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People, Place and Party:: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911

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People, Place and Party:: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 Durham E-Theses People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911 Young, David Murray How to cite: Young, David Murray (2003) People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3081/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk People, Place and Party: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 David Murray Young A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Durham Department of Politics August 2003 CONTENTS page Abstract ii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1- SDF Membership in London 16 Chapter 2 -London and SDF socialism 39 Chapter 3-Branch Life: the culture of the SDF 50 Chapter 4 - Propaganda and the art of ranting 69 Chapter 5- Gender and the 'Woman Question' 86 Chapter 6 - Religion 108 Chapter 7 - Education 130 Chapter 8 - Strategy and tactics 156 Chapter 9 - Ideology 173 Chapter 10- 'The worker has no country': the SDF as internationalists 197 Chapter 11 - Trade unionism and industrial politics 225 Chapter 12 - Socialist Unity and the Labour Party 244 Conclusion 272 Appendix A: London branches 275 Appendix B: Figure Illb (Occupations of London SDF members) 279 Bibliography and list of sources consulted 282 11 David! M. Y ollllng People, Place and! Party: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 Thesis sulbmittedl1for the degree o1f Doctor o1f Phifiosophy, lUilllnversity o1f Durham 2003. This study presents a social and political history of the Social Democratic Federation from the early 1880s to the end ofthe Edwardian era with a focus on the London area. The SDF has often been portrayed as an intransigent and alien organisation by the existing historiography but this study outlines the relationship between the political journey of individual members, the constraints and potential of the local area and the resultant politics of the SDF as an organisation. With the aid of under-utilised sources such as branch minutes and publications this thesis builds a profile of SDF membership in London and the factors affecting membership in the metropolis. There then follows sections on branch culture and propaganda followed by chapters on the cultural/political questions of gender, religion and education. The second half of the thesis deals with the more political questions of strategy, ideology, internationalism (and racism), trade unionism and relations with the Labour Party. The title 'People, Place and Party' is meant to indicate the tension between those elements that affect the development of an organisation. With an awareness of these elements and by using a breadth of source material it is possible to overcome the obstacle of the 'dogmatic' stereotype of the SDF. lll No material contained in this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree in this or any other university. "The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without their prior consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged." IV Ack.mtowBedgeme~mts This thesis has had a long gestation period and as a result my debt of gratitude to individuals is equally long. I am grateful to the staff of university libraries in Durham, Manchester, Oxford Nuffield College and the Bodleian and London at Birkbeck College, the Institute of Historical Research and Institute of Education, Senate House and the LSE. Also the staff of the British Library and their newspaper library in Co lindale, Stephen Bird at the National Museum of Labour History in Manchester, the welcoming Tish Collins and volunteers of the Marx Memorial Library and the enormously patient people at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. Particular thanks go to the archivists of local studies centres across London in Bexley, Camden, Chelsea, Chiswick, Enfield (where the archivist Graham Dalling is the great-nephew of Jimmy Jay, an SDF councillor for Edmonton), Hackney, Hammersmith and Fulham, Islington, Kensington, Newham, Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth and Westminster. A large number of friends and colleagues have shown an interest in this project over the years and thanks go to Lisa Leggatt, Prof. Carol Hurd-Green, Dr Steve Inwood, Prof. Joanna Bourke, Paul Whittaker, Dave Finch, Bernard Regan, and Graham Horry. The late Andrew Rothstein and Harry Young were supportive at an early stage. Thanks should also go to my parents Grace and Allan Young and my in-laws Svetla and Pavel Klapil for their continuous support. My supervisor Andrew MacMullen has provided a wealth of knowledge, insight and experience which I have benefited from. I can only say that his guidance has been crucial in producing this finished work. Finally I must acknowledge my enormous debt to my wife Jitka whose linguistic skills have made her a keen-eyed proof reader. She has lived with this thesis for many years and has watched it grow to the point where it is time to let go. Thanks. v Abbreviations ASRS Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants ASS Adult Suffrage Society BSP British Socialist Party CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain EC Executive Committee GWGLU Gasworkers and General Labourer's Union ILP Independent Labour Party ISEL Industrial Syndicalist Education League LCC London County Council LRC Labour Representation Committee LSC London Society of Compositors LTC London Trades Council MRF Metropolitan Radical Federation NAC National Administrative Committee (ILP) NRWC National Right to Work Committee NSP National Socialist Party NSS National Secular Society NUC National Unemployed Committee RSDLP Russian Social-Democratic and Labour Party SACC South Africa Conciliation Committee SDF Social Democratic Federation SOP Social Democratic Party SLP Socialist Labour Party SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands SPGB Socialist Party of Great Britain swc Stop-the-War Committee TUC Trades Union Congress WNHC Workmen's National Housing Council WSPU Women's Social and Political Union Abbreviations in footnotes BLPES British Library of Political and Economic Science, London BMML Bulletin of the Marx Memorial Library BSSLH Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History IISH International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam IRSH International Review of Social History LHR Labour History Review NMLH National Museum of Labour History, Manchester VI 'Some day, I suppose when we are all dead and gone somebody who knows nothing about [the SDF] will write it all down.' Harry Quelch to H.M.Hyndman in How I became a Socialist, [nd. 1902], pl. Vll a) Tine Received View In his study of the ILP David Howell writes: 'the image of the Social Democratic Federation as a narrow dogmatic sect unsuited to the rigours of British politics is a tendentious, partial and misleading one, in which the polemical judgements of ILP contemporaries have been canonised into firm historical verdicts. Clearly the reality was more complex than this.' 1 The SDF has been a victim of the nature of history in that historians as researchers have a tendency to look for the origins of institutions, ideas and movements. In this case the SDF has most often been referred to in connection with the origin of the Labour Party and has seldom been seen in a favourable light. The first generation of Labour Party historians regarded the SDF with some hostility. Early commentators on labour politics such as G.D.H.Cole and the Fabian R.C.K.Ensor certainly regarded Britain's first Marxist party as an example offailure against the Labour Party's paradigm of success. Ensor (who opposed the SDF in London from the 1890s) described Hyndman2 as a dilettante financier, Morris3 as an unworldly aesthete and their activities as 'incurable exoticism' .4 G.D.H.Cole, although admitting that the SDF were 'the pioneers of modem Socialism in Great Britain', claimed that they 'uttered an unintelligible Marxian jargon devoid of propagandist appeal' .5 This is a theme supported by E.Halevy who suggested that the SDF professed 'a sour creed, imported from abroad' and had a leadership in which 'the intellectuals seemed to outnumber the workers'. 6 1 David Howell, British Workers and the Independent Labour Party 1888-1906 (Manchester 1983), f389. Henry Mayers Hyndman ( 1842-1921), Gentleman, journalist, stockbroker. Active in Democratic Federation then SDF from 1881 untill916. Left to form National Socialist Party. 3 William Morris (1834-1896), artist poet and designer. Active in Democratic Federation then SDF 1883-4. Left with others to form the Socialist League 1885-1890. Contributor to Justice after 1890. 4 R.C.K.Ensor, England 1870-1914 (Oxford 1939), p222. 5 G.D.H.Cole, A Short History ofthe British Working-Class Movement 1789-1947 (3rd Edition 1948), p251. E.Halevy A History ofihe English People in the Nineteenth Century: Epilogue: 1895-1905,Book 2 The Internal Policy ofthe Unionist Cabinet (Harmondsworth 1939), pl47. 1 In later works the Labour Party's pragmatism is seen as the over-riding virtue.
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