Aba Mountains, Crops Suitable For, 113 Abortion, Ma Yinchu View Of, 40

Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information

INDEX

Aba Mountains, crops suitable for, Automobile factory, 158 113 Abortion, Ma Yinchu view of, 40 Agriculture. See also Farms Banister, Judith, on population, in ancient times, 6 34–35 in Dazhai Commune. See Dazhai Banqiao dam, 63 failure of, famine in. See Famine Bao Wenkui, genetic studies of, 26 in Great Leap Forward, 75–80 Becker, Jasper land reclamation for. See Dianchi; on famine, 90 Dazhai; Land reclamation on Mao’s view of science, 68 monocropping in, 201 Beibei, Southwest Agricultural slash-and-burn, 172–173 University, in sparrow terracing for. See Terracing eradication program, 87 Ailao mountains, 169 Beidaihe work conference, 89 Aini people Beijing University agricultural practices of, 173 Ma Yinchu connections with, 21, as tea farmers, 112–113 22, 37–39, 42–45 Air pollution, 13 rightists at, 54 in Panzhihua, 154, 156, 157 Bethune, Norman, 102 Air-raid shelters, 243n.39 Birds Angang, steel worker training at, assault on, 86–89 152–153 in Heilongjiang, land reclamation Anhui province effects on, 165, 167, 168 agricultural practices in, 78 in Xishuangbanna prefecture, 171 famine in, 90 Birth control, policies on, 9, 34–36 Anti-rightist movement, 21, 27, Bo Yibo, on urgency of political 223n.10 campaigns, 72 disciplinary role of, 69 Brown, Lester, on China’s August Red Terror, 57 agricultural resources, 168

269

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information

Index

Buddhism, 203 Chinese Demographers’ Association, application to future Ma Yinchu in, 38 environmental management, Chongqing, Southwest Agricultural 212–214 University, in sparrow nature view of, 7 eradication program, 87 Bulang people, agricultural Chongqing University, Ma Yinchu practices of, 173 at, 37 Christianity, in China, 203 Cai Yuanpei, as Beijing University Clinton, President, Huang Wanli president, 37 letter to, 58 Canals, in Xinjiang, 101 Coal, in Panzhihua, 150 Center for Biodiversity and Columbia University, Ma Yinchu Indigenous Knowledge, 209 education at, 37 Center for Legal Assistance to Confucianism Pollution Victims, 209 application to future Central Line, 74, 96 environmental management, Chao Lake, 136 212–214 Chen Boda on filial piety, educated youth on New Demography, 42 movement effects on, on political campaigns, 73 160–161 Chen Xing, opposition to dam of hydrology projects, 50 construction, 63 Mao applications of, 6–11, 196 Chen Yonggui on obedience to superiors, 2 agricultural policies of, 103, 105, Contraception, policies on, 34–36 114 Convention on Biological Diversity, “three no’s” principle of, 95–96 168 Chen Yun Convention on International Trade in seclusion during famine, 89 in Endangered Species, 214 on urgency of political Cornell University, Huang Wanli campaigns, 72 education at, 51 Chengdu Crosby, Albert, on wildlife habitat Mao visit to, 73 changes, 142 waterways of, student adoption Cuba, environmental degradation of, 210 in, 200–201 Chengdu-Kunming railroad, Cui Hu (Green Lake), 119 148–149, 154 water supply disruption to, Chiang Kai-shek government 243n.39 Ma Yinchu in, 37 Cultural effects, of relocation, Mao victory over, 46 156–157 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ma Cultural Revolution, 3, 10 Yinchu in, 37–38 beginning of, 92–93, 96

270

Index

Dazhai as model during, 99–100 environmental effects of, 17, 98, educational disruption by, 177, 106–114 206 as extremist weapon, 103–104 family planning neglect during, Foolish Old Man parable and, 3, 36 35, 94, 102–105 farmland occupation during, 62 government aid to, 100–101, 137 Huang Wanli raids during, hardship in, 102–104 56–57 intensified work at, 105–106 intellectual persecution in, 25 methods applied to other areas, Jiang Longji death during, 54 100–102, 104–105 labor camps for, land reclamation militarization of, 105–106 projects of, 108 as national model, 96, 98–102, lake-reduction projects in, 122 115–116 natural disaster affecting, 95 Ma Yinchu raids during, 45 slogans used in, 106, 107 military style of, 5–6 study visits to, 99, 113–114 motives for, 96–97 wildlife disruption in, 108–110 Panzhihua influenced by, work points awarded at, 97 151–153 Dechang, steel mill construction at, relocation during, 140 156 Tan Puren murder in, 135 Deep ecology movement, 217n.2 Cycads, in Panzhihua, 149 Deforestation, 10 in Dazhai, 107–114 Dai people, traditions of, 112, 173, in educated youth movement, 184, 191–192 169–174, 178–179, Dai Qing 181–185, 188–190 as dam opponent, 58, 64, 91 in Imperial China, 196 on overpopulation, 28 for Panzhihua construction, 155, Dams. See also specific dams 156 collapse of, 63–64 pre-Mao, 7–8 Daoism, application of, 7 by Production-Construction to agriculture, 79, 109–110 Army Corps, 163–168 to future environmental for rubber plantation, 169–174, management, 212–214 178–179, 181–185, to hydrology projects, 50 188–190 Daqing oil field, 77 in steel-making campaign, 80–86 Dazhai, 3, 95–114 “three great cuttings” in, 10 Chairman Mao Thought studies traditions prohibiting, 112 at, 97, 111 Demography. See Ma Yinchu deforestation in, 107–114 Deng Xian, on rubber plantations, discrediting of, 103, 137 177–179

