DOCSLIB.ORG

Class Against Class the Communist

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Class Against Class the Communist CLASS AGAINST CLASS THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE THIRD PERIOD, 1927-1932. By Matthew Worley, BA. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, August 1998. C TEXT BOUND INTO THE SPINE Acknowledgments This thesis would not have beenpossible without the guidance, encouragementand advice of my supervisorChris Wrigley. Professor Wrigley's encyclopaedicknowledge and ever expanding library madethis project a joy to complete.Closer to home, the loving support and patient encouragementof Louise Aikman kept me focusedand inspired whenever the pressuresof study appearedtoo much to bear. Thanks are also due to Chris, Pete and Simon (for a lifetime's friendship), Scott King (for welcome distractions),Dominic and Andrea (for help and camaraderie), Pete and Kath (for holidays), John (for Manchester),my family (for everything) and Toby Wolfe. ii Contents Abstract iv Abbreviations A Introduction: The Communist Party of Great Britain I in the Third Period Chapter One: A Party in Transition 15 Chapter Two: Towards the Third Period 45 Chapter Three: The New Line 82 Chapter Four: The Party in Crisis 113 Chapter Five: Isolation and Reappraisal 165 Chapter Six: A Communist Culture 206 Chapter Seven: Crisis and Reorganisation 236 Conclusion: The Third Period Reassessed 277 Bibliography 281 iii Abstract This thesis provides an analysisof communismin Britain between 1927 and 1932.In theseyears, the CommunistParty of Great Britain (CPGB) embarkedupon a'new period' of political struggle around the concept of class against class.The increasingly draconianmeasures of the Labour Party and trade union bureaucracybetween 1924 and 1927 significantly restricted the scopeof communist influence within the mainstreamlabour As movement. such, the CPGB - in accordancewith the Communist International - attemptedto establishan 'independentleadership' of the working class. The decline in Communist Party membershipthat accompaniedthe'New Line'has led historians to associatean apparentcollapse in CPGB influence with the political perspectiveof class against class. Similarly, the CPGB's initial resistanceto the line has been interpreted as evidenceof the Party's willing subservienceto Moscow. In this thesis, such a portrayal of communist motive and experiencewill be challenged.Instead, a more multifaceted approachwill endeavourto show that: i) the 'left turn' of 1927- 28 complementedattitudes evident in Britain since at least 1926; ii) the simultaneouscollapse in CPGB influence related primarily to the structural changesafflicting Britain (and the British labour movement) between the wars; iii) the period was a difficult but not completely disastrous time for the Party. Rather,the years should be seenas a transitional period, in which the focus of communist activity moved out of the workplace and onto the streets.Thus, the Party's successful mobilisation of the unemployed,and the developmentof an idiosyncratic communist culture, were 'positive' factors. And finally; iv) that the political line pursuedby the CPGB was more flexible and changeablethan IV has hitherto been recognised.The Party continually modified its political strategyand objectives throughout the Third Period. Moreover, the 'sectarianexcesses' that characterisedclass against classwere due in part to the will of the Party rank and file. Many in the Party embracedthe exclusivity of the New Line, and were responsiblefor interpreting the policy'on the ground.' V Abbreviations AEU AmalgamatedEngineering Union BL British Library BUA Bristol UnemployedAssociation BWSF British Workers' SportsFederation cc Central Committee CI Communist International CLC Central Labour College Comintern Communist International CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPUSA Communist Party of the United Statesof America DMA Durham Miners' Association DMM Dockers' Minority Movement DPC District Party Committee ECCI Executive Committee of the Communist International FKCMA Fife, Kinross and ClackmannanMiners' Association FOSR Friends of Soviet Russia ICWPA International Class War Prisoners'Aid IFTU International Federationof Trade Unions ILP IndependentLabour Party Inprecorr International PressCorrespondence IRA Irish RepublicanArmy JAC Joint Advisory Committee KPD Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands LAI LeagueAgainst Imperialism LPC Local Party Committee vi MFGB Miners' Federationof Great Britain MM Minority Movement MMM Miners'Minority Movement MRM Members'Rights Movement NAC National Administration Council Narkomindel People'sCommissariat of Foreign Affairs NCLC National Council of Labour Colleges NLWM National Left Wing Movement NUGMW National Union of GeneralAnd Municipal Workers N-LJR National Union of Railwaymen NUS National Union of Seamen NUT&GW National Union of Tailors'and Garment Workers NUWCM National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement NUWM National Unemployed Workers' Movement PAC Public AssistanceCommittee PB Political Bureau PCF Parti CommunisteFrancais PCI Partito Communista,Italiano Profintern Red International of Labour Unions RAPP RussianAssociation of Proletarian Writers RGO Revolutiondre GerwerkschaftsOpposition RILU Red