Aba Mountains, Crops Suitable For, 113 Abortion, Ma Yinchu View Of, 40
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information INDEX Aba Mountains, crops suitable for, Automobile factory, 158 113 Abortion, Ma Yinchu view of, 40 Agriculture. See also Farms Banister, Judith, on population, in ancient times, 6 34–35 in Dazhai Commune. See Dazhai Banqiao dam, 63 failure of, famine in. See Famine Bao Wenkui, genetic studies of, 26 in Great Leap Forward, 75–80 Becker, Jasper land reclamation for. See Dianchi; on famine, 90 Dazhai; Land reclamation on Mao’s view of science, 68 monocropping in, 201 Beibei, Southwest Agricultural slash-and-burn, 172–173 University, in sparrow terracing for. See Terracing eradication program, 87 Ailao mountains, 169 Beidaihe work conference, 89 Aini people Beijing University agricultural practices of, 173 Ma Yinchu connections with, 21, as tea farmers, 112–113 22, 37–39, 42–45 Air pollution, 13 rightists at, 54 in Panzhihua, 154, 156, 157 Bethune, Norman, 102 Air-raid shelters, 243n.39 Birds Angang, steel worker training at, assault on, 86–89 152–153 in Heilongjiang, land reclamation Anhui province effects on, 165, 167, 168 agricultural practices in, 78 in Xishuangbanna prefecture, 171 famine in, 90 Birth control, policies on, 9, 34–36 Anti-rightist movement, 21, 27, Bo Yibo, on urgency of political 223n.10 campaigns, 72 disciplinary role of, 69 Brown, Lester, on China’s August Red Terror, 57 agricultural resources, 168 269 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information Index Buddhism, 203 Chinese Demographers’ Association, application to future Ma Yinchu in, 38 environmental management, Chongqing, Southwest Agricultural 212–214 University, in sparrow nature view of, 7 eradication program, 87 Bulang people, agricultural Chongqing University, Ma Yinchu practices of, 173 at, 37 Christianity, in China, 203 Cai Yuanpei, as Beijing University Clinton, President, Huang Wanli president, 37 letter to, 58 Canals, in Xinjiang, 101 Coal, in Panzhihua, 150 Center for Biodiversity and Columbia University, Ma Yinchu Indigenous Knowledge, 209 education at, 37 Center for Legal Assistance to Confucianism Pollution Victims, 209 application to future Central Line, 74, 96 environmental management, Chao Lake, 136 212–214 Chen Boda on filial piety, educated youth on New Demography, 42 movement effects on, on political campaigns, 73 160–161 Chen Xing, opposition to dam of hydrology projects, 50 construction, 63 Mao applications of, 6–11, 196 Chen Yonggui on obedience to superiors, 2 agricultural policies of, 103, 105, Contraception, policies on, 34–36 114 Convention on Biological Diversity, “three no’s” principle of, 95–96 168 Chen Yun Convention on International Trade in seclusion during famine, 89 in Endangered Species, 214 on urgency of political Cornell University, Huang Wanli campaigns, 72 education at, 51 Chengdu Crosby, Albert, on wildlife habitat Mao visit to, 73 changes, 142 waterways of, student adoption Cuba, environmental degradation of, 210 in, 200–201 Chengdu-Kunming railroad, Cui Hu (Green Lake), 119 148–149, 154 water supply disruption to, Chiang Kai-shek government 243n.39 Ma Yinchu in, 37 Cultural effects, of relocation, Mao victory over, 46 156–157 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ma Cultural Revolution, 3, 10 Yinchu in, 37–38 beginning of, 92–93, 96 270 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information Index Dazhai as model during, 99–100 environmental effects of, 17, 98, educational disruption by, 177, 106–114 206 as extremist weapon, 103–104 family planning neglect during, Foolish Old Man parable and, 3, 36 35, 94, 102–105 farmland occupation during, 62 government aid to, 100–101, 137 Huang Wanli raids during, hardship in, 102–104 56–57 intensified work at, 105–106 intellectual persecution in, 25 methods applied to other areas, Jiang Longji death during, 54 100–102, 104–105 labor camps for, land reclamation militarization of, 105–106 projects of, 108 as national model, 96, 98–102, lake-reduction projects in, 122 115–116 natural disaster affecting, 95 Ma Yinchu raids during, 45 slogans used in, 106, 107 military style of, 5–6 study visits to, 99, 113–114 motives for, 96–97 wildlife disruption in, 108–110 Panzhihua influenced by, work points awarded at, 97 151–153 Dechang, steel mill construction at, relocation during, 140 156 Tan Puren murder in, 135 Deep ecology movement, 217n.2 Cycads, in Panzhihua, 149 Deforestation, 10 in Dazhai, 107–114 Dai people, traditions of, 112, 173, in educated youth movement, 184, 191–192 