271

Index

Deng Xiaoping, 103 Ding Huimin, in educated youth Ma Yinchu rehabilitation under, movement protest, 45 186–187 ostracism of, 96 Dongting Lake, reduction of, 115 Panzhihua project and, 151 Dragon’s gate, 116 reemergence of, 185–186, Dujiangyan irrigation works, 7 203–204 Dukou. See Panzhihua in seclusion during famine, 89 Desertification East Wind Commune, terracing in, due to land reclamation projects, 110 107 Edmonds, Richard Louis in Qinghai province, 113 on erosion, 236n.7 Dianchi, 115–137 on Three Gorges Dam, 205 boundaries of, 117, 119 Educated youth movement, 140, filling in 159–193 aesthetic consequences of, 133 disillusionment with, 180–181 chronology of, 121–125 environmental effects of, consequences of, 129–137 165–168, 190–193 economic costs of, 131 memories of, 161, 163–165, environmental effects of, 187–189 132–137 numbers participating in, 159 human costs of, 131 origin of, 159 as metaphor for human Production-Construction Army transformation, 119–120, Corps, 143, 161–168 127–129 programs in, 160 as military campaign, purposes of, 159–160 120–125 rainforest destruction in, political aspects of, 125–127 169–174, 178–179, purpose of, 119 181–185, 188–190 slogans for, 121 return to cities after, 185–187 urgency of, 119 rubber plantations in, 171–181 water drainage in, 123–124 sacrificed generation in, 187–190 fish population of, 117 slogans of, 160 geology of, 116 social aftermath of, 160–161, map of, 118 187–189 Minorities Museum at, 134–136 twenty-fifth anniversary of, pollution of, 117, 133, 136 160–161, 187 setting of, 116–117 Education, gap in, due to Cultural Diaz-Briquets, Sergio, on Cuban Revolution, 177, 206 environmental status, Ehrlich, Paul and Ann, IPAT 200–201 equation of, 14, 196

272

Index

Environmental organizations, at Dazhai, 95 nongovernmental, 209 on Han River, 51 Erosion from land reclamation projects, in Dianchi project, 132 107 in Great Northern Wilderness, on Yangzi River, 115 168 on Yellow River, 49 in Imperial China, 196 Foolish Old Man parable, 3, 35, 94, from inappropriate land use, 101 102–105 pre-Mao, 7–8 Ford Foundation, 209 Ertan Dam, 157 Forests destruction of. See Deforestation Falungong sect, 203 management of, by local cultures, Family connections, relocation 172–173 effects on, 141–142 Four Pests, eradication of, 86–89 Family planning, policies on, 34–36 Friedman, Edward, on Famine, 10, 32, 35, 202 militarization, 70 causes of, 81, 89–90 Friends of Nature, 209 death toll in, 89 environmental consequences of, Gansu province 90 Huang Wanli work in, 52 political consequences of, 92 resettlement in, 61 Fang Sheng, as Huang Wanli code Third Front in, 146, 147 name, 53 Gaoligong, deforestation of, 178 Farms Genetics, in agriculture, 26 flooding of, 61 Gezhou Dam, 93, 148 salinization of, 62 Glen Canyon dam, environmental semiprivatization of, 218n.11–12 effects of, 199 Fertility Global Village Beijing, 209 control of, policies for, 34–36 Gobi Desert, resettlement in, 61 cultural influences on, 30 Gold Rush, environmental effects Fish, land reclamation effects on of, 199 at Dianchi, 117, 132 Goldblatt, Harold, Ma Bo memoir in Heilongjiang, 167–168 translation by, 163–165 Five-year Plans Grain. See Agriculture First, census under, 32–33 Grand Canal, 7, 57–58 Fourth, family planning in, 36 Great Britain, as steel production Second, 72 rival, 69–70, 72, 74–75 Third, 143, 145 Great Famine. See Famine Floods Great Leap Forward (1958–1960), from dam collapse, 63 2–3 from dam construction, 61 agricultural activities in, 76–80