International of Labour Unions RVM Railwaymen'sVigilance Movement SPD SozialdemokratischePartei Deutschlands SWMF South Wales Miners' Federation TGWU Transport and General Workers'Union TMM Textile Minority Movement TUC TradesUnion Congress Vil UCWU United Clothing Workers'Union UMS United Mineworkers'of Scotland USSR Union of Socialist Soviet Republics WCML Working ClassMuseum Library WEB West EuropeanBureau WFS Workers'Film Society WTM Workers'Theatre Movement YCI Young Communist International YCL Young Communist League viii Introduction The Communist Party of Great Britain in the Third Period In an essaydevoted to the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and the recently openedcommunist archive, Kevin Morgan suggestedthat "if the British Party's history is worth writing at all, it is becauseit often exerciseda political and cultural influence out of all proportion to its size."' This thesis however, while endorsing the essenceof Morgan's assertion,is an attempt to understandthe CPGB in a period generally regardedto be amongstthe most calamitous in the Party's history. Between 1927 and 1932, Communist Party membershipdwindled, its leadership fractured, and many of the links the CPGB had tirelessly establishedwith the wider labour movementwere curtailed. Non-Party allies, such as the miners' leader A. J. Cook, were denouncedas social fascists;joint initiatives establishedwith the trade unions and the Labour left were discontinued; and the CPGB found itself increasingly estrangedfrom both the work environment, and the working class that the Party endeavouredto represent. And yet, although many of the channels through which the Party had carved out a political influence were obstructed during these years, the CPGB remained a significant presence in other important spheres. The Party had become the undisputed leader of the unemployed by the early 1930s, leading national Hunger Marches and helping thousands of workers negotiate the trauma of unemployment at a local level. Also 'on the ground', the CPGB organised social and political events such as football IK. Morgan, 'The CPGB and the Comintern Archives.'In Socialist HistoEyAutumn 1993, P19. leagues,campaigns for free school meals, local news sheetsand aid for striking workers. Similarly, the CP developeda rich educationaland cultural environment.Party schoolswere established;workers' theatreand film groups developedacross the country; and numeroussocial events were organisedto raise money for various communist initiatives. As such, this thesis will examinethe nature of Communist Party influence and support between 1927and 1932,based upon the premisethat: i) 'understandingthe lulls in Party influence are as important to the study of communism in Britain as the various peaks; and ii) that the late 1920sand early 30s were a difficult but not wholly disastroustime for the CPGB- The prevailing view of communist activity in this period is an overwhelmingly negativeone. Historians both sympatheticand hostile to the Party generally agreethat the CPGB suffered during theseyears; and both locate the blame for the Party's apparentdecline in the classagainst by the CP from 1928. Such class policy pursued a policy - which sought to reveal the 'treacherous'role of social democracywhile simultaneously 'independent' leadership establishingan communist of the working class- is seento be inapplicable to the 'objective conditions' prevalent in Britain in the 1920-30s. Furthermore,the policy's proximity to Stalin's consolidation of power within the Soviet Union has further tainted the period as one of growing 'Stalinisation' and communist uniformity. Commentatorshave therefore,either dismissedthe period as an anomaly in the CPGB's developmentand ignored the wider implications of the New Line (as the policy was alternatively called); or stressedthe prominent role played by the Comintern in the implementation of the policy so as to highlight the CPGB's subservienceto Moscow/Stalin. The British Communist Party was brow beateninto submission,the argumentgoes, and suffered as a consequence. 2 Henry Pelling's account of the Third Period, written in the midst of the Cold War, encapsulatessuch a 'traditional' view. "By 1928" writes Pelling, the CPGB's "slavish submissionto Moscow" led to the "barren class against class policy" being forced upon the compliant British
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Communist International Through a British Lens*
    The Communist International through a British Lens* Alastair Kocho‐Williams University of the West of England, Bristol alastair.kocho‐[email protected] Cross‐Cultural Communism: Spanish, British, and Chinese Socialists inside Russia’s International Revolution AHA 123rd General Meeting, New York, 2‐5 January 2009 The Communist International (Comintern) was founded to export the Russian Revolution. Nominally independent of the Soviet state, it involved communist parties - often referred to as Sections - from around the world, but was directed from Moscow. The Comintern took an interest in Britain from its inception, invited British delegates to its founding congress in March 1919, and took an active role in the founding of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in the summer of 1920. From the Comintern’s point of view Britain offered a good opportunity for