Socialism and Education in Britain 1883 -1902

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Socialism and Education in Britain 1883 -1902 Socialism and Education in Britain 1883 -1902 by Kevin Manton A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) Institute of Education University of London September 1998 (i.omcN) 1 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the policies of the socialist movement in the last two decades of the nineteenth century with regard to the education of children. This study is used to both reassess the nature of these education policies and to criticise the validity of the historiographical models of the movement employed by others. This study is thematic and examines the whole socialist movement of the period, rather than a party or an individual and as such draws out the common policies and positions shared across the movement. The most central of these was a belief that progress in what was called the 'moral' and the 'material' must occur simultaneously. Neither the ethical transformation of individuals, nor, the material reformation of society alone would give real progress. Children, for example, needed to be fed as well as educated if the socialist belief in the power of education and the innate goodness of humanity was to be realised. This belief in the unity of moral and material reform effected all socialist policies studied here, such as those towards the family, teachers, and the content of the curriculum. The socialist programme was also heavily centred on the direct democratic control of the education system, the ideal type of which actually existed in this period in the form of school boards. The socialist programme was thus not a utopian wish list but rather was capable of realisation through the forms of the state education machinery that were present in the period. It is argued in this thesis that the removal of this democratic machinery in 1902 crucially de-stabilised this unity of the ethical and the material and was one of the factors that led to the growth of state-centred and bureaucratic socialist solutions. 2 Table of Contents Page Abstract 1 Contents 2 Acknowledgements 4 Introduction - The character of socialism, the socialism of character? 6 Chapter One - Socialism and the 23 'religion, education, family question' •The system as it affected 26 parents •Parents as they affected 33 children •The family and education 51 in socialist society •Conclusion Chapter Two - Socialism, education and 58 teachers •Socialism and the place of teachers in the 60 existing education system 'Socialism and trade unions 68 'Socialism and teachers trade 73 unionism 'The ideal teacher 89 'Conclusion 91 Chapter Three - Socialist education: 93 ideals and practice 'The moral and material in socialist 94 education - a healthy mind in a healthy body 'Making healthy minds - socialist 102 education •F. J. Gould's work 105 'Hany Lowerison and Ruskin 110 School Home 'Conclusion 123 Chapter Four - Socialism, work and 125 technical education 'Socialism and work 128 'Socialism and the politics of 140 technical education 'The socialist plan for technical 145 education 'Conclusion 153 Chapter Five - Socialism, education and 155 democracy 'Defining a democratic education 156 •The campaign for a democratic 164 education - socialism and the politics of education •The democratic control of 173 education - socialism and the state 'Conclusion 179 Chapter Six - Socialism and the 1902 181 Education Act •The nature of the 1902 Act 184 'Socialist relations with other groups 188 opposed to the Act 'The socialist response to the Act 191 •Conclusion 204 Conclusion 206 Bibliography 213 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great number of people and institutions have helped me during the course of my doctoral studies. They have made my researches more enjoyable and it is a pleasure to be able to express my gratitude to them here. Dr. Dennis Dean of the Institute of Education (University of London) first pointed me at the socialism of the late nineteenth century and has encouraged me along the way ever since. The staff at the following institutions in London have all been extremely helpful and their enthusiasm for the material in their care has been infectious: The Bishopsgate Institute, The British Library of Political and Economic Science, The British Library, Croyden Local Studies Library, Greenwich Local Studies Centre, The Institute of Education (University of London) Library, Lewisham Local Studies Library, The London Metropolitan Archive (formerly the Greater London Record Office), London University Library, The Marx Memorial Library, The National Register of Archives, and The National Union of Teachers Library. However, I owe a particularly great debt to the staff of the following institutions who have dealt with my often rather vague requests over the phone with consummate skill and commendable patience: Durham County Records Office, Leicester County Records Office, Liverpool University Library Special Collections Unit, The Lynn Museum in Kings Lynn (and to Ms Gill Walker in particular for introducing me to Mrs Elaine Auger), Manchester Central Library and its Local Studies Unit, The Modem Records Centre at The University of Warwick Library, The National Museum of Labour History, Sheffield City Library, West Yorkshire Archive Service, and The Working Class Movement Library in Salford. Bob Jones of Northern Herald Books not only told me of some works of which I had been unaware but was kind enough to lend me his own copies. Mrs Elaine Auger was hospitable and very helpful in telling me of her father's work. I also owe a debt of gratitude to S.H.G. Twining, Director of Twinings, for information about his forebears. 