273

Index

Great Leap Forward (continued) war preparations in, 142 characteristics of, 71 Zifeng concentration camp at, Ma consequences of, 89–93 Yinchu in, 37 deforestation in, 80–86 Guomindang government, 25, 31 environmental impact of, 9–10, defeat of, 2 75, 80–86 hydrology projects of, 48 family planning abandoned in, 34 Ma Yinchu involvement with, 37 famine due to, 32, 35, 89–93 population statistics of, 33 Four Pests campaign in, 86–89 Huang Wanli treatment during, Haigeng Agricultural Farm, 120, 55 129–130 hydrology projects in, 63, 69–70 Hainan Island, rubber plantations lack of opposition to, 67 on, 171, 176, 183, 247n.96 launching of, 72 Han people military tone of, 65, 69–70 in Panzhihua area, 151 opposition to, 9 resettlement of, 61, 143 outcome of, 74–75 in rubber plantation region, party unified on, 73 172–173, 185 slogans for, 72–74 Han River flood, 51 sparrow elimination in, 86–89 Hangzhou, Mao visit to, 73 steel production campaign in, Hani people, agricultural practices 69–70, 72–75, 80–86 of, 173 urgency in, 70–75 He Bochuan, on deforestation, 82 voluntarism philosophy in, 3, He Gang, on educated youth 67–68 movement, 161 Great Northern Wilderness Hebei environmental damage to, agricultural practices in, 77 165–168 labor shock brigade in, 69 war preparations in, 142 temple destruction in, 84 Great People’s Communes, 67, 69, Heilongjiang province 74 environmental destruction in, Dazhai. See Dazhai 165–168 decollectivization of, 204 land reclamation in, 140 grain production goals of, 76–80 Production-Construction Army Guangdong, agricultural projects at, Corps in, 162 101, 227n.96 Soviet clashes in, 144 Guangzhou, agricultural practices war preparations in, 142 in, 77 Henan province Guizhou province dams in, 63 relocation to, 158 famine in, 90 Third Front in, 146, 147 population removed from, 61

274

Index

Third Front in, 146, 147 land reclamation in, 107 Hengduan mountains, 169 Third Front in, 146, 147 Hong Kong, Ma Yinchu in, 37 Hui people, Han people Hou Guangjun, no-till method of, resettlement near, 61 78–79 Hui Wan, 124 Hu Jialin, in Dianchi project, 124 Hunan province Hu Xiansu, genetic studies of, 26 agricultural practices in, 76–77 Hua Guofeng land reclamation in, 107 as Dazhai champion, 103 Third Front in, 146, 147 as Mao’s successor, 185 Hundred Flowers movement, Huang Guanhong (Huang Wanli’s 26–27, 33–34, 39, 41, 54 son), 52, 57 Huolin Gol, Production- Huang Wanli Construction Army Corps biography of, 51–62 activities in, 164–165 as construction laborer, 55, 81 Hydrology projects. See also early employment of, 52 Dianchi; Huang Wanli; education of, 23, 51 specific projects family of, 55–60 in ancient times, 7, 48, 59 on hydrology projects, 67 Confucian philosophy of, 50 at labor reform camp, 57 Daoist philosophy of, 50 legacy of, 62–65 decentralization of, 69 on Ma Yinchu ideas, 23–24, 53 environmental damage due to, 76 on Mao Zedong, 58–59 in Imperial China, 196 opposition to, 23, 52–58, 63 importance of, 48 as poet, 52–53 Legalist philosophy of, 50 Red Guards raids on, 56–57 Mao ideology on, 49–51 reflections on career, 58–59 relocation for, 61, 64, 70 rehabilitation of, 24, 58 small-scale, 67, 86 rightist labeling of, 23 Soviet influence on, 50–51 on Sanmenxia Dam, 52–55, 59, in Sun Yat-sen era, 48–49 62, 64, 65 urgent campaign for, 69–70 short story of, 53 as symbol for intellectual Immigration. See Relocation suppression, 65 Imperial China, environmental on Three Gorges Dam, 58 practices in, 195–196 Huang Xiaolu (Huang Wanli’s Individualism, post-Mao, 204 daughter), 54, 56–57 Industry Huang Yanpei (Huang Wanli’s relocation of, for war preparation. father), 51, 55 See Educated youth Hubei province movement; Third Front; lake encroachment in, 115 War preparations