revolution beyond Russia. As the leading imperial power following the First World War, it was a target for agitation against imperialism and colonialism, and a strong labour movement presented opportunities for mass mobilization. Willing participants in the programme of world revolution were found, and the CPGB rose out of longer-term trends in the British left, and an admiration of the Russian Revolution. Despite this, the CPGB and the prospects for revolution were an almost constant disappointment to Moscow. Britain remained stable, and mostly under Conservative governments, while the Party remained relatively small in comparison to other national parties with membership around 4,000 in 1920, rising to 12,000 in 1926, but dipping to approximately 2,500 by 1930, and despite recruitment after adoption of the popular front remaining below 20,000 by the start of the * I am grateful for the assistance of Norman Laporte, Kevin Morgan, and Stephen Hopkinson in the writing of this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Paving the Path for Success: Lenin's Political Theory in Practice, 1902-1917 Kelly Olsen
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2009 Paving the Path for Success: Lenin's Political Theory in Practice, 1902-1917 Kelly Olsen Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PAVING THE PATH FOR SUCCESS: LENIN’S POLITICAL THEORY IN PRACTICE, 1902-1917 By KELLY OLSEN A Thesis submitted to the Interdisciplinary Program in Russian and East European Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2009 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Kelly Olsen defended on November 3, 2009. ________________________________________ Jonathan Grant Professor Directing Defense ________________________________________ Mark Souva Committee Member ________________________________________ Edward Wynot Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii This Thesis is dedicated to Dr. Art Vanden Houten in an effort to thank him for igniting my passion for political theory and showing me that the influence of a truly great teacher expands much further than the classroom. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Dr. Jonathan Grant for guiding me through the research and writing process and answering all my questions; big and small. I would also like to acknowledge my father, mother, and sister for encouraging me to always strive for success and for listening to me talk about Lenin for countless hours. Thank you. iv ABSTRACT This thesis presents and evaluates a selection of Lenin’s political writings from 1902-1917 in an effort to illustrate the continuity in his political theory.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Left's Views on Israel: from the Establishment of the Jewish State To
    ‘The Left’s Views on Israel: From the establishment of the Jewish state to the intifada’ Thesis submitted by June Edmunds for PhD examination at the London School of Economics and Political Science 1 UMI Number: U615796 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615796 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 F 7377 POLITI 58^S8i ABSTRACT The British left has confronted a dilemma in forming its attitude towards Israel in the postwar period. The establishment of the Jewish state seemed to force people on the left to choose between competing nationalisms - Israeli, Arab and later, Palestinian. Over time, a number of key developments sharpened the dilemma. My central focus is the evolution of thinking about Israel and the Middle East in the British Labour Party. I examine four critical periods: the creation of Israel in 1948; the Suez war in 1956; the Arab-Israeli war of 1967 and the 1980s, covering mainly the Israeli invasion of Lebanon but also the intifada. In each case, entrenched attitudes were called into question and longer-term shifts were triggered in the aftermath.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Culture for a Modern Nation? Theatre, Cinema and Radio in Early Twentieth-Century Scotland
    Media Culture for a Modern Nation? Theatre, Cinema and Radio in Early Twentieth-Century Scotland a study © Adrienne Clare Scullion Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD to the Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Glasgow. March 1992 ProQuest Number: 13818929 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818929 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Frontispiece The Clachan, Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry, 1911. (T R Annan and Sons Ltd., Glasgow) GLASGOW UNIVERSITY library Abstract This study investigates the cultural scene in Scotland in the period from the 1880s to 1939. The project focuses on the effects in Scotland of the development of the new media of film and wireless. It addresses question as to what changes, over the first decades of the twentieth century, these two revolutionary forms of public technology effect on the established entertainment system in Scotland and on the Scottish experience of culture. The study presents a broad view of the cultural scene in Scotland over the period: discusses contemporary politics; considers established and new theatrical activity; examines the development of a film culture; and investigates the expansion of broadcast wireless and its influence on indigenous theatre.
