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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. Herbert Read to T.S. Eliot: 1 October 1949: Herbert Read Archive, University of Victoria (hereafter HRAUV), HR/TSE-170. 2. Herbert Read, The Contrary Experience: Autobiographies (London, 1963), 353, 350. 3. Isaiah Berlin, The Roots of Romanticism (London, [1965] 2000), 97. 4. For a useful discussion, see: Peter Ryley, Making Another World Possible: Anar- chism, Anti-capitalism and Ecology in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Britain (New York, 2013); Mark Bevir, The Making of British Socialism (Princeton, 2011), 256–277. 5. Martin A. Miller, Kropotkin (Chicago, 1976), 166–167; Rodney Barker, Political Ideas in Modern Britain (London, 1978), 42 passim. 6. H. Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement in Late Victorian London (London, 1983), 136; see also: 92, 132–137. For a discussion of the signifi- cance of the Congress, see: Davide Turcato, Making Sense of Anarchism: Errico Malatesta’s Experiments with Revolution (Basingstoke, 2012), 136–139. 7. W. Tcherkesoff, Let Us Be Just: (An Open Letter to Liebknecht) (London, 1896), 7. 8. The report offered short biographies of Francesco Merlino, Gustav Landauer, Louise Michel, Amilcare Cipriani, Augustin Hamon, Élisée Reclus, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Bernard Lazare, and Peter Kropotkin. N.A., Full Report of the Proceedings of the International Workers’ Congress, London, July and August, 1896 (London, 1896), 67–72. 9. N.A., Full Report of the Proceedings, 21, 17. 10. Matthew S. Adams, ‘Herbert Read and the fluid memory of the First World War: Poetry, Prose, and Polemic’, Historical Research (2014), 1–22; Janet S.K. Watson, Fighting Different Wars: Experience, Memory, and the First World War in Britain (Cambridge, 2004), 226. 11. Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War in English Culture (London, 1990), 353–382. 12. Dan Todman, The Great War: Myth and Memory (London, 2011), 88–94. 13. Peter Gay, Modernism: The Lure of Heresy (New York, 2008), 3. 14. Allan Antliff, Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant- Garde (Chicago, 2001), 1–2. 15. Michael Freeden, Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach (Oxford, 2008), 75, 76. 16. Quentin Skinner, Visions of Politics: Volume 1 (2002), 89 passim. For an overview, see: Paul Kelly, ‘Rescuing Political Theory from the Tyranny of History’, in Jonathan Floyd and Marc Stears (eds) Political Philosophy ver- sus History?: Contextualism and Real Politics in Contemporary Political Thought (Cambridge, 2011), 13–37. 17. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 1 (Cambridge, 1978), xi. 188 Notes 189 18. Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge, 1994), 19. 19. For an excellent overview of the current state of scholarship on anarchist history, see: Carl Levy, ‘Social Histories of Anarchism’, Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 4:2 (2010), 1–44. 20. George Woodcock, Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (London, [1962] 1970), 414. 21. Woodcock was not the first to plot the history of anarchism in this manner, but certainly the most influential. For a discussion, see: Matthew S. Adams, ‘The Possibilities of Anarchist History: Rethinking the Canon and Writing History’, Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies (2013), 33–63. 22. John Quail, The Slow Burning Fuse (London, 1978), ix–xv; Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement. 23. Peter Marshall, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (London, 1993), xiii. See also: April Carter, The Political Theory of Anarchism (London, 1971); R.B. Fowler, ‘The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought’, The Western Political Quarterly, 25: 4 (1972), 738–752; Roderick Kedward, The Anarchists (New York, 1971); D. Novak, ‘The Place of Anarchism in the His- tory of Political Thought’, The Review of Politics, 20: 3 (1958), 307–329; Quail, Slow Burning Fuse; Woodcock, Anarchism. On the exclusion of anarchism from histories of socialism, a good example is: Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London, 2010). 24. Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (Cambridge, MA, 1961). 25. Skinner, Visions of Politics, 72. 26. Consider: Constance Bantman, The French Anarchists in London: 1880–1914 (Liverpool, 2013); Ryley, Making Another World Possible; Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt, Black Flame: The Revolution Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism (Edinburgh, 2009). 