, Mao cult preservation, 309–310 113, 115–116 notification duties of, 294 PLA modernization, 73 political allies of, 296 politics of, 99–103 praise of Cultural Revolution by, 229 review, investigation of, 116–121 promotion of, 109, 278, 302, 308 second, 109–110, 110n15 public criticism of, 310–311 statistical system dismantling, 96, 98 Ten-Year Plan generally, 313–314, 318 strategy, 88, 98–99 Third Plenum/Eleventh CC role, 314–318 tensions among leadership, 88–92 Tiananmen incident role, 300 Great Proletarian Cultual Revolution. See Cultural two whatevers, 310–312, 315–317, 324 Revolution Ye Jianying criticism of, 310–311, 324, Greenspan, Alan, 559 324n303 Guan Feng, 133, 157, 213 as Zhou Enlai’s successor, 295–296, 296n197 Guangming ribao, 477–478 Huangfu Ping, 483, 483n56, 487. See also Deng Gulf of Tonkin incident, 130 Xiaoping Gulf War, 484–485, 488 Huang Hua, 323 Gu Mu, 207 Huang Ju, 515, 552, 574 Guo Moruo, 283 Huang Yongsheng coup involvement, 262, 266 Hainan import scandal, 366, 366n93, 367n97 criticism of by Zhou Enlai, 264 Harding, Harry, 136 promotion of, 322–323 Hat Rui dismissed from office (Wu Han), 134–135, purge of, 273 164–168, 235 Red Guard criticism of, 213 Health care reforms, Cultural Revolution, relationship with Lin Biao, 216, 258 151–152, 158–159, 238–239 Hu Feng, 68

660 index

Hu Fuming (“Practice is the sole criterion for retirement of, 404, 405 testing truth”), 315, 315nn266–268 special economic zone policy, 372 Hu Jintao student movement response, 394 agenda, 579–582 Hu Qili authority of, 594 banning of “River Elegy” by, 421n309 on Belgrade bombing, 560, 560n64 criticism of by PSC, 451, 461 collective leadership image, 594–595 denial of Politburo seat to, 503, 503n139 consolidation of power by, 592–595 hunger strike resolution role, 442, 444, economic policies generally, 532, 561 444n378 “five balanced aspects,” 584 martial law declarations, 437, 437n360 governing capacity development, 589–590 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 370–372, leadership status of, 533–534, 553 370n107 legacy, 4 price control policy, 422 “people-centered” policies, 581, 584 promotion to Politburo, 378 policies generally, 577–578 removal from Politburo, 471 promotion to Politburo, 502 Su Shaozhi reform speech, 432 scientific development concept, 582–585, Su Shaozhi’s speech publication, 429 593–594 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 social stability, 585–588 Hu Yaobang succession dynamics, 573–576, 595–596 crime, corruption policies, 367n96, 516 summer retreat cancellation, 581–582 death of, 341, 433 transparency, accountability trends, 579–581 as Deng Xiaoping’s successor, 339, 378 Hu Jiwei economic reform policy, 358, 358n60 criticism of leftism by, 500 legitimacy of as successor, 328 dismissal of, 357 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 370–372, martial law repeal, 449, 449nn390–391, 461 370n107 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 370, 370n107 memorial service demonstrations, 433–436, in People’s Daily hierarchy, 490n87 434nn352–353, 435nn354–356 PSC criticism of, 461–462 in PLA reform under Deng Xiaoping, 375–376, public criticism of, 356 376nn135–137 Humanism/spiritual pollution, combating, political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 384 352–354, 354n45. See also Spiritual pollution promotion to Politburo, 317, 378 campaign reelection of, 404 Human rights reevaluation of, 434, 437n362, 440n369 globalization, governance issues, 541 relationship with Deng Liqun, 355 political reforms relating to, 431, 433 relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 470n4 violations in Tibet, 433n350 resignation of, 396–398, 397n215, 397n218, Human Rights Alliance, 320 398nn216–218, 437n362 Hundred Flowers movement, 13, 54, 77–81, 83, self-criticism, 398, 398n218 94 Seventh NPC role, 414n279 Hundred Regiments campaign, 100, 250n16 spiritual pollution campaign role, 356–357 Hu Qiaomu Thirteen Party Congress role, 405 alienation theory debate role, 379n146 on unjust treatment of population, 238 criticism of by Fang Lizhi, 390 youth movement role, 360, 360n67 criticism of by Su Shaozhi, 429 death of, 522, 542 Industry reforms. See also Economic reforms economic pursuits of, 367n96 Cultural Revolution, 151–152, 159–160, education of, 554 238–239 Hat Rui dismissed from office (Wu Han), 134 Deng Xiaoping, 333–334 Hu Yaobang resignation role, 396 Institute of Philosophy and Social Science, Chinese Marxism-capitalism debate role, 371 Academy of Sciences, 157 refusal to retire, 377 Intellectuals relationship with Zhou Yang, 356n51 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 81–85, 94–96, 99

index 661

criticism of leftism by, 500, 501 legacy, 4 Cultural Revolution policy toward, 164–168, political strategy, 497, 515–517, 540, 563 239–240 as PRC president, 506, 506n148 Cultural Revolution role, 156–158, 192, 197 public ownership system, 510 democracy movement, 431 Qin Benli dismissal role, 437 double hundred policy towards, 350, 350n30 reform lectures by, 499–500 Hundred Flowers movement, 13, 54, 77–81, reform policies generally, 471–472, 475, 488, 83, 94 514–516, 542–543, 561 intellectual policy, post-Tiananmen, 521 relationship with Zhou Rongjii, 515 Jiang-Kang viliﬁcation of, 132–135 on science, technology reforms, 484–485 Lu Dingyi policy, 69, 151 self-criticism by, 496 public opinion emergence (permitted dissent) on Sino-U.S. relations, 481 role, 563–564 student protest role, 392–394, 394n203 renaissance effects, fang-shou cycle, 379, succession dynamics, 573–576 379n146 support of by Deng Xiaoping, 461, 461n424, as target of PLA criticism, 330 503–504, 514 Zhao Ziyang’s defense of, 432–433 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 Internet access, 531–532, 566, 587 “three represents,” 532, 567–571, 577 twelve critical relationships speech, 517 January Revolution, 190–197, 207, 278 WTO membership role, 559–561, 560n64 Jiang Chunyun, 515, 518, 552 as Zhao Ziyang’s replacement, 461, 461n424, Jiang Qing 470–471 arrest of, 307, 307n250 Jia Qinglin, 552, 567, 572, 574 barring from power of, 286–287 Ji Dengkui, 264, 265, 277, 296, 322, 323 Beidaihe Conference role, 122, 123 Jiefang ribao (Liberation Daily), 483 criticism of by Mao, 287 Jingji ribao (Economic Daily), 546 criticism of Deng Xiaoping’s policies by, 291–292 Kang Hua Development Corporation, 426–427, cultural reform by, 130–136, 239, 294n192 427n331, 464, 464n433 Cultural Revolution role, 152–153, 156–158, Kang Sheng 161, 169, 172, 192, 197, 202, 212, 239, 326 Beidaihe Conference role, 122 516 Group purge role, 214 Chen Yun’s criticism of, 316 Gang of Four arrest role, 305, 306 control of police by, 56n44 Great Leap Forward role, 90–92 Cultural Revolution role, 145, 161, 166, 172, Lin Bao purge role, 265 174, 192, 197, 199, 207 Lushan Conference (1959), 131 decentralization role, 72 as Mao ally, 90 exclusion from Politburo, 75, 132 Pi Lin, pi Kong, 283–286, 283n137 Great Leap Forward role, 90–92 public perceptions of, 300 Lin Bao purge role, 265 relationship with Kang Sheng, 132–136 as Mao ally, 90, 111 relationship with Lin Biao, 130–132, 257, 259 nine polemics, 140 relationship with Wang Hongwen, 286 Pi Lin, pi Kong role, 285 succession issue role, 276 promotion to Politburo alternate, 176 Tiananmen incident role, 300 as radical, 281 Wuhan Incident role, 211 relationship with Jiang Qing, 132–136 Yang Chengwu purge role, 216 relationship with Peng Zhen, 135, 135n36 Zhou Enlai anti-leftist offensive, 279–280, succession issue role, 276 279n122, 280n127 Kang Youwei, 537 Jiang Zemin Ke Qingshi background, 522 Cultural Revolution role, 157 consolidation of leadership by, 548–550 economic reforms support by, 120 Deng Xiaoping’s eulogy, 544–545 labor reforms support by, 102 on development of Marxism, 545–546 relationship with Jiang Qing, 132, 133