5 Sections of this thesis have been presented at The History of Education Seminar at The Institute of Historical Research, University of London, in January 1997. And, at The Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies, Sixth Northern Victorian Studies Colloquium, 'Citizenship and Duty - re- moralising the late Victorian city', at Trinity & All Saints, Leeds, in March 1997. I am grateful to the organisers of these events for allowing me to present my findings and for to the members of the audiences (especially Robbie Gray and Keith Laybourne) for their encouragement. Some of my findings have been published in History of Education and I owe yet another debt to this journal's editor, Professor Gary McCulloch, and to its anonymous reviewers for their help and guidance. My gratitude to all these people must extend to my absolving them of any responsibility for what their assistance has enabled me to do. Introduction 6 INTRODUCTION The character of socialism, the socialism of character? Socialism must attack all social evil, all moral wrong, and put an end not only to the exploitation of man, to oppression and iniquity, but also to egoisms, to hardships, to all avoidable suffering, must be inspired by every noble inspiration ... Do not therefore let us repel that which is most irrepressible, that which is best in human nature - sentiment, if thus you choose to call the ideal. ... Realist and idealist, both are welcome in our ranks. If well they learn the message of socialism to all those who suffer, to all those who hope, the idealist will recognise the economic, the realist the human question, and the two will be made one. J. Hunter Watts, 'Socialism, Idealist and Realist', Justice, 19 Nov. 1892. It would probably be quite difficult to underestimate the importance of education as a social and political issue in Britain in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. Frederick James Gould, whose work features in this thesis, observed in 1890 "this age is characterised by an extraordinary enthusiasm for education." The socialism that grew up in this society both imbibed and developed this concern and it was thus not surprising that education occupied the key position in the triptych socialist slogan 'Educate, Agitate, Organise'. In this phrase, which occuned repeatedly in the literature of the period, education could have two meanings. It could imply propaganda amongst adult workers but equally often, if not indeed more commonly, it could refer to the education of children. It is this second use of the term that will be examined in this thesis. The education of children was described by one author in Keir Hardie' s paper, The Labour Leader, as "the crux of the social problem" and by another in Justice, the paper of the Social Democratic Federation (S.D.F.), as "a sacred cause". 2 Socialism in this period was highly rational and had as one of its cornerstones the belief that ignorance was the lifeblood of the 1 Gould, 'The Noble Path', in, Gould, Stepping Stones to Agnosticism, 78. 2 Compo, 'Child Labour', The Labour Leader, 28 July 1900. 'Socialism and the School Board', Justice, 27 Oct. 1894. Introduction 7 conservatism of the British workers and, as a corollary of this, that knowledge would lead to radicalism. J. Hunter Watts phrased this thus: "we have a large faith in human kind and believe that a generation of men and women whose physical and intellectual capacities have been fully developed in youth will soon sweep this foul society into the limbo of dead things, and ... will establish socialism." Education was thus central to socialism in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. The reviewer of William Morris's News From Nowhere in Seed-time, the journal of the Fellowship of the New Life, wrote that, "in truth educational reform is so dependent upon social reform that the two cannot be considered apart."2 This means that education is an extremely useful means to highlight the ideas and politics of the movement as a whole. Therefore, it is argued that this thesis will be able to evaluate critically the conclusions of general histories of socialism, and general histories that comment upon socialism, as well as histories of socialist education policy. In this latter group the path-breaking work of Brian Simon is pre-eminent.