275

Index

Industry (continued) Jinuo people steel agricultural practices of, 173 in Great Leap Forward, 69–70, as tea farmers, 112–113 72–75, 80–86 Jinyun Mountains, iron ore mining at Panzhihua, 148–159 in, 84 Inner Mongolia land reclamation in, 140 Kang Sheng, on Ma Yinchu, 42, 43 Production-Construction Army Kazakh people, 152 Corps in, 163 Khrushchev, Nikita, 32 war preparations in, 142 reforms of, 144 Insect control, sparrows in, 87–88 visit to China, 74 Intellectuals Komarov, Boris, on Soviet Union persecution of, 24, 25–27, environmental status, 200 54–55, 211 Kong Jiesheng, on educated youth post-Mao treatment of, 204 movement, 161, 189 relocation of, 139–140 Kosygin, Alexei, visit to China, 144 International Crane Foundation, Kunming 168 microclimate of, 116–117, International Fund for Animal 131–132, 135 Welfare, 214 railroad to, 148–149, 154 IPAT equation, 14, 196 wetlands reclamation at. See Iron ore mining Dianchi in Jinyun Mountains, 84 in Panzhihua, 150 Lake Dian. See Dianchi Lake Powell, environmental effects Jean Oi, on crop destruction, 114 of, 199 Jia Jincai, as model laborer, 99, 104 Lake Poyang, reduction of, 115, 116 Jiang Longji, 54 Lakes, reduction of, 115–116. See Jiang Zemin also Dianchi on dam construction, 64 Lampton, David, on deforestation, Huang Wanli letter to, 58 82 on Three Gorges Dam, 205 Lancang (Mekong) River, 169, 183 Jiangxi, Shangrao concentration Land reclamation. See also Educated camp at, Ma Yinchu in, 37 youth movement Jinghong, rubber growing environmental consequences of, experiments in, 172 107 Jinsha River, 116 in Imperial China, 196 Panzhihua on, 150, 151 by lake filling at Dianchi. See pollution of, 154–156 Dianchi Jinuo, environmental degradation net hectare loss during, 113 at, 182 pre-Mao, 7–8

276

Index

by Production-Construction Liao Xiaoyi, Sherri, 209 Army Corps, 163–168 Lin Biao slogans for, 107 delusions about, 181 by terracing at Dazhai. See Dazhai plane crash involving, 180 Land rights, post-Mao, 205–206 Tan Puren association with, 135 Laws, environmental, 206 Little Red Book. See Mao Zedong Leap. See Great Leap Forward Thought Legalist philosophy, of hydrology Liu Binyan projects, 50 on Anti-rightist movement, 27 Lei Da Shi mountain on birth control policy, 32 deforestation of, 83–84 on overpopulation, 34, 47 land reclamation at, 108 relocation of, 140 Lei Feng, as model soldier, 99 Liu Shaoqi Leng Meng, on resettlement, 61 on Dianchi project, 126, 127, Li Bai, on reverence for nature, 213 137 Li Jinchang on free speech, 25 on deforestation, 82 on Ma Yinchu, 42 on land reclamation ostracism of, 96, 111, 152 consequences, 13, 107 reemergence of, 204 on population, 28 in seclusion during famine, 89 on Production-Construction at State Council meeting of Army Corps, 165 March 1957, 40 Li Muying, in Dianchi project, 123 Liu Wenjie, on educated youth Li Peng, on dam construction, 64 movement, 161 Li Rui Longshan forest culture, 169, 184 on Mao’s philosophy on Lu River, terracing near, 112 domination of nature, Lugaojian restaurant, 87 68–69 Lysenko, Trofim, 26 purging of, 63 on speed of political campaigns, Ma Benna, 39 74 Ma Bo (Lao Gui) Li Shijun, as agricultural college on educated youth movement, dean, 78 161 Li Xiannian, on urgency of political on Production-Construction campaigns, 72 Army Corps, 163–165 Li Zhisui, as Mao’s physician, 32 Ma Yinchu Liangshan Prefecture, steel mill Anti-rightist movement attacks construction in, 156 on, 34 Liang Xiaosheng, on educated youth arrest by Chiang Kai-shek, 37 movement, 161 Beijing University connections Liao River, student adoption of, 210 of, 21, 37–39, 42–45