662 index

Khrushchev, Nikita. See also Soviet Union Liberation Daily (Jiefang ribao), 483 criticism of communes by, 105 Li Changchun, 552, 574 denunciation of Stalin by, 74, 325–326 Li Chengrui, 477–478 relationship with Peng Dehuai, 104, 105 Li Desheng support of Mao by, 101 as Cultural Revolution beneﬁciary, 277 withdrawal of support by, 110–111, 139–141, as Politburo member, 274, 282 139n40, 141n42 political reform role, fang-shou cycle, 389 Kissinger, Henry, 263 relationship with Hu Yaobang, 375–376 Korean War Lifton, Robert, 143 as impetus for modernization, 30, 36, 38–39 Li Fuchun Mao’s handling of, 13, 13n6, 38 attempted purge of, 224 Peng Dehuai’s role in, 100 on economic development, 44 Kosovo War, 560 February Adverse Current role, 207 Kuai Dafu, 174, 188, 208, 217, 235 516 Group criticism of, 214 Ku Lian (Bai Hua), 348, 348n25 Mao’s policies in support of, 55 policy papers. post-GLF, 114 Labor reforms promotion to Politburo, 76 Cultural Revolution, 171–175, 189–190 Li Guixian, 507 Deng Xiaoping’s policies, 290–291 Li Hongzhi, 564–565 Five-Year Plan (First), 55 Li Jingquan, 102, 283 mutual aid teams (MATs), 57–58, 63 Li Junru, 546 peasant associations, 34–35, 36 Li Keqiang, 593, 595 urban demonstrations against, fang-shou cycle, Li Lanqing, 554, 558–559 417–418, 417nn289–293, 418n296 Li Lisan, 56–57 wages, 421–424, 421n310, 422n312, Lin Biao. See also People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 423n316 attempted coup (571), 265–269, 266n76, worker-peasant system, 159–160 269n85 worker retention, recruitment, 24–25, 40 Beidaihe Conference role, 122 Lai Changxing, 567 Cultural Revolution role, 150, 152–156, Land reforms. See also Ownership reforms 160–164, 168–170, 175, 183, 186–187, consolidation, reconstruction (1949–52), 32, 197, 201–202, 205, 236 33–37, 36n24 death, legacy of, 273–275, 275n110 Deng Xiaoping, 332–333 deﬁance of Mao by, 254–260 landlord land redistribution, 35–37, 36n24 fall of, 252–274 Third Plenum/Eleventh CC, 318 foreign policy, post-Cultural Revolution, Later Ten Points, 136–137 260–263 Leading Group for the Resolution of Triangular Gao-Rao affair role, 49, 50 Debt, 486n70 Great Leap Forward role, 90–92 “Learn from the PLA” Campaign, 156 health issues, 162, 255–256, 255n35 Lee Teng-hui, 541 as Mao’s successor, 135–136, 138–139, 139n39, Lei Feng, 465, 465n437 150, 176, 226, 236, 247, 247n4 Lenin, Vladimir Illyich, 3n9, 29, 467 Ninth Party Congress role, 225, 225n136, 257 Liang Qichao, 537 Order No. 1, 262 Liang Xiang, 464 Pi Lin, pi Kong, 283–286, 283n137 Liao Chengzhi, 343n9, 554 PLA reform by, 125–128, 152–156 Liao Gailong, 403n238 political strategy of, 130, 255, 258–261, Liao Luyan, 62 258n46 Liberation Army News/Liberation Army Daily promotion of, 101, 104, 106–109 bourgeois liberalization, 330 purge of, 201, 263–265 Cultural Revolution criticism, 315, 316 relationship with Chen Boda, 215 pi Lin, pi Kong coverage, 284 relationship with Jiang Qing, 130–132, 257, reform articles, 497 259 reform coverage, 543 relationship with Luo Ruiqing, 128, 162–163

index 663

relationship with Mao, 90, 101, 106, 117, Liu Binyan 129–130, 202, 226, 251–252, 256–260, expulsion from Party of, 399n220 258n46, 263–265 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 370–371 relationship with Peng Dehuai, 113, 129 political reform role (neoauthoritarianism), relationship with Zhou Enlai, 255 428–429 as scapegoat, 326 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 387 13 September Incident, 269–273 Liu Bocheng, 276 Twelfth Plenum role, 224 Liu-Deng program Vietnam War policy, 129 Beidaihe Conference, 121–125, 121n20, Yang Chengwu purge role, 216 122n22, 132, 136 Ling Zhijun, 563 Chen Yun analysis, 119–120, 120n18 Lin Jie, 157, 213 commune decentralization, 113 Lin Liguo, 265–273 economic policy, 113 Lin Liheng, 270–271, 270n92 GLF recovery, 113–114 Lin Ruo, 483 policy group development, 114–116, 115n17 Li Peiyao, 514 policy papers, 114, 115 Li Peng Seven Thousand Cadres Conference (1962), background, 522 116–121, 129 bourgeois liberalization role, 400–401 Tenth Plenum, 121–125, 121n20, 122n22, coastal strategy, 425n323 132, 136 criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 450n395, 470 Xilou Conference, 119–120, 120n18 economic policies generally, 478, 480, Liu Guoguang, 479 535 Liu Huaqing, 502, 504, 552 Government Work Report, 505 Liu Ji, 547, 563, 564 health problems of, 507 Liu Lantao, 176 hunger strike resolution role, 444–446, Liu Qi, 593 445n381, 450 Liu Shaoqi as NPC chairman, 552 APC setup by, 61 political reform role (neoauthoritarianism), attempted ousting of (See Gao Gang) 428–429 background, 3n7, 14 price control policy, 423 on class struggle, 42 promotion to Politburo, 378 Cultural Revolution role, 145, 156, 161, 168, promotion to premier, 404, 506 171–174, 187–189, 198 reform policies generally, 491–492 demotion of, 176, 185 replacement of, 572 dismissal of, 224, 274 resignation of, 442, 515 Great Leap Forward role, 90–92, 99–100 Seventh NPC role, 415 group identity as source of friction, 11–12 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 land reform criticism by, 36 Tiananmen Square justiﬁcation by, 460, Liu-Deng program (See Liu-Deng program) 460n419 opposition to succession of, 90 on Zhao Ziyang case, 471 provision of services policies, 26 Li Qiyan, 517 public criticism of, 205, 208, 224 Li Rui, 359–360 rectiﬁcation campaigns role, 80, 137–138, Li Ruihuan, 471, 486n73 141–143 anti-pornography campaign, 473, 486n73 rehabilitation of, 323, 330 promotion to Politburo, 461, 461n425 relationship with Mao, 47, 75, 100, 161 replacement of, 572 succession of Mao by, 105, 236 student protest role, 393 Liu Xiaobo, 455–456, 458 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 Liu Yandong, 593 Li Shuxian, 457, 458 Liu Zaifu, 379n146 Li Tieying, 404–405, 444 Liu Zhengwei, 516 Little red book. See Quotations from Chairman Mao Liu Zhidan, 132 Zedong Li Weixin, 266