Recommended publications
  • Liberals, Labour and Leicester - the 1913 By-Election in Local and National Perspective by John Pasiecznik
    Liberals, Labour and Leicester - The 1913 By-Election in Local and National Perspective by John Pasiecznik One of Leicester's most dramatic election battles took place in June 1913 when the Liberals, Conservatives and British Socialist Party fought a by-election in the borough. Most attention was focused on the fledgling Labour Party which did not contest the seat. Voting on June 27th took place amid accusations of treachery aimed mostly at Labour Party Secretary, Ramsey MacDonald - who held the second Leicester seat - and who was a member of the Labour Party National Executive Committee which decided not to run a candidate. As this article reveals, Labour was in a dilemma. Following the national Lib-Lab Pact of 1903, the Liberals agreed not to put up a second candidate in Leicester which enabled future Labour Party Leader Ramsey MacDonald to become an MP. But ten years on should Labour still adhere to the pact? If the second seat was contested, the agreement would end; if Labour did not fight, the party could not claim to be truly independent of all other parties. The singular events of the by-election in the double-member seat of Leicester forms part of the city's rich political history. Leicester was a Radical stronghold in Victorian Britain. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 ushered in Whig supremacy. The transfer of power was total and long-lasting. Except for the 1861 by-election, the Whigs (later the Liberals) won every seat in the double­ member constituency in a general or by-election from 1837 to 1895.
    [Show full text]
  • Socialist Fairy Tales, Fables, and Allegories from Great Britain
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. ■ Introduction In 1974, I visited the mining area of South Wales to make a short educational radio programme about the nationalization of the mines, which took place under the Labour government of 1945– 50. One miner and political activist, Chris Evans, gave me a long interview ranging across the history of locality, mining, work, and his hopes for a socialist future. In describing the nature of life and work, he moved into recitation mode and said: I go to work, to earn money to buy bread to build up my strength, to go to work to earn money to buy bread to build up my strength to go to work . We laughed wryly. I enjoyed the way in which he had reduced the whole cycle of life and work into one rhythmic account. In literary terms, it turns the intricate interactions of existence into emblems, single vignettes that flow one to the other, contrasting with each other. It is, then, a particular kind of storytelling used with the in- tent of revealing or alerting a reader or listener to what the speaker thinks is an unsatisfactory state of affairs. The fact that the story doesn’t end with a conclusion hits the button because through its never- ending form (rather than through words themselves) it re- veals the folly, drudgery, and wrongness of what is being critiqued. 1 For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Fifty Years After Angicos. Paulo Freire, Popular Education
    Revista Lusófona de Educação ISSN: 1645-7250 [email protected] Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Portugal Torres, Carlos Alberto Fifty Years After Angicos. Paulo Freire, Popular Education and the Struggle for a Better World that is Possible Revista Lusófona de Educação, núm. 24, 2013, pp. 15-34 Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=34929705002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Lusófona de Educação, 24, 15-34 Fifty Years After Angicos. Paulo Freire, Popular Education and the Struggle for a Better World that is Possible Carlos Alberto Torres Que un individuo quiera despertar en otro individuo recuerdos que no pertenecieron más que a un tercero, es una paradoja evidente. Ejecutar con despreocupación esa paradoja, es la inocente voluntad de toda biografía.” 1 Abstract The main thesis of this paper is that Freire’s original experience in Angicos anticipated a grand design for social transformation of educational systems. As such it brought together two key concepts that formulated the basis of his educational system: popular culture as an counter-hegemonic project and popular education, more particularly what was later called citizen schools or public popular education as keystone of his new educational system. I use the term Paulo Freire System to show that his original attempts were not only to challenge pedagogical the prevailing banking education system that was so pervasive in Brazil and Latin American at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham Christianity and the Character Education