169–174, 178–179, Dai Qing 181–185, 188–190 as dam opponent, 58, 64, 91 in Imperial China, 196 on overpopulation, 28 for Panzhihua construction, 155, Dams. See also specific dams 156 collapse of, 63–64 pre-Mao, 7–8 Daoism, application of, 7 by Production-Construction to agriculture, 79, 109–110 Army Corps, 163–168 to future environmental for rubber plantation, 169–174, management, 212–214 178–179, 181–185, to hydrology projects, 50 188–190 Daqing oil field, 77 in steel-making campaign, 80–86 Dazhai, 3, 95–114 “three great cuttings” in, 10 Chairman Mao Thought studies traditions prohibiting, 112 at, 97, 111 Demography. See Ma Yinchu deforestation in, 107–114 Deng Xian, on rubber plantations, discrediting of, 103, 137 177–179 271 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information Index Deng Xiaoping, 103 Ding Huimin, in educated youth Ma Yinchu rehabilitation under, movement protest, 45 186–187 ostracism of, 96 Dongting Lake, reduction of, 115 Panzhihua project and, 151 Dragon’s gate, 116 reemergence of, 185–186, Dujiangyan irrigation works, 7 203–204 Dukou. See Panzhihua in seclusion during famine, 89 Desertification East Wind Commune, terracing in, due to land reclamation projects, 110 107 Edmonds, Richard Louis in Qinghai province, 113 on erosion, 236n.7 Dianchi, 115–137 on Three Gorges Dam, 205 boundaries of, 117, 119 Educated youth movement, 140, filling in 159–193 aesthetic consequences of, 133 disillusionment with, 180–181 chronology of, 121–125 environmental effects of, consequences of, 129–137 165–168, 190–193 economic costs of, 131 memories of, 161, 163–165, environmental effects of, 187–189 132–137 numbers participating in, 159 human costs of, 131 origin of, 159 as metaphor for human Production-Construction Army transformation, 119–120, Corps, 143, 161–168 127–129 programs in, 160 as military campaign, purposes of, 159–160 120–125 rainforest destruction in, political aspects of, 125–127 169–174, 178–179, purpose of, 119 181–185, 188–190 slogans for, 121 return to cities after, 185–187 urgency of, 119 rubber plantations in, 171–181 water drainage in, 123–124 sacrificed generation in, 187–190 fish population of, 117 slogans of, 160 geology of, 116 social aftermath of, 160–161, map of, 118 187–189 Minorities Museum at, 134–136 twenty-fifth anniversary of, pollution of, 117, 133, 136 160–161, 187 setting of, 116–117 Education, gap in, due to Cultural Diaz-Briquets, Sergio, on Cuban Revolution, 177, 206 environmental status, Ehrlich, Paul and Ann, IPAT 200–201 equation of, 14, 196 272 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521781507 - Mao’s War against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China Judith Shapiro Index More information Index Environmental organizations, at Dazhai, 95 nongovernmental, 209 on Han River, 51 Erosion from land reclamation projects, in Dianchi project, 132 107 in Great Northern Wilderness, on Yangzi River, 115 168 on Yellow River, 49 in Imperial China, 196 Foolish Old Man parable, 3, 35, 94, from inappropriate land use, 101 102–105 pre-Mao, 7–8 Ford Foundation, 209 Ertan Dam, 157 Forests destruction of. See Deforestation Falungong sect, 203 management of, by local cultures, Family connections, relocation 172–173 effects on, 141–142 Four Pests, eradication of, 86–89 Family planning, policies on, 34–36 Friedman, Edward, on Famine, 10, 32, 35, 202 militarization, 70 causes of, 81, 89–90 Friends of Nature, 209 death toll in, 89 environmental consequences of, Gansu province 90 Huang Wanli work in, 52 political consequences of, 92 resettlement in, 61 Fang Sheng, as Huang Wanli code Third Front in, 146, 147 name, 53 Gaoligong, deforestation of, 178 Farms Genetics, in agriculture, 26 flooding of, 61 Gezhou Dam, 93, 148 salinization of, 62 Glen Canyon dam, environmental semiprivatization of, 218n.11–12 effects of, 199 Fertility Global Village Beijing, 209 control of, policies for, 34–36 Gobi Desert, resettlement in, 61 cultural influences on, 30 Gold Rush, environmental effects Fish, land reclamation effects on of, 199 at Dianchi, 117, 132 Goldblatt, Harold, Ma Bo memoir in Heilongjiang, 167–168 translation by, 163–165 Five-year Plans Grain. See Agriculture First, census under, 32–33 Grand Canal, 7, 57–58 Fourth, family planning in, 36 Great Britain, as steel production Second, 72 rival, 69–70, 72, 74–75 Third, 143, 145 Great Famine. See Famine Floods Great Leap Forward (1958–1960), from dam collapse, 63 2–3 from dam construction, 61 agricultural activities in, 76–80 273 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University