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Science in Movements This book analyzes and compares the origins, evolutionary patterns and consequences of different science and technology controversies in China, including hydropower resistance, disputes surrounding genetically modified organisms and the nuclear power debate. The examination combines social movement theories, communication studies, and science and technology studies. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the book provides an insight into the interwoven relationship between social and political controls and knowledge monopoly, and looks into a central issue neglected by previous science communication studies: why have different con- troversies shown divergent patterns despite similar social and political contexts? It is revealed that the media environment, political opportunity structures, knowledge-control regimes and activists’ strategies have jointly triggered, nur- tured and sustained these controversies and led to the development of different patterns. Based on these observations, the author also discusses the significance of science communication studies in promoting China’ssocialtransformation and further explores the feasible approach to a more generic framework to understand science controversies across the world. The book will be of value to academics of science communication, science and technology studies, political science studies and sociology, as well as general readers interested in China’s science controversies and social movements. Hepeng Jia is a professor of communication at Soochow University, Suzhou, China. He has worked as a leading science journalist for 20 years and is also a pioneering researcher in the field of science journalism and communication in China. Chinese Perspectives on Journalism and Communication Series Editor: Wenshan Jia is a professor of communication at Shandong University and Chapman University. With the increasing impact of China on global affairs, Chinese perspectives on journalism and communication are on the growing global demand. This series focuses on theory and research-oriented scholarship on journalism and communication broadly defined from Chinese perspectives, aided by a variety of methods, and informed by indigenous, interdisciplinary, intercultural or global approaches. Titles in this series currently include: From Cyber-Nationalism to Fandom Nationalism The Case of Diba Expedition in China Hailong Liu ed. Propaganda Ideas, Discourses and its Legitimization Hailong Liu Convergent Journalism Chinese Approaches Woody Bing Liu Chinese Internet Buzzwords Research on Network Languages in Internet Group Communication Zhou Yan Science in Movements Knowledge Control and Social Contestation in China’s Hydropower, GMO and Nuclear Controversies Hepeng Jia For more information, please visit https://www.routledge.com/Chinese-Perspec- tives-on-Journalism-and-Communication-Series/book-series/CPJC Science in Movements Knowledge Control and Social Contestation in China’s Hydropower, GMO and Nuclear Controversies Hepeng Jia First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Hepeng Jia The right of Hepeng Jia to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. The publication of this open access book is funded by Soochow University. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Jia, Hepeng, 1972- author. Title: Science in movements : knowledge control and social contestation in China’s hydropower, GMO and nuclear controversies / Hepeng Jia. Other titles: When science controversies encounter political opportunities Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Series: China perspectives | Revision of author’s dissertation (doctoral)--Cornell University, 2019, titled When science controversies encounter political opportunities : comparing GMO, hydropower and nuclear power contentions in contemporary China. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021006436 (print) | LCCN 2021006437 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367749095 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367765293 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003160212 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Communication in science--China. | Science and state--China. | Science--Social aspects--China. | Social movements--China. Classification: LCC Q223 .J52 2022 (print) | LCC Q223 (ebook) | DDC 306.4/509510905--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021006436 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021006437 ISBN: 978-0-367-74909-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-76529-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-16021-2 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003160212 Typeset in Times New Roman by Taylor & Francis Books To Haiyan, Jay and Daniel. Contents List of illustrations viii Acknowledgements x List of abbreviations xii 1 Science controversies encounter political opportunities 1 2 Research method and data 19 3 Science controversies in transitional China 36 4 Hydropower, fragmentation and knowledge-making 66 5 GMO controversy: How orthodox science lost control 101 6 The nuclear power debate in a narrow political opportunity structure 135 7 Why are science controversies so different? 