664 index

Li Xiannian conspiracy accusations against, 168–170 attempted purge of, 224 control of police by, 56 Beidaihe Conference role, 124 Cultural Revolution role, 160–164 criticism of Cultural Revolution by, 207 dismissal of, 176, 198, 235 criticism of Gang of Four by, 290 promotion to PLA chief of staff, 109 criticism of Hua Guofeng by, 310–311 public criticism of, 188, 205 criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 432 relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 316 death of, 522, 542 relationship with Lin Biao, 128, 162–163 execution of, 383n165 Lushan Conference (1959), 103–110, 108n11, 516 Group criticism of, 214 131, 208, 251, 537 Gang of Four arrest role, 306, 307 guiding principles policy, 387 MacFarquhar, R., 104, 278n118, 354n45, Mao’s policies in support of, 55 434n353, 444n379 nomination of Jiang Zemin by, 461n424 Ma Ding, 379n146 policy papers. post-GLF, 114 Ma Hong, 477–478 promotion to Politburo, 76 Mainstream (Zhongliu), 538, 571 refusal to retire, 377 Ma Licheng, 563 relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 311 Malraux, Andre,´ 143 retirement of, 404, 414 Mao Yuanxin, 293, 301, 302, 306, 307, 307n250 succession issue role, 276, 308, 325 Mao Zedong Twelfth Party Congress role, 343 ability of, 523 Zhaoist influence rectification drive, 462 on agrarian reform, 34 on Zhao Ziyang case, 471 agricultural cooperativization policy, 13, 57–65, as Zhou Enlai’s successor, 295 60n46, 61n48 Li Ximing anticipations of expansion by, 23 criticism of economic policies by, 484 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 81–85, 94–96, 99 removal from Politburo, 502 attempted assassination of, 265–269, 266n76, student protest role, 439 269n85 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 background, 3n7 Li Xuefeng, 73, 176 changes to internal criticism policy, 108 Li Yuanchao, 593, 595 collectivization policy, 13 Li Zuopeng on the Common Program, 28 coup involvement, 266 consolidation, reconstruction (1949–52)(See role in Lin Biao’s political strategy, 216, 255, Consolidation, reconstruction (1949–52)) 258 crime, corruption under, 365n90 self-criticism, 264 criticism of Soviet Union by, 91 13 September Incident role, 271 Cultural Revolution role (See Cultural Wuhan Incident role, 211 Revolution) Long Marchers, 10 death of, 303–304, 303n231, 304n235 Looking at China through the third eye, 525, 564 democratic centralism adherence, 14–15, 14n7 Louis XVI execution, 1n1 elite solidarity enhancement by, 13–14 Lowenthal, Richard, 533 fifty character policy, 253 Lu Dingyi Gao-Rao affair role, 48, 50, 51 conspiracy accusations against, 168–170 Great Leap Forward (See Great Leap Forward) Cultural Revolution role, 134, 135, 165 health issues, 292–293 dismissal of, 176, 198 Hundred Flowers movement, 13, 54, 77–81, 83 intellectual policy, 69, 151 legacy, 143–146 public criticism of, 188 Lushan Conference (1959), 103–110, 108n11, Lu Keng, 371 131 Luo Gan, 574 on mass organizations, 43 Luo Ronghuan, 128–129 on military rule, 30 Luo Ruiqing modern sector transformation, 58–60, 65–67 background, 145, 162 nine polemics, 140

index 665

policy impacts of, 15 National People’s Congress policy papers. post-GLF, 114 constitutional backing of, 347 rectiﬁcation campaigns, 136–146, economic reforms, 535 141nn42–44 Eighth NPC, 505–507, 543 relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 7, 50, 75, elections 1953–4, 44 111, 151, 289n165, 292–293, 325 Fourth NPC, 254–255 relationship with Lin Biao, 90, 101, 106, 117, Great Leap Forward role, 109 129–130, 202, 226, 251–252, 256–260, martial law repeal, 449, 449nn390–391 258n46, 263–265 Ninth NPC, 555–558 relationship with Peng Dehuai, 11, 89, 100, Seventh NPC, 413–416, 414nn279–280, 104, 113, 251 416n285 retirement, succession, 75 Sixth NPC, 350–352, 351n34, 364 on the Revised Later Ten Points, 138 State Council reforms, 556–557 role of generally, 12–16, 12n5, 13n6, 14n7 Tenth, 572 Seven Thousand Cadres Conference (1962), Naughton, Barry, 478 116–121 Neoauthoritarianism Socialist Education Campaign, 4 fang-shou cycle, 408–410, 414n280, 415, Soviet model adaptations (1956–7), 67–74 428–429, 429n335 Soviet model of socialism under, 3–4, 3n9, 6n2, generally, 341, 508–509 16–19, 39, 45, 52–55, 67–72, 139, 250 Politburo members role in, 428–429 Ten great relationships, 70–71, 84 New Democratic Youth League, 43 13 September Incident, 269–273 Nie Rongzhen Tiananmen incident, 298–303, 299n209, attempted purge of, 201, 216, 224 301n216 Cultural Revolution criticism by, 207 unity of leadership under, 7–16, 7n3, 75, 88 education of, 554 Mao Zedong Thought. See Quotations from Gang of Four, plotting against, 303–304 Chairman Mao Zedong MAC directive, Red Guard arrests, 206 Martial law declarations, 437, 437n360, 443, political alliances, 399n220 445nn390–393, 446–452, 446n384, promotion to Politburo, 176 447nn385–386, 448nn387–389, 470 relationship with Lin Biao, 210, 216 Martyrdom as weapon, 435, 441–446, retirement of, 376n137 441nn371–372, 442n373, 443n375, Twelfth Party Congress role, 343n9 444nn378–379, 445nn381–382 Nie Yuanzi, 133, 171–174, 189 Militarization of politics, 247–252, 247n4, Nixon, Richard, 481, 482 248n5, 250n16, 251n19 Novak, Robert, 320 Military Affairs Commission (MAC) Chinese Communist Party role in, 330–331 Oi, Jean, 511 civilian control of, 332 Olympic Games 2008, 566, 591 Lin Biao’s policies, 125–126 Opium War (ﬁrst), 248 Nie Rongzhen MAC directive, Red Guard Opposing rash advance program, 69–70, 74, 85 arrests, 206 Organic Law, 51 parallel governmental, 340 Outside world relations (Sino-U.S. relations), 469, Military Control Commissions, 29, 30 474, 481–482, 492 Million Heroes, 211, 212 Ownership reforms. See also Land reforms Ming dynasty, 251n19 globalization, 539, 544 Municipal Propaganda Department, landlord land redistribution, 35–37, 36n24 157 post-Tiananmen, 509–510 Mutual aid teams (MATs), 57–58, 63 socialist construction, transformation (1953–6), Mu Xin, 213 63–64