    University of Birmingham Christianity and the character education movement 1897-1914 Arthur, James DOI: 10.1080/0046760X.2018.1506049 License: Other (please specify with Rights Statement) Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Arthur, J 2019, 'Christianity and the character education movement 1897-1914', History of Education, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 60-76 . https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760X.2018.1506049 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in History of Education on 26/09/2018, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/0046760X.2018.1506049 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Education Workbook in Britain in 2010
    RADICAL EDUCATION WORK- BOOK CONTENTS Introduction1Self-Organisation TheMakingoftheWorkbook 2 FreeUniversityofLiverpool 19 HowtoUsetheWorkbook? 2 WorkerEducation 20 WhoMadetheWorkbook? 2 Self-Reliance:DiscussionontheUniversityofIslam 21 OpenArchive:56AInfoshop 22 ChallengingImposedCurricula Funding 23 Anti-ImperialEducation 4 X-Talk 24 SexandRelationshipsEducation 5 CitizenshipEducation 6 UsingthePedagogiesoftheOppressed L’EcoleModerne 8 PopularEducationandGuerillaWar(ElSalvador) 26 TheImage 27 Collectivity Power/Occupation 28 CircleTime 11 AFreirianPedagogyfortheEsolClassroom 30 EducationAgainstEmpire 12 BodyPedagogy 32 Collectivity 14 DoubtinGroups 15 ReadingList 33 DemocracyinSchools 16 2 Introduction Asacollectiveofstudentsandeducatorsworking Thisabsenceofcriticalapproachestocurriculum The‘Radical’inRadicalEducation inadiversityofsettings,fromprimaryschools alsoexistswithinsocialmovementsthemselves. Ouruseofthetermradicalisnotmeanttomake touniversities,socialcentrestoswimmingpools, Wheremanyradicalbookshopshaveextensive grandclaimsofpoliticalpurity,nortobeoff- andstraddlingthisworkwithourinvolvement sectionsofpoliticalanalysistheyrarelyhave puttingforthosewhodon’tthinkofthemselves instrugglesontheEducationfront,wefound sectionsoncommunityorganising,popular as‘radicals’.Itisusedprovisionallytomark ourselvespoorlyeducatedinthehistoriesof education,radicalresearchortheirhistories. outaterrainofpracticethatincludespopular radicaleducationthathavecirculatedintheUK Manymovementorganisersarenotawareofthese educationandresearch,militantorco-research,
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Popular Education
    An Introduction to Popular Education Community Capacitation Center Multnomah County Health Department Multnomah County Health Department, 1999 Updated 05/16/18 An Introduction to Popular Education Workshop Objectives By the end of the workshop, participants will: Increase their understanding of the main sources, the ultimate goal, the principles, and the values of popular education (PE) Be able to use several PE methods and understand how those methods support and embody the principles and values of PE Understand and be able to use the action-reflection-action (or practice- theory-practice) circle in PE Workshop Agenda Introduction 15 min Dinámica/Movement Building Activity 20 min Brainstorming: What do we already know about Popular Education? 30 min Dinámica/Movement Building Activity 10 min Radio Play: History of Popular Education 30 min Break 15 min Cooperative Learning: Reflection on Radio Play 45 min Lunch 50 min Dinámica/Movement Building Activity 10 min Sociodrama/Problem Posing: Identifying the Problem and Developing Critical Consciousness 60 min Break 10 min Dinámica/Movement Building Activity 10 min Cooperative Learning: Moving to Action 15 min Evaluation 15 min Conclusion 5 min Multnomah County Health Department, 1999 Updated 05/16/18 2 Brainstorming and Sociodramas Ground Rules for Brainstorming All ideas are accepted without judgment. There are no wrong answers. Encourage participation from everyone. As much as possible, the facilitator should write down exactly what people say. (This means: Don’t try