168 8 Synergy of different theoretical traditions in a comparative lens 184 9 Conclusion 188 Appendix 192 References 202 Index 226 Illustrations Figures 1.1 The intersecting elements of social movements 8 4.1 Hydropower reporting by the four sampled Chinese media (1980–2017) 72 4.2 High-impact BBS posts focused on hydropower (2003–2017) 79 4.3 Google search trends (2004–2018) 79 4.4 Combined hydropower reporting by four sample Chinese media (2004–2017) 79 5.1 Number of the four sampled media’s combined articles on GMO in China (1995–2016) 106 5.2 Attitude of sampled media articles to GMOs in China 1995–2016 109 5.3 Percentage of sampled media articles adverse to GMOs in China 1995–2016 110 5.4 Baidu media index of GMOs in China (2011–2018) 110 5.5 Baidu search index for GMOs in China (2011–2018) 111 5.6 Google search index for GMOs in China (2004–2018) 111 5.7 High-impact BBS posts on Tianya (2003–2017) 112 5.8 Political opportunity structure, framing and mobilization in China’s anti-GMO activism 128 6.1 Number of the sampled media articles on nuclear power in China (2000–2017) 140 6.2 Combined four sampled Chinese media nuclear power articles (2010–2017) 147 6.3 Chinese media articles mentioning nuclear power searched through Baidu Index (2011.01–2019.01) 148 6.4 Baidu users’ online search of the keyword “nuclear power” (2011–2018) 149 6.5 Google Trend showing the online search of the keyword “nuclear power” (in Chinese and China) (2004.01–2019.01) 149 List of illustrations ix 6.6 The frequency of high-impact BBS posts on “nuclear power” (in Chinese) on Tianya.com (2003–2017) 150 6.7 Narrow political opportunity structure, unfriendly framing and low mobilization for China’s anti-nuclear activism 156 Tables 1.1 Characteristics of hydropower, nuclear power and GMO, and controversies surrounding them 14 2.1 Downloaded media articles and their publishing time 22 2.2 Mass media theme coding of the three studied subjects 31 4.1 SW’s hydropower articles between 2000 and 2017 and their attitudes 73 4.2 XEN’s hydropower articles between 2002 and 2017 and their attitudes 74 4.3 PD’s hydropower articles between 2000 and 2017 and their attitudes 75 4.4 The main themes of SW and XEN’s hydropower articles 76 4.5 Some of CPPCC or NPC’s actions against hydropower since 2003 85 4.6 Hydropower controversies through the lens of social movement theories 88 4.7 Themes of the People’s Daily hydropower articles between 1980–1999 92 4.8 Main themes of the four sampled media’s hydropower articles, article attitude, visibility of controversies and their percentage 95 4.9 Noticeable public intellectuals against hydropower (excluding ENGO members) 97 5.1 Main themes, article attitude, visibility and percentage of coverage of the four sampled media’s GMO articles 107 5.2 Analysis of Cui Yongyuan’s recent anti-GMO tweets (12/20/2018– 01/06/2019) 114 5.3 Major GMO controversial events in China in recent years 119 6.1 XEN’s nuclear power coverage (2002–2017) 141 6.2 People’s Daily nuclear power coverage (2000–2017) 142 6.3 China Science Daily nuclear power coverage (2007–2017) 142 6.4 Southern Weekend nuclear power coverage (2002–2017) 143 6.5 Main themes of the sampled media articles on nuclear power in China (2000–2017) 145 7.1 Different patterns of hydropower, GMOs and nuclear power controversies 181 Acknowledgements This book is based on my doctoral dissertation resulting from a challenging 7-year academic journey. For the journey, I am so lucky to have worked with my advisor and committee chair Professor Bruce Lewenstein, who has offered everything needed to allow me to start a new era in my academic life. I started my doctoral studies at a time when I had achieved a certain level of professional excellence as a science journalist. However, professional excellence soon proved to be a significant burden to my academic pursuit. A thriving science journalism career had made me focus on analyzing specific sociopolitical factors for my news stories while an academic career forced me to pursue cross-cultural generalizability. This tension is particularly true in American communication scholarship, where the Chinese landscape has always been dimmed. For the first two years of my doctoral studies, I struggled between the objectives. In the situation, I should say special thanks to Professor Lewenstein, who was always generous in sharing his instructions and insights with me. As a result, I gradually marched to a clearly-tasked, yet balanced zone for academic research.
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