Nanchang uprising, 10 Pan Fusheng, 184 Nanfang ribao (Southern Daily), 483 Peaceful evolution policy, 474, 481, 488–489, Nanjing incident, 298, 300, 317 492–493, 495–496, 501

666 index

Peng Dehuai. See also People’s Liberation Army Sixty Articles on, 115–116 (PLA) People’s Daily. See also Hu Jiwei; Wang Ruoshui Chen Yun’s desire for justice for, 316 Belgrade bombing coverage, 560 fate of, 108–109, 109n13 bourgeois liberalization articles, 487 Gao-Rao affair role, 49, 50 censorship of, 280, 280n127, 371, 432n346, Great Leap Forward role, 99–101 490–491 Hat Rui dismissed from office (Wu Han), 134–135, Central Document No. 2 publication, 496 164–168 Chen Yun’s criticism of Deng Xiaoping, 487 Hundred Regiments campaign, 100, 250n16 class struggle coverage, 292 Lushan Conference role, 104–108, 108n11, corruption coverage, 419, 463 113, 251, 537 criticism of Li Riuhan by, 486n73 PLA modernization by, 76–77, 154 Cultural Revolution criticism, 315, 316 purge of, 89, 129 Deng Liqun class struggle article, 492 rehabilitation of, 113, 116, 118, 124, 134 double hundred policy, 349–350, 350n30 relationship with Khrushchev, 104, 105 economic coverage by, 477–478, 483 relationship with Mao, 11, 89, 100, 104, 113, Hat Rui dismissed from office (Wu Han), 165 251 Mao’s criticism of, 79 ten-thousand-character memorial, 537 on Marxist–Leninist works, 368–369 Peng Zhen Party oversight of, 264 bourgeois liberalization role, 402, 402n235 post-Tiananmen reform coverage, 490–492, on Chinese Communist Party role, 330–331 490n87, 495, 515 conspiracy accusations against, 168–170 reform coverage, 358, 368–369, 543 control of police by, 56 on science, technology, 484 criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 462 scientific development concept, 584 Cultural Revolution role, 145, 151, 164–168 Shenzhen trip coverage, 495–497, 497n114 dismissal of, 176, 198, 205 spiritual pollution campaign role, 356, 357, economic pursuits of, 367n96 490n87 Gao-Rao affair role, 49 student demonstration coverage, 393, 437, 438, guiding principles policy, 387 450 Hu Yaobang resignation role, 398n218 “three represents” coverage, 568, 569 Later Ten Points, 136–137 Yuan Mu article on Deng Xiaoping, 498 Luo Ruiqing affair role, 164 Zhou Enlai memorial incident, 302 modern sector transformation role, 66 People’s Liberation Army (PLA). See also Lin Biao; Party rectification role, 80 Peng Dehuai policy papers. post-GLF, 114 business venture divestiture, 567 political reform role, fang-shou cycle, 389 control of civilian population by, 126–127 public criticism of, 188, 205, 235 Cultural Revolution role, 150, 153–156, 161, refusal to retire, 377, 377n140 163, 169, 190–197, 199–203 relationship with Kang Sheng, 135, Deng’s legitimacy with, 2, 326 135n36 Deng Xiaoping’s policies toward, 290, retirement of, 402, 404 326–332, 340, 373–376 return to Politburo, 322 divisions in, 465, 465n440 Seventh NPC role, 416 early land reforms role, 34 Seven Thousand Cadres Conference (1962), fang-shou cycle reforms, 373–376 117–118 516 Group purge role, 204, 212–215 spiritual pollution attack role, 354, 359 founding, 10 Twelfth Party Congress role, 343n9 Great Leap Forward role, 91 People’s Armed Police, 374, 514 as Mao’s power base, 250–251, 250n16 People’s Bank of China, 508, 508n152, 510, 558 Mao’s vision of, 250 People’s Communes martial law response, 447–449, Cultural Revolution role, 194–196, 205, 238 447nn385–386, 449nn393–394 Great Leap Forward role, 95–96, 95n2, 99, 109, militia’s role in, 154–155 113, 115–116 as model organization, 91, 127, 155–156

index 667

modernization of, 73, 75–77, 125–128, membership of, post-Zhou Enlai, 297 154–155 post-Eleventh Congress membership, 313 morale lifting of, post-GLF, 114 Seventeenth Committee, 591–592 prestige, morale in, 465, 465n438 succession issue role, 276, 308 provincial secretariats, 253–254 Tiananmen Square strategy, 449–452, purge of, 192 450nn395–397, 455 rank abolishment in, 127–128, 375 transparency, accountability trends in, 579–581 rank reinstatement in, 375 Zhaoist influence rectification drive, 462–463 reform of under Lin Biao, 125–128, 152–156 Political reforms reform under Deng Xiaoping, 375–376, fang-shou cycle, 383–387, 384n167, 385n171, 376nn135–137 386n174, 431–433, 432nn345–346, seizure of power by, 199–202 433nn349–350, 463–464 Tiananmen Square (See Tiananmen Square) human rights, 431, 433 Wuhan Incident, 204, 209–212 neoauthoritarianism (See Neoauthoritarianism) People’s Republic of China (PRC) post-Tiananmen generally, 468–469, 468n2, decollectivization in, 3, 3n8 519–521 group identities as source of friction in, 10–12 Political system reconstruction, post-Cultural leadership polarization in, 11 Revolution military control, 2, 2n5 CCP reconstruction, 221–223 modernization success in, 10 central leadership selection, 226–227 nationalism in, 3–4, 3n9 Democracy Wall, 319–322 personality friction among elite in, 11 foreign policy (Sino-American contacts), readiness to rule, 2–3 260–263 revolutionary high tide, length/impact of, 3, Fourth National People’s Congress, 254–255 3n6 Mao’s strategy, 219–223 revolutionary leadership longevity, 1–2, 1n3, Ninth CC Second Plenum, 257–260, 258n46 6–7, 6n2 Ninth Party Congress, 150, 222, 225–228, sixtieth anniversary, 596–599 225n136, 257–261, 261n59 unity of leadership in, 7–16, 7n3 overview, 218–219 Permitted dissent (public opinion emergence), Party constitution, 226, 254–255, 281, 344, 561–564, 562nn57–60 577–578, 593–594 Pi Lin, pi Kong, 283–286, 283n137, 285n145, PLA role in, 220 290 revolutionary committees, 220–221 The Pitfalls of Modernization, 564 state chairmanship proposal, 254–260 PLA Railway Corps, 374 state structure, 254–260 Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). See also Tenth Party Congress, 281–283 specific individual members Third Plenum/Eleventh CC, 314–318, collective leadership image, 594–595 317n279 education levels within, 554, 576–577, Twelfth Plenum, 223–225 591–592 Zhou Enlai anti-leftist offensive, 279–280, enlargement of, 281 279n122, 280n127 Fifteenth Central Committee, 550–555, Politics, militarization of, 247–252, 247n4, 550n43 248n5, 250n16, 251n19 hunger strike resolution role, 443–444, “Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth” 443n375, 444n378, 444n379 (Hu Fuming), 315, 315nn266–268 Hu Yaobang resignation role, 396–398, PRC Belgrade embassy bombing, 560 397n215, 397n218, 398nn216–218 Property rights. See Ownership reforms leadership posts term limitations, 551 Public opinion emergence (permitted dissent), longevity, purging of by Mao, 1–2, 2n4 561–564, 562nn57–60 martial law declarations, 437, 437n360, 443, Pursuit of Truth (Zhenli de zhuiqiu), 538, 556, 563, 445nn390–393, 446–452, 446n384, 571 447nn385–386, 448nn387–389 membership of, 1969–1973, 281–282 Qian Liren, 490n87