    [Show full text]
  • November 1925
    Non·Members can obtaIn thIs publicatIon from the Hon. Secretary, post free 2/. per annum NOVEMBER, 1925. Cb~ montbly R~cOrd of Soutb Plac~ €tbjcal SOCj~ty, South Place, Moorgate, E.C.2 ebleet of the Soeloty• .. The Object of the Society is the cultivation of a rational religious sentiment, the study of ethical principles, and the promotion of human welfare, in harmony with advancing knowledge. " SUNDAY MORNING SERVICES. The following DISCOURSES will be delivered on Sunday morning s, Service beginning at ELEVEN O'CLOCK. October 25. - C. DELISLE BURNS. M.A. • D.Lit.-Mediaeval Art and Religion. 1. Organ Solo. Andant<l from Symphony in D... Hayd" 2. Readin g. 3. onnta fo r Violonoollo and Pin.nofor te ... H rnry Ecclcs (1670-1i42) 1. LA r go. n. Oorrente: A llegr o con spirito, HI. Adngio. I V. Vivoce. Mr. ]'mmgnrc GOT'FIATtD a nd .bfl- s. Doll., GOTIuRn. 4. Hymn No. 133. Lie open.' soul I nround thee press. 5. Notices and OoUeotion. O. Discourse. November l .-Rlght Hon. J. M. ROBERTSON. _ Tbe Pretensions of Religious Emotion. 1. Orgnn Solo. Concer to No. 12 (Three :Uovements) 2. Ronding. Coretl; 3. onnta in et major... .. '" .\ndnnte; .1 IJegro; .Idngio; .l lIcwo. Halldr/ Pin.no: lIIiss rlIEI.MA BnYAN. 'Violin: Mi,. GwrNN1'Tn rnOTTEIl. 4. H;nnn :\"'0. 50. Do not. crouch to·cln~· and worshjp. 5. Xotires ond Ooll<)ction. 6. Discourse. November S.-C. DESLISL£ BURNS. M.A .• D.Lit . What I heard in German)-. Qunl't~t . ..I. storm eped over SCl1 OJld lond (No.
    [Show full text]
  • People, Place and Party:: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911
    Durham E-Theses People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911 Young, David Murray How to cite: Young, David Murray (2003) People, place and party:: the social democratic federation 1884-1911, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3081/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk People, Place and Party: the Social Democratic Federation 1884-1911 David Murray Young A copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Durham Department of Politics August 2003 CONTENTS page Abstract ii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1- SDF Membership in London 16 Chapter 2 -London
    [Show full text]
  • Cotton and the Community: Exploring Changing Concepts of Identity and Community on Lancashire’S Cotton Frontier C.1890-1950
    Cotton and the Community: Exploring Changing Concepts of Identity and Community on Lancashire’s Cotton Frontier c.1890-1950 By Jack Southern A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the degree of a PhD, at the University of Central Lancashire April 2016 1 i University of Central Lancashire STUDENT DECLARATION FORM I declare that whilst being registered as a candidate of the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another aware of the University or other academic or professional institution. I declare that no material contained in this thesis has been used for any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work. Signature of Candidate ________________________________________________ Type of Award: Doctor of Philosophy School: Education and Social Sciences ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores the evolution of identity and community within north east Lancashire during a period when the area gained regional and national prominence through its involvement in the cotton industry. It examines how the overarching shared culture of the area could evolve under altering economic conditions, and how expressions of identity fluctuated through the cotton industry’s peak and decline. In effect, it explores how local populations could shape and be shaped by the cotton industry. By focusing on a compact area with diverse settlements, this thesis contributes to the wider understanding of what it was to live in an area dominated by a single industry. The complex legacy that the cotton industry’s decline has had is explored through a range of settlement types, from large town to small village.