277

Index

Ma Yinchu (continued) death of, 185 biography of, 36–48 disillusionment with, 180–181, birth of, 36 204 childhood of, 36 on domination of nature, 68, criticism of, 42–44 90–91 death of, 45 on educated youth movement, early employment of, 37 159–160 education of, 37 “Encircle the Lakes, Create government positions of, 37–38 Farmland” slogan of, 94 as Guomindang critic, 37 family of, 224n.29 as Guomindang member, 37 on famine, 89, 96 hometown of, 28–29, 36, 45 “Go All Out” slogan of, 74 Huang Wanli on, 53 government organization under, legacy of, 46–48 15–16 Malthus position and, 22 “Great Courage Brings Forth vs. Malthus views, 43–44 Great Yields” slogan of, Mao agreement with, 40 67–68 “Greater, Faster, Better, More Mao opposition to, 22, 41, 46–47 Economical” slogan of, 67, New Demography, 21–22, 39–40, 72, 92, 96 42, 43, 45 Huang Wanli on, 58–59 on population control, 39–41, human relationship destruction 46–48, 67 by, 202–203 Red Guard harassment of, 45 Hundred Flowers movement of, rehabilitation of, 22, 45, 24 26–27, 33–34, 39, 41, 54 silencing of, 22–23 hydrology projects of, 49–51 as symbol for intellectual “In Agriculture, Learn from suppression, 65 Dazhai” slogan of, 3, 96, 97, MacFarquhar, Roderick, on model 106, 108, 111, 115 use, 98 “In Mountains, Dispersed, in Malstev, Terenty, 78 Caves” slogan of, 138 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 22, 31, infirmity of, 192 39–41, 43–44 intellectual persecution by, 24, Mao Zedong 25–27, 54–55 on academic debate, 27 “Introduction to a Cooperative” agricultural pseudoscientific speech of, 41–42 beliefs of, 76–80 length of era, 4 “Aim High” slogan of, 74 Ma Yinchu interactions with, 21, Anti-rightist movement of, 21, 40, 41, 45–47 27, 69, 223n.10 on Malthus, 22, 31 Confucianism applied by, 6–11 “Man Must Conquer Nature” on dam construction, 64 slogan of, 67, 90–91, 213

278

Index

on manual labor, 35–36 “The Foolish Old Man Who message to Huang Wanli, 55 Removed the Mountains” military-like ruling style of. See essay of, 3, 35, 94, 102–105 Militarization on theory related to reality, 60 “More, Faster, Better, More Third Front strategy of. See Third Economical” slogan of, 67, Front 72, 92, 96 “Three Old Articles” essays of, “On the Correct Handling of 102 Contradictions within the on value of human life, 32 People” speech of, 27 voluntarism philosophy of, 3, Panzhihua project and, 150–153 67–68 “People of the World Unite” “Wipe out the Four Pests” slogan speech of, 144 of, 86–89 population ideology of, 29–36, “With Many People, Strength is 40–41, 46–47 Great” slogan of, 31, 33–35 power of, factors favoring, 12 Yangzi River swim of, 96 “Prepare for War” slogan of, 138, Zhou Enlai criticized by, 73 145 Mao Zedong Thought as Qin Shi Huangdi admirer, 50 power of, 12–13, 120 quiet years of, 92, 95 study of reemergence of. See Cultural at Dazhai, 97, 102, 106 Revolution at Dianchi project, 121, 123, on Sanmenxia dam failure, 63 129 Soviet influence on. See Soviet at East Wind Commune, Union 110–111 sparrow eradication program of, at rubber plantations, 176 86–89 Marriage Law of 1950, 34 on speed of political campaigns, Materialism, post-Mao, 204 73–74 May 7th (Haigeng) Agricultural on spiritual transformation in Farm, 120, 129–130 lake-filling workers, Meihua Mountain Middle School 127–129 students, steel-making by, “Spring Festival” talk of, 36 84 on Stalin’s essay on natural Mekong (Lancang) River, 169, 183 processes, 68 Mendel, Gregor, 26 on steel-making campaign, 85 Mengla supposed assassination attempt rainforest at, 189 on, 180 rubber worker protests at, 187 “Take Grain as the Key Link” Mianyang Television Factory, 158 slogan of, 10, 95, 106, 112, Miao people, agricultural practices 114, 115 of, 173

279

Index

Migration. See Relocation North America, environmental Militarization, 3–6, 12. See also degradation in, 199 Production-Contruction North China Plain, terracing project Army Corps at, 101 of civilian institutions, 144–145 Northeast China General Bureau of of Dazhai project, 105–106 Water Resources, 52 of Dianchi project, 120–125 of Great Leap Forward, 65, 69–70 Ordos Plateau, land reclamation at, of rubber plantations, 177–179 101 Mineral resources, of Panzhihua, Overpopulation. See Population 150 Ozone depletion, 207 Minorities Museum, 134–136 Mi Yun reservoir, Huang Wanli Pan Fusheng, 166 work at, 55 Pandas Models, use of, 98–102. See also land reclamation effects on, Dazhai 108–109 Morgan, Thomas, 26 protection of, 207 Panzhihua, 149–159 Nanning, Mao visit to, 73 construction of, 151–154 National People’s Congress, Cultural Revolution influence on, Standing Committee of, Ma 151–153 Yinchu in, 38, 44 deforestation at, 155, 156 Natural resources, impact on, IPAT environmental costs of, 154–159 equation for, 14, 196 location of, 149–151 Naughton, Barry, on Third Front, Mao obsession with, 150–153 147 mineral resources of, 150 Nehru, Mao boast to, 31 plans for, 150–152 New Demography, 21–22, 39–40, 42, population relocated to, 43, 45 152–153, 156–157 Nieluo commune, land reclamation present ambitions of, 157–158 at, 104 slogans of, 151 Ningxia province as Third Front centerpiece, 148 land reclamation in, 107 workers killed at, 152 resettlement in, 61 Peng Dehuai Third Front in, 146, 147 on Great Leap Forward, 9, 63 Nixon, Richard, visit to China purging of, 89 (1972), 181, 192 People’s Liberation Army Nongnongping, Panzhihua as model, 106 construction at, 151, 152 in Production-Construction Nongshu (Ma Yinchu manuscript), Army Corps leadership, 161 44–45 railroad construction by, 154