668 index

Qian Qichen, 482, 541 fang-shou cycle, 358–360, 359n63 Qiao Shi Liu Shaoqi role, 80, 137–138, 141–143 antiracketeering drive, 426, 426n326 Mao Zedong, 136–146, 141nn42–44 criticism of Yuan Mu by, 498 Qiao Shi role, 384, 384n167 hunger strike resolution role, 444, 449n393, socialist construction, transformation (1953–6), 450 77–81, 79n67 on leftism in CCP, 496 Wang Guangmei role, 137, 174 as NPC head, 506 Wang Zhaogao role, 384, 384n167 political strategy, Party leadership, 517–518 Zhaoist influence, 462–463 price control policy, 422 Zhou Enlai role, 145–146 rectification/anticorruption drive role, 384, Red Army. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 384n167 Red Guards reform policies generally, 518 brutality by, 181, 184 retirement of, 551–552 Cultural Revolution role generally, 178–183, Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 198, 199 Zhaoist influence rectification drive, 462–463 demobilization of, 217–218 Qi Benyu, 133, 157, 165, 216 deportations by, 181 Qin Benli factionalism within, 181–182, 242 dismissal of, 437 516 Group purge role, 204, 212–215 Hu Yaobang’s dismissal, 437n362 ink bottle test, 180–181 Su Shaozhi reform speech, 432 January Revolution, 190–197, 207 Qing dynasty, 248, 250 legacy, 238–239 Qinghua University, 217, 284 limitation of powers of, 206–207, 214 Qing Ming Festival, 298–300, 299n209 Maoist support of, 179, 186–188, 252 Qin Jiwei Mao Zedong Thought (little red book), 154 criticism of by PSC, 451 as opportunity, 182, 229 retirement of, 502 origins of, 160, 179 Thirteen Party Congress role, 405 overview, 149–150 Qin Shihuangdi, 283, 283n137, 285, 301n216 Party establishment reaction to, 183–185 Qin Yongmin, 564 Reforms, post-Tiananmen Qiu Huizuo agriculture, 515 coup involvement, 266 anticorruption drive, 516–517, 516n179 purge of, 273 anti-pornography campaign, 473, 486n73 relationship with Lin Biao, 216, 258 banking system, 510 self-criticism of, 264 center-provinicial conflict, 479–481 Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (little red Central Document No. 2, 496 book, Mao Zedong Thought) conservative policy, 474–476, 475n28, as basis for constitutional reform, 347n23 486–487, 491–492, 519 Deng Xiaoping’s support of, 312, 321, 327, Deng Xiaoping’s strategy, 473–474, 473n18, 334 482–483, 490–494, 491n92, 501 Lin Biao’s use of, 114, 115, 126, 129–130, 132, Document No. 4, 500 251–252 Document No. 6, 508 dominance struggle, 494–497 Rao Shushi. See also Gao Gang double-guarantee system, 477 background, 46 economic, 477–479, 482–484, 492–494, purge of, 7, 11 504–505, 507–510, 508nn151–153, support of Gao by, 48 514–516, 519–520 Rectification campaigns Eighth NPC, 505–507, 543 Bo Yibo role, 354, 384, 384n167 Five Year Plan (Eighth), 479–481 CCP consolidation, 358–360, 359n63 Fourteenth Central Committee, Third Plenary Chen Yun role, 354, 384, 384n167 Session, 509–510 Cultural Revolution work teams, 171–175 Fourteenth Party Congress, 495, 501–504, Deng Xiaoping role, 141–142 534–535

index 669

Government Work Report, 505 Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), intellectual policy, 521 580–581 Leading Group for the Resolution of Triangular Shao Huazi, 490n87 Debt, 486n70 Shekou storm, 419n303 new generation leadership challenges, 522–523 Shen Daren, 513 outside world relations (Sino-U.S. relations), Shougang (Capital Iron and Steel), 499, 516 469, 474, 481–482, 492 Shuihu zhuan, 292 overview, 468–469, 468n2, 514, 518–519, Sino-Japanese War, 12, 537 523–525 Sino-U.S. relations, 260–263, 457, 469, 474, ownership reform (property rights), 509–510 481–482, 492 Party divisions, factionalization, 472, 472n15, Sixteen Point Decision, 177–178, 182 475, 494–501, 519, 521–522 Sixty Articles on Education, 114, 115 peaceful evolution policy, 474, 481, 488–489, Sixty Articles on People’s Communes, 115–116 492, 493, 495, 496, 501 Socialist construction, transformation (1953–6) political, 519–521 adaptations (1956–7), 67–74 productive forces theory, 472, 472n14 agricultural cooperativization, 57–65, 60n46, retrenchment, 477–478, 535, 542 61n48 science, technology, 484–485 Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives (APCs), setbacks in, 487–489, 488n78 58–65, 69, 72 Shenzhen tour, 492–494, 496–497, 502 agricultural production boost, 67 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 492–493, 499 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 81–85, 94–96, 99, State Council Production Commission, 231 476–477, 486 autonomy principle, 53, 54, 55 State Economic and Trade Commission, 486, bureaucratism, 77–78 557 CCP resources, 42–43 State Planning Commission (SPC), 477, 479, constitutional, institutional pattern, 51–57 480n45, 486, 503n139, 506–507 counterrevolutionary campaigns, 61–63, 65 taxation, 511–513 economic development, 43–44, 54–55, 58–60, Thirteenth Central Committee Fourth Plenary 64–67, 70–74 Session, 471 education reforms, 73 Ren Jianxin, 517–518 Eighth Party Congress (See Eighth Party Renmin ribao. See People’s Daily Congress) Ren Wanding, 431, 458, 458n415 Gao–Rao affair (See Gao Gang) Renzong, 537 Great Leap Forward (See Great Leap Forward) Retrenchment policy, 477–478, 535, 542 Hundred Flowers movement, 13, 54, 77–81, Revised Later Ten Points, 137–138 83, 94 Revolutionary committees, 196, 202–204, 217, imperial policy, 52–53 220–221, 253, 253n28 industrial development, 58–60, 65–67, 70–74 “River Elegy” (“Heshang”), 420–421, 421n309 intellectual policy, 68–69, 77–81, 83, 94 Rosen, Stanley, 560n60 land reforms, 63–64 Rui Xingwen, 471 Mao’s role in, 42 Ru Xin, 348 mass organizations, 43 military professionalization measures, 44 Science, technology reforms post-Tiananmen, modern sector transformation, 65–67 484–485 mutual aid teams (MATs), 57–58, 63 Scientiﬁc development concept (Hu Jintao), New Democratic Youth League, 43 582–585, 593–594 one-man management, 72–73 Scowcroft, Brent, 482 opposing rash advance program, 69–70, 74, 85 Seeking Truth (Qiushi), 411, 568 Organic Law, 51 Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi, 126 overview, 41–45, 85–86 Seven Thousand Cadres Conference (1962), Party rectiﬁcation, 77–81, 79n67 116–121, 129 planned development initiatives, 43–45 Seventy Articles on Industry (Bo Yibo), 114, 115 political, legal departments, 55–56, 56n44