    [Show full text]
  • Literature and the Late-Victorian Radical Press
    Literature Compass 7/8 (2010): 702–712, 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2010.00729.x Literature and the Late-Victorian Radical Press Elizabeth Carolyn Miller* University of California, Davis Abstract Amidst a larger surge in the number of books and periodicals published in late-nineteenth-century Britain, a corresponding surge occurred in the radical press. The counter-cultural press that emerged at the fin de sie`cle sought to define itself in opposition to commercial print and the capitalist press and was deeply antagonistic to existing political, economic, and print publishing structures. Litera- ture flourished across this counter-public print sphere, and major authors of the day such as William Morris and George Bernard Shaw published fiction, poetry, and literary criticism within it. Until recently, this corner of late-Victorian print culture has been of interest principally to historians, but literary critics have begun to take more interest in the late-Victorian radical press and in the literary cultures of socialist newspapers and journals such as the Clarion and the New Age. Amidst a larger surge in the number of books and periodicals published in Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, a corresponding surge occurred in the radical press: as Deian Hopkin calculates, several hundred periodicals representing a wide array of socialist perspectives were born, many to die soon after, in the decades surrounding the turn of the century (226). An independent infrastructure of radical presses, associated with various radical organizations and editors, emerged as an alternative means of periodical production apart from commercial, profit-oriented print.1 Literature and literary discourse flourished across this counterpublic sphere, and major authors of the day published fiction, poetry, and journalism within it: in the 1880s, for example, William Morris spent five years editing and writing for the revolutionary paper Commonweal, while George Bernard Shaw cut his teeth as an author by serializing four novels in the socialist journals To-Day and Our Corner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Atheist Bunyan: the Pilgrim's Progress and Organized
    Document generated on 09/29/2021 6:44 a.m. Mémoires du livre Studies in Book Culture The Atheist Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress and Organized Freethought in Victorian Britain David Reagles Livre et religion Article abstract Religion and the Book This article explores how freethinkers received John Bunyan and read his Volume 6, Number 2, Spring 2015 works in Victorian Britain. An analysis of freethinking periodicals, letters to editors, lectures, essays, and autobiography reveals a vexed relationship that URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1032706ar was anything but monolithic. There emerged two distinct reading communities DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1032706ar within organized freethought. Some freethinkers, especially in the early nineteenth century, rejected Bunyan as another representation of irrational religious faith that was a hindrance to societal reform. However, other See table of contents freethinkers appropriated his works and used him as a valuable resource for understanding their own experiences with religion as well as for communicating their message. I demonstrate that these contrasting positions Publisher(s) resulted from interpretive strategies that stem from fundamental assumptions regarding how the project of secularism ought to interact with Britain’s Groupe de recherches et d’études sur le livre au Québec predominantly Christian culture. It corresponds to an ongoing negotiation of meaning within organized freethought that reflects internal fissures, as well as ISSN a rapidly changing British society. 1920-602X (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Reagles, D. (2015). The Atheist Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress and Organized Freethought in Victorian Britain. Mémoires du livre / Studies in Book Culture, 6(2).
    [Show full text]
  • Room 261 University of London Senate House London, Wcie 7Hu
    n :e a c a d e .1C registrar ROOM 261 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SENATE HOUSE LONDON, WCIE 7HU foi THE EDUCATIONAL POLICIES OF THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY, 1918-1944 Kevin Jefferys (Bedford College) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ll: JLXN/! ProQuest Number: 10098489 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10098489 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis sets out to examine the role played by the Conservative Party in the evolution of the state education system between 1918 and 1944. The early chapters provide a chronological account of ministerial policy and party attitudes towards secondary and elementary education between the wars. This is followed by assessments of the party's approach to the dual system of council and church schools, and to the problems of ' education for employment '. The manner in which Conservative education policy operated locally is then examined with particular reference to the area of London; and the arguments put forward are brought together finally by an analysis of the party's responsibility for, and reaction to, the 1944 Education Act.
    [Show full text]