27. Consider: Ruth Kinna, ‘Guy Aldred: Bridging the Gap between Marxism and Anarchism’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 16:1 (2011), 97–114; Ruth Kinna Anarchism: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford, 2005); Carissa Honeywell, ‘Bridg- ing the Gaps: Twentieth-Century Anglo-American Anarchist Thought’, in Ruth Kinna (ed.) The Continuum Companion to Anarchism (London, 2012), 111–139; Benjamin Franks, Rebel Alliances: The Means and Ends of Contem- porary British Anarchisms (Edinburgh, 2006); Nathan Jun, Anarchism and Political Modernity (New York, 2012). 28. For this critique, see: Allan Antliff, ‘Anarchy, Power and Post-Structralism’, in Duane Rouselle and Süreyyya Evren (eds) Post-Anarchism: A Reader (London, 2011), 160–167; Benjamin Franks, ‘Post-Anarchism: A Partial Account’ in Post-Anarchism, 168–180. For works of this nature, see: Saul Newman, The Politics of Postanarchism (Edinburgh, 2011); Todd May, The Political Philos- ophy of Poststructuralist Anarchism (Pennsylvania, 1994); Andrew M. Koch, ‘Post-Structuralism and the Epistemological Basis of Anarchism’, in Duane Rouselle and Süreyyya Evren (eds) Post-Anarchism: A Reader (London, 2011), 23–40 (39). 29. For a useful discussion, see: Honeywell, ‘Bridging the Gaps’, 111–139. 30. Usually ‘classical anarchism’ refers to the work of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin, and Kropotkin. See Jun, Anarchism, 111–113. 190 Notes 31. Ruth Kinna, ‘Introduction’, Continuum Companion, 3–38 (17). 32. Carissa Honeywell, A British Anarchist Tradition: Herbert Read, Alex Comfort and Colin Ward (London, 2011); Ryley, Making Another World Possible. See also: David Goodway. While he is more hesitant about anarchism’s claims for ‘tradition’ status, suggesting that the presence of a ‘shared community’ of thought is debatable, his book nevertheless suggests that this existed. David Goodway, Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward (Liverpool, 2006), 11–12. 33. Keith Michael Baker, ‘Introduction’, in Baker (ed.) The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: Volume 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime (Oxford, 1987), xi–xxiv (xii). See also: Wolfgang J. Mommsen, ‘His- tory of Political Theory in the Federal Republic of Germany: Strange Death and Slow Recovery’, in Dario Castiglione and Iain Hampsher-Monk (eds) The History of Political Thought in National Context (Cambridge, 2001), 40–57. 34. Bevir, Making of British Socialism, 12. 35. John Dunn, The History of Political Theory and Other Essays (Cambridge, 1996), 19. 36. George Crowder, Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin, Bakunin and Kropotkin (Oxford, 1991); Koch, ‘Post-Structuralism and the Epistemo- logical Basis of Anarchism’; May, Poststructuralist Anarchism; David Miller, Anarchism (London, 1984); Newman, Politics of Postanarchism; Richard Sonn, Anarchism (New York, 1992). 37. Kropotkin and Read both followed convention in using gendered language. As the rhetorical conversation was a key aspect of their polemical arsenal, in which the use of ‘he’, ‘him’, and ‘his’ abounded, I have opted not to highlight this problematic practice by adding ‘sic’ after each instance, to avoid cluttering the text. 38. Herbert Read, Poetry and Anarchism (London, [1938] 1947), 61. 1 Contexts: Anarchism in British Intellectual History, 1886–1968 1. Percy Wyndham Lewis (ed.) Blast No.1, (London, 1914), 36, 39. 2. Edward Wadsworth, ‘The Black Country’, Arts and Letter Letters: An Illus- trated Quarterly, 3:1 (1920), 40. 3. Jonathan Black, ‘ “Constructing a Chinese-Puzzle Universe”: Industry, National Identity, and Edward Wadsworth’s Vorticist Woodcuts of West Yorkshire, 1914–1916’, in Mark Antliff et al (eds) Vorticism: New Perspectives (Oxford, 2013), 89–99 (98). 4. Peter Kropotkin, ‘Western Europe [1924]’, from Memoirs of a Revolutionist in Marshall S. Shatz (ed.) The Conquest of Bread and Other Writings (Cambridge, 1995), 203–232 (204). 5. Peter Kropotkin, Act for Yourselves: Articles from Freedom: 1886–1907, Nicolas Walter and Heiner Becker (eds) (London, 1998), 102. 6. Peter Kropotkin, Fields, Factories and Workshops or Industry Combined with Agriculture and Brain Work with Manual Work (London, 1912), 77. 7. Alexis de Tocqueville, Journeys to England and Ireland, J. P. Mayer (ed.), trans. George Lawrence and K.P. Mayer (New Haven, 1958), 107–108. Notes 191 8. Herbert Read, Annals of Innocence and Experience (London, [1940] 1946), 200. 9. Henry George, Progress and Poverty: An Inquiry into the Cause of Industrial Depressions and of Increase of Want with Increase of Wealth (New York, [1876] 1900), 7. 10. Ibid., 297, 312. 11. J. A. Hobson, Confessions of an Economic Heretic (London, 1938), 27. 12. Kropotkin, Act for Yourselves, 48, 50; Peter Kropotkin, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (London, [1899] 1978), 299. 13. Herbert Spencer, Social Statics: Or, The Conditions Essential to Human Happi- ness (London, 1851), 114. 14. Herbert Spencer, The Man Versus the State (New York, 1884), 32, 13. 15. Richard Bellamy, ‘Introduction’, in Bellamy (ed.) Victorian
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