670 index

Socialist construction, transformation (cont.) Deng Pufang, 356n54 political control, 43 Deng Xiaoping, 356–357, 356n54 regularization, centralization initiatives, 44–45, Hu Yaobang, 356–357 52–56 Peng Zhen, 354, 359 right to secede, 52, 53 People’s Daily, 356, 357, 490n87 sectarianism, 78 socialist spiritual civilization era, 352–357, state chairman creation, 52 354n45, 355nn47–48, 356n51, 356n54 subjectivism, 77 Wang Zhen, 354, 359 taxation, 42, 48 Zhao Ziyang, 356, 484 transmission belts, 56 Stalin, Joseph, 1n3, 2–3, 2n5, 14, 54, 74 union’s role, 56–57 State Assets Supervision and Administration Socialist Education Campaign, 4, 137–138 Commission, 558 Socialist spiritual civilization State Council Production Commission, 476–477, anticrime campaign, 351–352, 351n34, 486 352n36 State Economic and Trade Commission, 486, 557 civil liberties reform, 347 State Planning Commission (SPC), 44, 130, 477, constitutional reform, socialist legality, 479, 480n45, 486, 503n139, 506–507 346–348, 347nn20–23 Student movement. See also Tiananmen Square government reform, 347 demonstrations, 380–381, 381nn154–157, humanism/spiritual pollution, combating, 430, 433–437, 434nn352–353, 352–357, 354n45, 355nn47–48, 356n51, 435nn354–356 356n54 leadership’s response to, 394–396, overview, 345–346, 346nn17–18 394nn203–204, 395nn205–207, 437–446, Sixth NPC, 350–352, 351n34, 364 441nn371–372, 442n373, 443n375, socialist humanism, 348–350, 348nn24–26 444nn378–379, 445nn381–382 Song Ping overview, 390–394, 391n196, 392n197, criticism of Li Riuhan by, 486n73 393nn199–200, 436–441, 439n366, on leftism in CCP, 496 440n369, 466 promotion to Politburo, 403, 471 Sun Changjiang, 500 removal from Politburo, 502 Sun Yat-sen, 27, 237, 250, 491 Song Renqiong, 176, 376n137 Sun Yuguo, 261n59 Southern Daily (Nanfang ribao), 483 Su Shaozhi Soviet Union. See also Gorbachev, Mikhail; criticism of Hu Qiaomu by, 429 Khrushchev, Nikita criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 429 abortive coup in, 489–492, 490n87, 491n92 decennial reform conference, 429, 429n337 agricultural cooperativization in, 58, 60, 63–64 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 368–369 collapse of, 539 political reform role (neoauthoritarianism), collectivization in, 3, 3n6, 3n9 428–429 decentralization in, 72 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 387 inﬂuence of on Chinese modernization, 3–4, reform speech, 429–430, 432 3n9, 6n2, 16–19, 29, 45, 52–55, 60, 67–72, resignation of, 399n220 139–140, 139n40, 250 social humanism support by, 349, 350 Mao’s analysis of, 231–232 Su Xiaokang, 458, 458n415 patriotism in, 3n9 revolution longevity, 1n1, 1n3, 2n5, 3n6 Taiping Rebellion, 148 tensions with China, post-Cultural Revolution, Taiwan, 19 260–263 Taiwan Strait crisis, 528, 541 withdrawal of aid by, 89, 104, 110–111, 140 Tan Qilong, 77 Spechler, Dina, 562n59 Tan Shaowen, 483–484 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 492–493, 499 Tan Wenrui, 490n87 Spiritual pollution campaign roles Tan Zheng, 73 Chen Yun, 354, 359 Tan Zhenlin, 109, 207, 208, 224, 283, 316–317 Deng Liqun, 355–356, 357 Tao Zhu, 157, 176–177, 185, 188, 192, 198, 316

index 671

Taxation reforms Ulanfu, 377n139, 554 agricultural tax abolishment, 586 U.S.-Sino relations, 260–263, 457, 469, 474, Bo Yibo’s policy, 42, 48, 87 481–482, 492 post-Tiananmen, 511–513 Teiwes, Frederick, 233 Vietnam Communist revolution longevity, 1n1 Ten great relationships, 70–71, 84 Vietnam War policy, 128–130, 162–163, 321 Ten-thousand-character memorials, 536–540, Voice of America (VOA), 447n386 537n15, 563, 571 Ten-Year Plan, 313–314, 318 Walder, Andrew, 189, 195 13 September Incident, 269–273 Wang Anshi, 537 Three Antis Campaign, 33, 37–41, 38n25, 65 Wang Baosen, 517 “Three represents,” 532, 567–571, 577 Wang Dan Tiananmen Square arrest of, 458, 458n415 arrests, detentions, 451–452, 452n401, 457, hunger strike resolution role, 444–445 458, 458n415 Wang Dongxing death statistics, 452–453, 457 background, 145, 273–274 evacuation of, 455–457, 457n410 as Cultural Revolution beneﬁciary, 277 Gang of Four incident, 298–303, 299n209, dismissal of, 317, 322 301n216, 310, 316–317, 319 as political ally, 122, 297 Goddess of Democracy statue, 451, 457 relationship with Chen Boda, 259 government provocation, 453, 453n405 Wang Guangmei, 137, 174 government self-justiﬁcation, 459–463, Wang Hongwen 459n417, 460n419 arrest of, 307 hunger strike, 441–446, 441nn371–372, attempt to discredit Deng Xiaoping, 288–289 442n373, 443n375, 444nn378–379, Gang of Four arrest role, 305, 306 445nn381–382 incompetence of, 286, 286n155, 290, 296n197 legacy, 472 as Mao successor, 278, 278n118 massacre, 2, 3n8, 340, 406, 455–457, 455n407, Pi Lin, pi Kong role, 285 456n409, 459n417 political allies of, 296 massacre, catalysts for, 452–454, as radical, 281 452nn401–403, 453nn404–405, 454n406 relationship with Chen Boda, 259 Politburo strategy, 449–452, 450nn395–397, self-criticism by, 290 455 Tenth Party Congress role, 281–283 random shooting of civilians, 454, 457 Wang Hui, 563–564 reopening of, 466 Wang Jiye, 477–478 trials, executions, 458–459, 459n416 Wang Juntao, 458, 458n415 Tian Jiyun Wang Li, 211–213 denial of Politburo seat to, 503 Wang Meng, 500 promotion to vice-premier, 485n66 Wang Renzhi reform lectures by, 498–499 criticism of bourgeois liberalization by, relationship with Qiao Shi, 518 475–476 Tibet criticism of Li Riuhan by, 486n73 Chinese policy criticism, 433, 433n350 Hongqi (Red Flag) support by, 411 human rights violations in, 433n350 promotion to Party propaganda chief, 399n220 occupation of, 19 Su Shaozhi’s speech publication, 429 rebellion, 54, 103 Wang Renzhong, 522 revolutionary committees in, 220–221 Wang Ruoshui use of force in, 587 alienation-humanism debate role, 348–350, Treaty of Shimonoseki, 537 379n146 Trotsky, Leon, 2n5 criticism of leftism by, 500 Twelve Articles of Peoples Communes, 113 decennial reform conference, 429, 429n337 Twenty-three Articles (Mao), 138, 176 dismissal of, 357 Two whatevers, 310–312, 315–317, 324 public criticism of, 356