    [Show full text]
  • People, Place and Party:: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911
    Durham E-Theses People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911 Young, David Murray How to cite: Young, David Murray (2003) People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3081/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk People, Place and Party: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 David Murray Young A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Durham Department of Politics August 2003 CONTENTS page Abstract ii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1- SDF Membership in London 16 Chapter 2 -London
    [Show full text]
  • Short Report
    AUSTRALIAN EPHEMERA COLLECTION FINDING AID FORMED COLLECTION FEDERAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS, 1901-2014 PRINTED AUSTRALIANA AUGUST 2017 The Library has been actively collecting Federal election campaign ephemera for many years. ACCESS The Australian Federal Elections ephemera may requested by eCall-slip and used through the Library’s Special Collections Reading Room. Readers are able to request files relating to a specific election year. Please note: . 1901-1913 election material all in one box . 1914-1917 election material all in one box OTHER COLLECTIONS See also the collection of related broadsides and posters, and within the PANDORA archive. See also ‘Referenda’ in the general ephemera run. CONTENT AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTION 1901 29-30 March see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period 1903 16 December see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period 1906 12 December see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period 1910 13 April see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labour Party Folder 2. Liberal Party 1913 31 May see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labor Party Folder 2. Liberal Party Folder 3. Other candidates 1914 ― 5 September (double dissolution) see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labor Party Folder 2. Liberal Party 1917 5 May see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labor Party Folder 2. National Party Folder 3. Other candidates 1919 13 December see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Harry Pollitt, Maurice Thorez and the Writing of Exemplary Communist Lives
    The University of Manchester Research Harry Pollitt, Maurice Thorez and the writing of exemplary communist lives Document Version Accepted author manuscript Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Morgan, K., Gottlieb, J. (Ed.), & Toye, R. (Ed.) (2005). Harry Pollitt, Maurice Thorez and the writing of exemplary communist lives. In Making Reputations: power, persuasion and the individual in British politics I.B. Tauris. Published in: Making Reputations: power, persuasion and the individual in British politics Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:10. Oct. 2021 An exemplary communist life? Harry Pollitt’s Serving My Time in comparative perspective Kevin Morgan i Traditionally, biography has been one of the weakest genres of communist historiography. In a country like Britain, where the communist party (the CPGB) had a peak membership in the 1940s of perhaps 55,000 and never elected more than two MPs, its leading figures held few obvious attractions for the conventional political biographer.
    [Show full text]
  • Helen Crawfurd Helen Jack, Born in the Gorbals District
    Helen Crawfurd Helen Jack, born in the Gorbals district of Glasgow in 1877, was the third child of William Jack, a Master Baker, and Heather Kyle Jack, of 61 Shore Street, Inverkip. Her father was a member of the Conservative Party and a member of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. Helen shared her father's religious views and became a Sunday school teacher. Her siblings were William, James, John, Jean and Agnes. In 1898 Helen married Reverend Alexander Montgomerie Crawfurd, and they had one son, Alexander in 1913. His parish was in a slum area of Glasgow and she was deeply shocked by the suffering endured by the working classes. She wrote to a friend about the "appalling misery and poverty of the workers in Glasgow, physically broken down bodies, bowlegged, rickets." Helen Crawfurd also became very interested in the work of Josephine Butler, particularly The Education and Employment of Women. She became convinced that the situation would only change when women had the vote and in 1900 she joined the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), claiming that "if the Mothers of the race had some say, then things would be changed". She held regular meetings in her Glasgow house and took part in protest meetings but she became increasingly frustrated by the lack success of the movement. By 1905 the media had lost interest in the struggle for women's rights. Newspapers rarely reported meetings and usually refused to publish articles and letters written by supporters of women's suffrage. The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) decided to use different methods to obtain the publicity they thought would be needed in order to obtain the vote.
