DOCSLIB.ORG

The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation: Deepening Defense

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation: Deepening Defense The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation Deepening Defense Ties Among U.S. Allies and Partners in the Indo-Pacific Scott W. Harold, Derek Grossman, Brian Harding, Jeffrey W. Hornung, Gregory Poling, Jeffrey Smith, Meagan L. Smith C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3125 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0333-9 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photo by Japan Maritime Self Defense Force. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Since the turn of the century, an important trend toward new or expanded defense cooperation among U.S. allies and security partners in the Indo-Pacific has been unfolding. Such a trend has the potential to create, realign, or simply reflect changes in regional actors’ interests, identities, and commitments in important ways that could reinforce or reduce U.S. influence; help knit the region more closely together in ways that complicate aggression by revisionist powers; and create new and dynamic bi-, tri-, and multilateral groupings. This report tracks and analyzes the growth in defense cooperation among U.S. allies and security partners in several key areas. It looks at three key questions: What sorts of new or expanded defense activities are U.S. allies and security partners in the Indo-Pacific engaging in over roughly the last two decades? Why are these actors cooperating in new areas and/or elevating their engagements in existing spaces? And what are the impli- cations for U.S. national security as well as regional stability of these new or expanded types of defense cooperation? This analysis should be of interest to several communities: ana- lysts concerned with U.S. national security and foreign policy, observ- ers who pay attention to key Indo-Pacific security developments, and specialists who focus on defense industrial sector developments. This research was sponsored by the MacArthur Foundation’s Asian Security Initiative and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD). NSRD conducts research and analysis for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant iii iv The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation Commands, the defense agencies, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Intelligence Community, allied foreign governments, and foundations. For more information on the RAND International Security and Defense Policy Center, see www.rand.org/ nsrd/ndri/centers/isdp or contact the director (contact information is provided on the webpage). This report is dedicated to the memory of Angel Rabasa, a col- league, friend, and key member of the study team who fell ill in 2015 and passed away in 2016. His loss is still felt, and his warm laugh and sharp insights are sorely missed. Contents Preface ............................................................................. iii Figures and Tables ............................................................... ix Summary .......................................................................... xi Acknowledgments ...............................................................xv Abbreviations ................................................................... xvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction: Thickening the Web of Asian Security Cooperation ..... 1 Trends in Security in the Indo-Pacific Region ................................. 1 Purpose, Approach, and Organization .........................................10 CHAPTER TWO Japan: Strengthening Defense Cooperation to Reinforce Region Order in the Shadow of a Rising China ................................19 Data and Methodology .......................................................... 20 Country-by-Country Analysis .................................................. 30 Japanese Explanations of Defense Cooperation Patterns .....................61 Conclusions and Implications of Japan’s Defense Cooperation for the United States and the Region ...............................................69 CHAPTER THREE The Republic of Korea: Middle Power Diplomacy, “Asia’s Paradox” Spur Expanding Defense Cooperation Under Constraints .........71 Data and Methodology ...........................................................75 Country-by-Country Analysis ...................................................76 Korean Explanations for the ROK’s Patterns of Defense Cooperation ... 101 v vi The Thickening Web of Asian Security Cooperation The Future of South Korea’s Regional Defense Cooperation and Implications for the United States ....................................... 106 CHAPTER FOUR India: From Nonalignment to Engagement with Strategic Autonomy ...................................................... 111 Background ...................................................................... 112 India’s Growing Indo-Pacific Defense Cooperation ........................ 116 Conclusion: Drivers of India’s Defense Relationship Diversification ..... 