672 index

Wang Ruowang World Trade Organization membership, 528, 529, criticism of by Deng Xiaoping, 395 555, 558–561, 559n53, 560n54 expulsion from Party of, 399n220 Wu Bangguo, 515, 552–553, 572, 574 Marxism-capitalism debate role, 371 Wu De political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 387 as Cultural Revolution beneficiary, 283 Wang Shun, 564 dismissal of, 319, 322 Wang Yang, 593 as political ally, 297 Wang Youcai, 564 promotion to Politburo, 278 Wang Zhaogao, 384, 384n167 Tiananmen incident role, 300, 302, 319 Wang Zhen Wu’er Kaixi criticism of Hua Guofeng by, 310 arrest of, 458 criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 432, 462 escape from China by, 458n415 death of, 542 hunger strike resolution role, 345n382, Gang of Four, plotting against, 303–304 444–445 political reform role, fang-shou cycle, 389 student protest role, 439 promotion to Politburo, 317 Wu Faxian, 216, 255 reform policies generally, 492 coup involvement, 266 retirement of, 376n137, 404 Ninth CC Second Plenum role, 258–260 Seventh NPC role, 414, 414n279 purge of, 273 spiritual pollution attack role, 354, 359 relationship with Zhang Chunqiao, 259 student movement response, 394, 394n204 self-criticism by, 264 Twelfth Party Congress role, 343n9 13 September Incident role, 271, 272 Wan Li Wu Guanzheng, 484, 574 background, 3n8 Wu Han, 134–135, 164–168, 235 martial law declaration role, 449, 450–451 Wuhan Incident, 204, 209–212 as NPC SC chairman, 414 Wu Jinglian, 508, 546–547 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 386 Wu Xueqian, 485n66, 502 retirement of, 502, 505–506 Wu Yi, 572 on soft science research, 562n57 Wu Zhipu, 102 support of Deng Xiaoping by, 496 Wu Zuguang, 500 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 Tiananmen Square justification by, 460, Xiao Rong, 513–514 460n419 Xie Fuzhi Wan Runnan background, 145 arrest of, 458 CCP reconstruction role, 222 escape from China by, 458n415 death of, 276 financial support for demonstrations by, February Adverse Current role, 207 448n388 promotion of to Politburo, 176 Wei Guoqing Wuhan Incident role, 211–212 control of armed forces by, 302 Yang Chengwu purge role, 216 dismissal of, 330 Xie Jingyi, 284, 285, 294 Mao cult preservation, 310 Xi Jinping, 593, 595–596 retirement of, 376n137 Xilou Conference, 119–120, 120n18 Wei Jianxing, 518 Xing Bensi, 543–544 Wei Jingsheng, 322, 395, 431 Xinhua News Service, 490, 568, 579, 581, Wenhui bao, 82 584–585, 590 Wen Jiabao, 461n423, 552–553, 572, 573, 578, Xin quanwei zhuyi. See Neoauthoritarianism 580, 584, 586, 592 Xi Zhongxun, 124, 132, 404 Wen Wei Po, 582 Xu Qinxian, 449n394 Whampoa Military Academy, 250 Xu Shiyou, 274, 277, 302, 310, 330 Wilson, Ian, 402n233 Xu Wenli, 564 Worker-peasant system, 159–160 Xu Xiangqian World Economic Herald reorganization, 437 Cultural Revolution role, 201, 206, 207

index 673

education of, 554 CCP reconstruction role, 222 promotion to Politburo, 176 criticism of Deng Xiaoping’s policies by, 292 relationship with Lin Biao, 201, 216 Cultural Revolution role, 157, 165–167, 195, Twelfth Party Congress role, 343n9 218 Gang of Four arrest role, 305 Yang Baibing, 406, 464n435, 503 Hat Rui dismissed from ofﬁce (Wu Han), 134–135, Yang Chengwu, 164, 211, 215–217, 220, 235 235 Yang Dezhi Lin Bao purge role, 265 in PLA reform under Deng Xiaoping, 374, as Mao favorite, 256 376n137 Mao’s implied support of, 292 refusal to retire, 377 Pi Lin, pi Kong role, 285 retirement of, 404 political ties, 256–257 Twelfth Party Congress role, 343n9 succession issue role, 276 Yang Dezhong, 514 Tenth Party Congress role, 281–283 Yang Rudai, 502 Zhou Enlai anti-leftist offensive, 279–280, Yang Shangkun 279n122, 280n127 conspiracy accusations against, 168–170 Yao Yilin criticism of Zhao Ziyang by, 450n395 bourgeois liberalization role, 401 dismissal of, 145, 176 Chen Yun support for, 461n424 education of, 554 coastal strategy, 425n323 as MAC vice-chairman, 406 criticism of Zhu Rongji by, 504 neijin, waisong role, 464–466, 464n435 death of, 542 in PLA reform under Deng Xiaoping, 376n137 on leftism in CCP, 496 public criticism of, 188 political reform role (neoauthoritarianism), reform policies generally, 491, 491n92, 496 428–429 refusal to retire, 377 promotion to Politburo, 403 retirement of, 502 promotion to vice-premier, 485n66 Seventh NPC role, 414 removal from Politburo, 226, 502 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404 Thirteenth Congress role, 402, 402n234, 404 Zhao Ziyang role generally, 470 Tiananmen Square demonstration role, 450 Ye Jianying on Zhao Ziyang proposals, 442, 442n373 attempted purge of, 224 Yang Xianzhens, 133 criticism of Gang of Four by, 290 Yan Jianhong, 516 criticism of Hua Guofeng by, 310–311, 324, Yan Jiaqi 324n303 arrest of, 458 on Cultural Revolution, 229 bourgeois liberalization role, 403n238 Cultural Revolution role, 163, 201, 205–207, critique of Chinese political system by, 385 235 escape from China by, 458n415 Gang of Four, plotting against, 303–304 exoneration of, 402–403 Gang of Four arrest role, 306, 307 as forbidden to publish, 432n346 investigation of Chen Boda by, 263–264 political reform role (neoauthoritarianism), investigation of Lin Bao by, 273 428–429 memorial, vandalization of, 420 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 387 as moderate, 282 Yan Mingfu promotion of to Politburo, 176 denial of Politburo seat to, 503 relationship with Deng Xiaoping, 311, 316, hunger strike resolution role, 443, 444–445 330 removal from Politburo, 471 relationship with Liu Shaoqi, 330 student protest role, 439 replacement of on MAC, 296 Yan Tongmao, 449n394 retirement of, 376n137, 377 Yao Dengshan, 213 succession issue role, 276, 308, 325, 325n305 Yao Wenyuan Twelfth Party Congress role, 343 arrest of, 307, 307n250 as Zhou Enlai’s successor, 295