280

Index

Pérez-López, Jorge, on Cuban Pukou, Zhejiang, as Ma Yinchu environmental status, birthplace, 36 200–201 Puning, rock formation destruction Pickowicz, Paul, on militarization, in, 133 70 Political campaigns, time frame for, Qilinwangdan, as model, 110 70–71 Qin dynasty Pollution, 13 human—nature relationships in, control of, post-Mao, 206 6 of Dianchi, 117, 133, 136 hydrology projects of, 7 future action on, 208 Qin Shi Huangdi, statist philosophy at Panzhihua, 154–157 of, 50 publicizing, 209 Qing dynasty victims of, legal assistance for, human—nature relationships in, 209 6 Population hydrology projects after, 48 control of, policies for, 9, 34–36 Qinghai province cultural factors in, 30 desertification in, 113 environmental degradation due Third Front in, 146, 147 to, 14, 28, 46–48 Qinghua University Ma Yinchu view on, 39–41, Huang Wanli professorship at, 52 46–48 publications of, 53 Mao Zedong view on, 29–36, rightists at, 54, 58 40–41, 46–47 Qu Geping New Demography, 21–22, 39–40, on deforestation, 82 42, 43, 45 on land reclamation post-Mao, 205–206 consequences, 13, 107 relocation of. See Relocation on population, 28, 47 as resource, 30–32 on Production-Construction Soviet view on, 29–30 Army Corps, 165 statistics on, 30, 33–35 Poyang Lake, reduction of, 115, Railroads, Chengdu-Kunming, 116 148–149, 154 Production-Contruction Army Rainforest destruction, in educated Corps, 143, 161–168 youth movement, 169–174, environmental effects of, 178–179, 181–185, 162–168 188–190 responsibilities of, 161–162 Ramsar Convention, 168 Soviet threats to, 162 Raoyang, temple destruction in, 84 structure of, 161 Red Book. See Mao Zedong Thought suffering among, 163–164, 166 Red Flag Canal, 70, 86

281

Index

Red Guards, 92–93 deforestation for, 169–174, Huang Wanli raids by, 56–57 178–179, 181–185, Ma Yinchu raids by, 45 188–190 People’s Liberation Army control early years of, 171–174 of, 106 economic costs of, 185 relocation of, during educated educated youth worker numbers youth movement, 159 on, 174 study visits to Dazhai and, 99 emotional problems on, 180–181 Religion, in China, 203 environmental consequences of, Relocation 181–185 attitudes toward land use and, hardships on, 177, 179–181, 17–18 186–187 during Cultural Revolution, 140 latitude considerations in, disruptions caused by, 140–141 177–179 enticements for, 139 of Nationalist government, 171 family destruction in, 202 production statistics for, 174 for hydrology projects, 61, 64, rainforest ecology before, 70 169–171 land stewardship and, 141–142 reflections on, 187–190 as political punishment, return to cities movement, 139–140 185–187 post-Mao, 203 vs. sustainable forest use, purpose of, 139 172–174 return to home after, 141 Rustification campaign. See in Soviet Union, 200 Educated youth movement for Three Gorges Dam, 203 for war preparation, 142–145. See Sanjiang Plain. See Great Northern also Educated youth Wilderness movement; Third Front Sanmenxia (Three Gate Gorge) Dam environmental effects of, construction of, 51 190–193 design of, 50–51 security environment during, environmental effects of, 23, 49, 143–145 62–63 Residence permits, 141 Huang Wanli opposition to, 23, Resources for the Future, 209 52–55, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65 Richardson, S.D., on deforestation, 82 relocation due to, 61–62 River projects. See Hydrology sedimentation of, 23, 51–52, 60, projects 62–63 Rubber plantations, 169–190 water quality degradation due to, accidents on, 180 49 daily work routine, 176–179 Sanxia Dam. See Three Gorges Dam