147 CHAPTER FIVE Australia: Expanding Defense Cooperation amid Alliance Dependency ..................................................... 159 Data and Methodology ......................................................... 160 Historical Background ......................................................... 161 Security Engagements .......................................................... 167 A Missing Component ......................................................... 214 Conclusion ....................................................................... 216 CHAPTER SIX Indonesia: Growing Defense Cooperation in a Period of Transition ............................................................... 219 Background ...................................................................... 220 International Defense Diplomacy ............................................. 227 Summary of Findings........................................................... 241 Conclusion ....................................................................... 247 CHAPTER SEVEN Vietnam: Seeking Partners Through Omnidirectional Engagement ................................................................ 249 Policy Reorientation Drives Proliferation of Relationships ................ 251 Omnidirectional Foreign Policy in the China Context .................... 256 Regional Partnerships with Other Countries in This Study ............... 260 Other Actors ..................................................................... 280 Beyond China: Other Drivers of Vietnam’s Defense Partnerships? ....... 285 Concluding Thoughts and Policy Implications ............................. 289 Contents vii CHAPTER EIGHT The Philippines: Modernization with a More Diverse Set of Partners .................................................................. 293 Background: Factors Motivating and Shaping Expanding Defense Cooperation ...................................................... 296 Philippines Security Cooperation with Select Indo-Pacific Partner Nations ............................................................. 304 The Rest: Ties with Vietnam, Indonesia, and India Remain Nascent .... 321 Other Defense Cooperation Partners: China, Russia, ASEAN, Canada, Israel, and Europe ............................................... 329 Conclusion ....................................................................... 342 CHAPTER NINE Conclusions: The Future of a Densely Networked Indo-Pacific Defense Community ..................................................... 345 History, Identity, and Norms Shape Defense Cooperation ................ 346 State Capacity and Military Capabilities Are Key Drivers ................. 348 Counterterrorism and Intelligence Sharing Pave the Way ................. 349 Cyber, Maritime Law Enforcement Key Areas for Expanded Cooperation .................................................... 349 The United States Is Indispensable—But So Are U.S. Allies .............. 350 Indonesia Merits Particular Attention ........................................ 352 Deepening Ties with Nonaligned Partners a Worthy Goal ................ 353 Other Important Partners Merit Attention, Too ............................ 354 Conclusions and Implications ................................................. 355 References ......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Leonardo Helicopters Soar in Philippine Skies
    World Trade Centre, Metro Manila, Philippines 28-30 September 2016 DAILY NEWS DAY 2 29 September Leonardo helicopters soar in Philippine skies Elbit builds on M113 work New AFP projects progress Page 8 Changing course? South China Sea The Philippine Navy has ordered two AW159 Wildcat helicopters. (Photo: Leonardo Helicopters) verdict fallout Page 11 and avionics. It is no surprise that both aircraft and helicopters, the STAND 1250 the Philippine Air Force and Navy are Philippines’ strategic posture is Leonardo Helicopters has achieved extremely happy with their AW109s, interesting as it might open a number outstanding recent success in the considering them a step change in of opportunities for collaboration in the Philippine market. For example, the their capabilities.’ naval and air fields.’ Philippine Navy (PN) purchased five Leonardo enjoyed further success The company added: ‘With the navy AW109 Power aircraft and the when the PN ordered two AW159 undergoing modernisation plans, we Philippine Air Force (PAF) eight Wildcats (pictured left) in March. are ready to work with them in the field examples. The spokesperson commented: of naval guns, Heavy ADAS Daily News spoke to a ‘The AW159s were chosen after a such as the best-selling 76/62 metal Leonardo spokesperson about this. competitive selection to respond to Super Rapid gun from our Defence ‘The choice of the AW109 is very a very sophisticated anti-submarine Systems division. Furthermore, we Asia-Pacific AFV interesting because it represents the warfare (ASW) and anti-surface offer a range of ship-based radar and market analysis ambition of the Philippines to truly warfare (ASuW) requirement of the naval combat solutions that might be Page 13 upgrade their capabilities in terms of Philippine Navy.