    [Show full text]
  • The Labour Party and the Idea of Citizenship, C. 193 1-1951
    The Labour Party and the Idea of Citizenship, c. 193 1-1951 ABIGAIL LOUISA BEACH University College London Thesis presented for the degree of PhD University of London June 1996 I. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the development and articulation of ideas of citizenship by the Labour Party and its sympathizers in academia and the professions. Setting this analysis within the context of key policy debates the study explores how ideas of citizenship shaped critiques of the relationships between central government and local government, voluntary groups and the individual. Present historiographical orthodoxy has skewed our understanding of Labour's attitude to society and the state, overemphasising the collectivist nature and centralising intentions of the Labour party, while underplaying other important ideological trends within the party. In particular, historical analyses which stress the party's commitment from the 1930s to achieving the transition to socialism through a strategy of planning, (of industrial development, production, investment, and so on), have generally concluded that the party based its programme on a centralised, expert-driven state, with control removed from the grasp of the ordinary people. The re-evaluation developed here questions this analysis and, fundamentally, seeks to loosen the almost overwhelming concentration on the mechanisms chosen by the Labour for the implementation of policy. It focuses instead on the discussion of ideas that lay behind these policies and points to the variety of opinions on the meaning and implications of social and economic planning that surfaced in the mid-twentieth century Labour party. In particular, it reveals considerable interest in the development of an active and participatory citizenship among socialist thinkers and politicians, themes which have hitherto largely been seen as missing elements in the ideas of the interwar and immediate postwar Labour party.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin 10-Final Cover
    COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN Issue 10 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. March 1998 Leadership Transition in a Fractured Bloc Featuring: CPSU Plenums; Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and the Crisis in East Germany; Stalin and the Soviet- Yugoslav Split; Deng Xiaoping and Sino-Soviet Relations; The End of the Cold War: A Preview COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 10 The Cold War International History Project EDITOR: DAVID WOLFF CO-EDITOR: CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN ADVISING EDITOR: JAMES G. HERSHBERG ASSISTANT EDITOR: CHRISTA SHEEHAN MATTHEW RESEARCH ASSISTANT: ANDREW GRAUER Special thanks to: Benjamin Aldrich-Moodie, Tom Blanton, Monika Borbely, David Bortnik, Malcolm Byrne, Nedialka Douptcheva, Johanna Felcser, Drew Gilbert, Christiaan Hetzner, Kevin Krogman, John Martinez, Daniel Rozas, Natasha Shur, Aleksandra Szczepanowska, Robert Wampler, Vladislav Zubok. The Cold War International History Project was established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation. The Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side”—the former Communist bloc—through publications, fellowships, and scholarly meetings and conferences. Within the Wilson Center, CWIHP is under the Division of International Studies, headed by Dr. Robert S. Litwak. The Director of the Cold War International History Project is Dr. David Wolff, and the incoming Acting Director is Christian F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: a Profile
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1966 The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: A profile. Aldo U. Marchini University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Marchini, Aldo U., "The Italian Communist Party 1921--1964: A profile." (1966). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6438. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6438 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript and are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was scanned as received. it This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE ITALIAN COkkUNIST PARTY 1921 - 196A: A PROPILE by ALDO U.
    [Show full text]
  • Killing Hope U.S
    Killing Hope U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II – Part I William Blum Zed Books London Killing Hope was first published outside of North America by Zed Books Ltd, 7 Cynthia Street, London NI 9JF, UK in 2003. Second impression, 2004 Printed by Gopsons Papers Limited, Noida, India w w w.zedbooks .demon .co .uk Published in South Africa by Spearhead, a division of New Africa Books, PO Box 23408, Claremont 7735 This is a wholly revised, extended and updated edition of a book originally published under the title The CIA: A Forgotten History (Zed Books, 1986) Copyright © William Blum 2003 The right of William Blum to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Cover design by Andrew Corbett ISBN 1 84277 368 2 hb ISBN 1 84277 369 0 pb Spearhead ISBN 0 86486 560 0 pb 2 Contents PART I Introduction 6 1. China 1945 to 1960s: Was Mao Tse-tung just paranoid? 20 2. Italy 1947-1948: Free elections, Hollywood style 27 3. Greece 1947 to early 1950s: From cradle of democracy to client state 33 4. The Philippines 1940s and 1950s: America's oldest colony 38 5. Korea 1945-1953: Was it all that it appeared to be? 44 6. Albania 1949-1953: The proper English spy 54 7. Eastern Europe 1948-1956: Operation Splinter Factor 56 8. Germany 1950s: Everything from juvenile delinquency to terrorism 60 9. Iran 1953: Making it safe for the King of Kings 63 10.
    [Show full text]