282

Index

Schaller, George, as panda specialist, Shi Weimin, on educated youth 207 movement, 161 Schistosomiasis, 238n.55 Shimantan dam, 63 Schoenhals, Michael, on political Shiyan Number Two Automobile campaigns, 71, 73 Factory, 158 Scott, James C., on social Shui Fu, as dam critic, 64 engineering disasters, 16 Sichuan province Sedimentation crops suitable for, 113 due to deforestation, 80, Huang Wanli work in, 52 183–184 panda population of, 108–109 of Dianchi, 132 Panzhihua steel mill in, 148–159 of Lancang River, 183 Third Front in, 146, 147 pre-Mao, 7–8 war preparations in, 142 of Sanmenxia dam, 23, 51–52, Siltation. See Sedimentation 60, 62–63 Singapore, environmentalism in, 18 of Wei River, 62 Sleeping Beauty Hills, 116 of Yellow River, 49 Slogans. See also specific slogans under Selden, Mark, on militarization, 70 Mao Zedong Self-reliance policy, 95 vs. advertising, 199 Shaanxi Mothers Environmental for Great Leap Forward, 72–74 Protection Association, 209 for political campaigns, 71 Shaanxi province Smil, Vaclav, on land reclamation farm anomalies in, 80 consequences, 107–108 population removed from, 61 Soil Third Front in, 146, 147 degradation of, due to Shang Wei, on Soviet influence on deforestation, 80–86 hydrology projects, 50 pollution of, in Panzhihua, 155 Shanghai, Ma Yinchu education at, Southwest Associated University, 37 Dianchi studies of, 119 Shangrao concentration camp at, Ma Soviet Union Yinchu in, 37 border incidents with, 144, 162 Shanxi province competition with, 71–72 land reclamation in, 107 environmental history of, 200 population removed from, 61 influence on China, 9, 195, 200 Third Front in, 146, 147 agricultural methods, 77, 89 Sheng County Brigade, in Dianchi hydrology projects, 50–51 project, 124 population control, 26, 29–30 Shengzhou, as Ma Yinchu Mao visit to, 72–73 birthplace, 28–29, 36, 45 as rubber customer, 172 Shi Lihong, environmental activities split with China (1960), 89, 95, of, 210 143–144

283

Index

Sparrows, assault on, 86–89 on Ordos Plateau, 101 Spirit forest, management of, for rubber plantations, 176, 182 172–173 Third Front, 145–159 Stalin, Joseph, on natural world, 68, beginning of, 143 200 economic costs of, 147, 148 Starvation. See Famine environmental costs of, 143, Steel production 154–159 in Great Leap Forward, 69–70, vs. First Front, 142 72–75, 80–86 geographic region involved in, in Panzhihua, 148–159 143, 146, 147 Student Pond, 86 Panzhihua steel mill, 149–159 Su Family Village, 124 relocation in, 147–148 Sun Ranweng, on Western vs. Second Front, 142 Mountains, 116 sections of, 147 Sun Yat-sen slogans for, 145 on dam construction, 64 strategy for, 145, 147 hydrology project plans of, 48 Three Gate Gorge Dam. See Sanmenxia (Three Gate Tai Lake, 116, 136 Gorge) Dam Taklamakan Desert, land Three Gorges Dam, 14 reclamation in, 140 Huang Wanli opinion of, 23 Tan Puren, 181 opposition to, 23, 63, 64, 91, 203 in Dianchi project, 121, 134, 135 relocation for, 203 murder of, 135 as symbol of conquest of nature, Tang Dahei, as model worker, 152 205 Tang Xiyang, environmental white dolphin extinction by, 210 writings of, 210–211 Three Red Banners, 74, 126 Tao Yuanming, on reverence for Three Rivers Plain (Great Northern nature, 213 Wilderness) Taole County, resettlement in, 61 environmental damage to, Tea farming, 112–114 165–168 Television factory, 158 war preparations in, 142 Tennessee Valley Authority, Huang TRAFFIC, endangered species Wanli at, 51 monitoring by, 214 Terracing Trees, removal of. See Deforestation at Dazhai, 100, 106–114 Tropical region, rubber plantations environmental consequences of, in. See Rubber plantations 106–114 Tsui Chuan-chuan, as role model, in Guangdong, 101 103–104 maintenance after, 112 Two-line struggle on North China Plain, 101–102 Dianchi project and, 125–126

