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Think Tanks in the United States and in China History and Contemporary Roles of Policy Research Institutes in Two 'Major Powers'

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Think Tanks in the United States and in China History and Contemporary Roles of Policy Research Institutes in Two 'Major Powers' Scuola in Relazioni Internazionali, c/o Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Culturali Comparati Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Comparative International Relations Tesi di Laurea Think tanks in the United States and in China History and contemporary roles of Policy Research Institutes in two 'major powers' Relatore Ch. Prof. Roberto Peruzzi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Duccio Basosi Laureanda Giulia Tibaldo Matricola 825362 Anno Accademico 2012 / 2013 INDEX INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................p. 5 1. IDEAS AND PUBLIC POLICY: THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENTS OF AMERICAN THINK TANKS FROM EARLY EXPERTS TO THE LATE 1980S...................................................................................................................p. 10 1.1. Ideas and Public Policy. Introduction.......................................................................p. 10 1.1.1. Various kinds of ideas within the Public Policy arena................................p. 10 1.1.2. The decision making process in the domestic and in the foreign policy domain: the greater difficulty of the International Sphere..........................p. 15 1.2. Epistemic Communities.............................................................................................p. 18 1.3. Knowledge and Power, Knowledge and Ambition: An historical reconstruction of the role of the Expert..................................................................................................p. 21 1.4. Think tanks and how to study them: Controversial Definitions and Methods.....p. 25 1.4.1. Definitions of think tanks...........................................................................p. 27 1.4.2. The relatively limited study on think tanks................................................p. 29 1.4.3. Permanent features of think tanks...............................................................p. 30 1.5. An overview on the development of North American think tanks.........................p. 33 1.5.1. The Early Experts-Amateurs......................................................................p. 34 1.5.2. Two competing metaphors: Experts-Doctors and Experts-Engineers........p. 35 1.5.3. Think tanks in times of crisis: World War I................................................p. 40 1.5.4. Early think tanks' categorizations: Studentless-universities and Contract Research organizations...............................................................................p. 41 1.5.5. From Brain Trusts to Policy Advocates......................................................p. 49 1 1.6. On the eve of the Second World War........................................................................p. 52 1.6.1. Action Intellectuals, Bureaucratic Intellectuals, Technicians of means.....p. 56 1.6.2. Toward the birth of a third think tank type: the route from a disoriented Liberalism to Conservatism........................................................................p. 59 1.6.3. The Urban Institute, the Hudson Institute, and the Institute for Policy Studies: Three responses to the disillusionment, three mirrors of the Liberalism crisis 1.7. The conservative revival: construction of an intellectual establishment as a primary mission.........................................................................................................................p. 65 1.7.1. The institutional mission of the American Enterprise Institute: becoming a conservative Brookings..............................................................................p. 66 1.7.2. The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace: a “home and shelter” for conservative academics.........................................................................p. 68 1.8. Think tanks' entrance in the marketplace of ideas.................................................p. 70 1.8.1. A winner in the race for the best seller book: the Heritage Foundation.....p. 71 2. THINK TANKS IN CHINA.....................................................................................p. 75 2.1. Cultural divergences and reflections on the different approaches to think tank studies…......................................................................................................................p. 76 2.2. They call them think tanks in the United States. What about China?..................p. 79 2.3. Alternative categorizations of Chinese think tanks.................................................p. 81 2.3.1. A first categorization option by Zhu Xufeng: official research institutes, semi- official think tanks, and civilian think tanks...............................................p. 82 2.3.2. A second categorization option: the model by Xuanli Liao.......................p. 85 2.4. The study of Chinese think tanks..............................................................................p. 88 2.4.1. The difficulty deriving from the limited availability of research material and 2 official data.................................................................................................p. 88 2.4.2. How did think tanks make their appearance in the one-party dominated China? Domestic and international factors that have allowed think tanks into the policy making process..........................................................................p. 89 2.5. The evolution of Chinese think tanks from an historical perspective...................p. 92 2.5.1. The first generation think tanks: 1949-1977...............................................p. 92 2.5.2. The broker function of the intellectuals' salons..........................................p. 99 2.5.3. The second generation think tanks: 1978-late 1980s................................p. 100 2.5.4. New opportunities for think tanks as a result of a more pluralized political leadership..................................................................................................p. 102 2.5.5. The remaining seeds of an authoritarian leadership.................................p. 106 2.5.6. A bivalent attitude of intellectuals toward the power elite.......................p. 108 2.6. An overview of the think tanks environment.........................................................p. 110 2.6.1. The origins of specialized academies think tanks: the CASS...................p. 110 2.6.2. The Development Research Center (DRC)..............................................p. 112 2.6.3. Other think tanks in a more diversified intellectual environment............p. 114 3. THINK TANKS IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN CHINA FROM 1989 TO THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY.......................................................p. 116 3.1. United States. Introduction......................................................................................p. 116 3.2. An exemplary model of the tendencies in Washington: CSIS and its move toward the center....................................................................................................................p. 118 3.3. Reactions from the margins of the ideas industry: traditionalists and libertarians' alternatives................................................................................................................p. 121 3.3.1. The quest for moral rigor prompted by traditionalists..............................p. 121 3 3.3.2. Libertarianism and Cato Institute: another, more successful response to the discontent..................................................................................................p. 123 3.3.3. American think tanks' development of specific centers focused on China 3.4. Think tanks in China after 1989. Introduction......................................................p. 129 3.5. Spring 1989: The Tiananmen events and their consequences..............................p. 131 3.5.1. The path to the Tiananmen crackdown.....................................................p. 131 3.5.2. The mounting student protests and the ultimate military repression........p. 133 3.6. Reflections of the Cold War termination on China...............................................p. 135 3.7. Main features of the third generation think tanks: 1989/1992-onward..............p. 140 3.7.1. New functions prospected for think tanks in post-Tiananmen China.......p. 142 3.8. Economic think tanks: an exemplary research field in the 1990s........................p. 145 4. DEVELOPMENTS OF CHINESE AND AMERICAN THINK TANKS FROM 2001.................................................................................................................p. 150 4.1. China..........................................................................................................................p. 150 4.1.1. The debate over China's entry into the WTO...........................................p. 152 4.1.2. Think tanks' approach to the media and other preferred channels to enter the policy arena...............................................................................................p. 155 4.2. Chinese think tanks' relevant contributions to the political debate....................p. 159 4.3. The United States and the year 2001: remarks about the consequences of this watershed moment on domestic think tanks..........................................................p. 167 4.4. Examples of some American think tanks assessing US-China relations.............p. 172 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................p. 177 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................p.
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