674 index

Yeltsin, Boris, 489 Zhao Zhihao, 480 Ye Qun, 216, 255, 258, 270–272 Zhao Ziyang Ye Xuanping, 420, 480–481 antiracketeering drive, 426 You Ji, 402n233 background, 3n8 You Kexi, 514 bourgeois liberalization role, 401–403, Youth movement, fang-shou cycle, 359–360, 403n238 376–378, 377nn138–142, 378n143, coastal strategy, 425n323 390–394, 391n196, 392n197, crime, corruption policies, 367n96 393nn199–200. See also Student movement as Deng Xiaoping’s successor, 339, 406 Yuan Hongbing, 500 dismissal of, 342, 450, 461n424 Yuanhua Corporation, 567 economic reform policy, 358, 358n60 Yuan Mu election to Politburo, 313, 322–323 article on Deng Xiaoping, 498 fall of, 424, 424n319, 429 student protest role, 439 fang–shou cycle (See Fang-shou cycle) “three represents” article, 571 handling of case by Party, 469–472, 470nn4–5, on Zhao Ziyang case, 471 472nn12–15 Yuan Shikai, 248–250 hunger strike resolution role, 442–446, Yu Guangyuan, 399n220, 429, 429n337 442n373, 444n378 Yu Haocheng, 387, 428–429, 458, 458n415 as implied criticism of Deng Xiaoping, Yu Qiuli, 130, 207, 214, 404 470–472 Yu Shuo, 457n410 legitimacy of as successor, 328 Yu Xinye, 266, 267 as MAC chairman, 331 neoauthoritarianism policy, 408–410, 414n280, Zeng Qinghong, 552–553, 572, 574, 592–593 415, 428–429, 429n335 Zhang Baifa, 390 policies generally, 341, 364, 470n4 Zhang Chunqiao political gain consolidation, 411–412, appointment to MAC, 264 411n267 arrest of, 307 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 384, CCP reconstruction role, 222 431–433, 432nn345–346, 433nn349–350 as Cultural Revolution beneﬁciary, 199 primary stage of socialism, 407–408, Cultural Revolution role, 133–135, 157, 188, 408nn258–260 189, 191, 195, 326 promotion to Politburo, 378 516 Group purge role, 204, 212–215 purge of, 460–462, 461n422 Gang of Four arrest role, 306 resignation of, 432, 432n345, 446 as Lin Bao’s successor, 256 Seventh NPC role, 415 Mao’s implied support of, 292 Sixth NPC role, 350–351, 351n34 Ninth CC Second Plenum role, 258–259 spiritual pollution campaign role, 356, 484 political allies of, 256–257, 296 Su Shaozhi reform speech, 429–430, 432 as radical, 281 Thirteen Party Congress role, 404–405, 506 relationship with Wang Hongwen, 286 Zhenbao (Damansky) Island, 260–261, 261n59 relationship with Wu Faxian, 259 Zheng Bijian, 569 succession issue role, 276, 289n165 Zhou Beifang, 516 Tenth Party Congress role, 281–283 Zhou Dou, 456, 458n415 Zhou Enlai anti-leftist offensive, 279–280, Zhou Enlai 279n122, 280n127 agricultural production boost, 67 as Zhou Enlai’s successor, 295 anticipations of expansion by, 23 Zhang Linzhi, 205 anti-leftist offensive, 279–280, 279n122, Zhang Tingfa, 377n139 280n127 Zhang Wannian, 552 attempted ousting of (See Gao Gang) Zhang Wentian, 75, 104–108 background, 14 Zhang Yufeng, 293 Beidaihe Conference role, 122 Zhang Zhen, 504, 552 as Central Finance and Economics Small Group Zhang Zhuoyuan, 477–478 head, 120

index 675

on the Common Program, 28 Zhou Yuchi, 266–268 Cultural Revolution role, 165, 168, 172, 177, Zhu De 193, 197–199, 207, 235 background, 3n7, 14 death of, 293–296, 298 death of, 303 in foreign policy, 15, 128 public criticism of, 205 Great Leap Forward role, 99–100 as radical, 281 group identities as source of friction in, 11–12 role at Beidaihe Conference, 122 intellectual policy, 69 succession issue role, 276 Lin Bao purge role, 264, 265 Zhu Houze Mao’s policies in support of, 55 dismissal of, 399, 399n220 as Mao successor, 277, 277n116, 289n165 political reforms, fang–shou cycle, 386–387 as moderate, 282 promotion of, 372 Ninth CC Second Plenum role, 258 Zhu Rongji Ninth Party Congress role, 225n136 center-provincial conﬂict role, 480–481 opposing rash advance program, 69–70, 74 Document No. 4, 500 Pi Lin, pi Kong role, 285–286, 285n145 economic policy generally, 504–505, 507–509, popularity of, 298–300, 299n209 508nn151–153, 535, 536 public criticisms of, 209 neoauthoritarianism policy, 508–509 public perceptions of, 294–295 promotion to Politburo, 502 rectiﬁcation campaign role, 145–146 promotion to premier, 552 relationship with Lin Biao, 255 promotion to vice-premier, 485–486, 485n66 relationship with Mao, 47 publication of Deng Xiaoping’s articles by, 483 Seven Thousand Cadres Conference (1962), 117 support of by Deng Xiaoping, 499, 501 succession issue role, 276 taxation reforms, post-Tiananmen, 512–513 13 September Incident role, 271–273, triangular debt policies, 485–486, 485n69, 272n172 486n70 Wuhan Incident role, 204, 209–212 WTO membership role, 559–561 Zhou Guanwu, 499 Zhu Xiaohua, 508 Zhou Rongjii, 515 Zhu Yuanzhang, 251n19 Zhou Rongxin, 294 Zou Jiahua Zhou Xiaozhou, 109 on economic policy, 479–480 Zhou Yang, 349, 356, 356n51 promotion to vice-premier, 485, 485n66, 507 Zhou Yibing, 449n394 triangular debt resolution role, 486n70