284

Index

over pace of transformation, Water 71–72 management of. See Hydrology projects U Nu, Zhou Enlai negotiations pollution of, 13, 154–157 with, 172 Waterworks projects. See Hydrology United Nations Conference on the projects Human Environment, 192 Wei River, sedimentation of, 62 United States, environmental Wenjiang District, agriculture in, degradation in, 199 79 University of Illinois, Huang Wanli Western Mountains, 116 education at, 51 Wetlands drainage. See Land University of Iowa, Huang Wanli reclamation education at, 51 Wildlife Utopianism, failure of, 92 inhumanity to, 214 land reclamation effects on, 8, Vietnam War, preparations for, 108–110, 142 143–144, 174 at Dianchi, 117, 132 Villiams, Vasilii Robertovich, as in Heilongjiang, 165–168 agricultural advisor, 89 in Imperial China, 196 Voluntarism, 3, 67–68 in North America, 199 in Xishuangbanna prefecture, Wa people, agricultural practices of, 171, 182–183 173 protection of, 209–210 Wang Dongfu, on Zeng Jia use in Chinese medicine, 214 persecution, 79 World Resources Institute, 209 Wang Hongchang, on deforestation, World Wide Fund for Nature, 82 207 Wang Jingxi, as model oil worker, 99 Worster, Donald, on environmental Wang Zhen, educated youth degradation in U.S., 199 movement protest and, Wu Ningkun, relocation of, 140 186–187 Wuhan people, in Panzhihua, Waqiu commune, land reclamation 156–157 at, 104 Wuliang mountains, 169 War preparations, 105–106 environmental effects of, 17 Xi Zhinong, environmental relocation for, 142–145. See also activities of, 210 Educated youth movement; Xia dynasty, hydrology projects Third Front during, 48 security environment during, Xiamen (city), as model for 143–145 cleanliness, 99 slogans for, 145 Xi’an, flooding of, 62–63

285

Index

Xiaolangdi Dam, construction of, dams on. See also Three Gorges 63 Dam Xin’an power station project, 70 controversy over, 49–50 Xinjiang province floods on, 115 irrigation canals in, 101 Gezhou Dam on, 93, 148 land reclamation in, 140 Guomindang plans for, 48 Production-Construction Army Mao Zedong swim in, 96 Corps in, 162 Yao people, agricultural practices of, Soviet clashes in, 144 173 war preparations in, 142 Yellow River Xishuangbanna prefecture characteristics of, 49, 63 ecosystem of, 169–171 dam construction on. See also microclimate of, 169 Sanmenxia (Three Gate nature reserve in, 190 Gorge) Dam rubber plantations in. See Rubber collapse of, 51 plantations controversy over, 49–50 terracing in, 112 Yi people, territory of, 151 Xiushan, Dazhai campaign near, Yikeshaomeng, land reclamation in, 109–110 107 Xiyang county, mountain removal Youth. See Educated youth in, 104 movement; Red Guards Yu Guangyuan, as Beijing Yale University, Ma Yinchu University speaker, 38 education at, 37 Yu River, diversion of, 243n.39 Yalong River Yu the Great, hydrology projects of, Ertan Dam on, 157 7, 48, 59 Panzhihua on, 150 Yuan Weishi, on environment, 47 pollution of, 156 Yunnan Normal University, Dianchi Yan Hongyan, on Dianchi project, studies by, 119 126 Yunnan Plateau Research Institute, Yanan, Communist years in, 25 210 Yang Kaihui (Mao’s wife), 224n.29 Yunnan province Yang Rungao, on Xishuangbanna deforestation in, 82–83 deforestation, 183 ecosystem of, 169–171 Yang Shangkun, on natural educated youth numbers in, 174 processes, 68 Production-Construction Army Yangong mountain, defensive Corps in, 163 tunnel in, 243n.39 terracing in, 110–112 Yangzi River Third Front in, 146, 147 adoption of, for cleanup, 210 war preparations in, 142

286

Index

Yuying Shuguan, Shanghai, Ma auto of, 151 Yinchu education at, 37 on Dazhai project, 137 intervention for Ma Yinchu, 22, Zeng Jia, persecution of, 79–80 41 Zhang Chengzhi, on educated youth Kosygin visit with, 144 movement, 161 Ma Yinchu contact with, 37, 38, Zhang Chunyuan 45 as Ma Yinchu biographer, 28, 40, Mao criticism of, 73 41, 46 ostracism of, 96 on population in socialism, 29 Panzhihua project and, 151, 153 Zhang Haidi, as youth model, 99 on population control, 9, 218n.10 Zhang Hanying, 53 on Sanmenxia Dam failure, 63 Zhang Kangkang, on educated at State Council meeting of youth movement, 161 March 1957, 40 Zhang Xianliang, at labor camp, Third Front slogan creation by, 108 145 Zhang Yimou, as film-maker, 81 on urgency of political Zhang Zai, Daoist philosophy of, campaigns, 72 110 visits to rubber plantations, 172 Zhao Jianmin, on Dianchi project, Zhu De, letters from, to Ma Yinchu, 126 45 Zhejiang province, power station Zhuang people, Third Front sites project in, 70 among, 147 Zhejiang University, Ma Yinchu as Zhuang Qiaosheng, genetic studies president of, 37 of, 26 Zhenbao Island, Soviet clashes on, Zhumadian, dams at, 63 144 Zifeng concentration camp, Ma Zhongnanhai, State Council Yinchu in, 37 convening in, 40 Zweig, David, on agricultural Zhou Enlai models, 101 assassination plot against, 135

287