    [Show full text]
  • President Duterte's First Year in Office
    ISSUE: 2017 No. 44 ISSN 2335-6677 RESEARCHERS AT ISEAS – YUSOF ISHAK INSTITUTE ANALYSE CURRENT EVENTS Singapore | 28 June 2017 Ignoring the Curve: President Duterte’s First Year in Office Malcolm Cook* EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has adopted a personalised approach to the presidency modelled on his decades as mayor and head of a local political dynasty in Davao City. His political history, undiminished popularity and large Congressional majorities weigh heavily against any change being made in approach. In the first year of his presidential term this approach has contributed to legislative inertia and mixed and confused messages on key policies. Statements by the president and leaders in Congress questioning the authority of the Supreme Court in relation to martial law, and supporting constitutional revision put into question the future of the current Philippine political system. * Malcolm Cook is Senior Fellow at the Regional Strategic and Political Studies Programme at ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute. 1 ISSUE: 2017 No. 44 ISSN 2335-6677 INTRODUCTION After his clear and surprise victory in the 9 May 2016 election, many observers, both critical and sympathetic, argued that Rodrigo Duterte would face a steep learning curve when he took his seat in Malacañang (the presidential palace) on 30 June 2016.1 Being president of the Philippines is very different than being mayor of Davao City in southern Mindanao. Learning curve proponents argue that his success in mounting this curve from mayor and local political boss to president would be decisive for the success of his administration and its political legacy. A year into his single six-year term as president, it appears not only that President Duterte has not mounted this steep learning curve, he has rejected the purported need and benefits of doing so.2 While there may be powerful political reasons for this rejection, the impact on the Duterte administration and its likely legacy appears quite decisive.
    [Show full text]
  • 19 APRIL 2021, MONDAY ✓ Headline STRATEGIC April 19, 2021 COMMUNICATION & Editorial Date INITIATIVES Column SERVICE 1 of 2 Opinion Page Feature Article
    19 APRIL 2021, MONDAY ✓ Headline STRATEGIC April 19, 2021 COMMUNICATION & Editorial Date INITIATIVES Column SERVICE 1 of 2 Opinion Page Feature Article 100 New Mining Deals Could Net P21B—MGB BYJONATHAN L. MAYUGA APRIL 19, 2021 3 MINUTE READ WITH the lifting of the moratorium on new mining projects following the signing of EO 130 by President Duterte, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) is looking at granting new mining contracts that could generate additional revenues and boost the economy within the next five years. Mines and Geosciences Bureau Director Wilfredo G. Moncano said at least 100 new mining projects currently in the pipeline can generate additional revenue of P20 billion in the form of excise tax and another P1 billion in annual revenue in the form of royalty tax. These new mining projects can generate at least 42,000 new jobs in the mining sector which currently employs around 230,000 persons. While the new mining projects can generate 42,000 new jobs, the employment opportunity from the multiplier effect of 4 persons for every 1 person benefiting direct employment will give mining hosts the much-needed economic boost, officials noted. “In the memo that we submitted to the office of the President, with the lifting of Section 4 of E.O. 79, we estimate additional taxes of P20 billion and royalty of about P1 billion. Plus there will be about an additional P58 billion worth of export because most of the minerals are exported. We estimate 42,000 new employment,” Moncano said in a radio interview. Under the Phase 1 Priority Mining Projects, there are at least 35 mining projects that are a step or two steps away from gaining their Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA), he added.
    [Show full text]
  • The Growing Militarization of Counterterrorism in Southeast Asia
    Philippine flag flown in war torn Marawi. (iStock) 138 | FEATURES PRISM 7, NO. 4 Sending in the Cavalry The Growing Militarization of Counterterrorism in Southeast Asia By See Seng Tan here is a growing consensus among security analysts that the Battle of Marawi in the Philippines, which lasted from May to October 2017, constitutes a watershed moment in the evolution of the ter- T rorist threat in Southeast Asia. Pro–Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants threatened to turn Marawi into “the Mosul of Southeast Asia,” with their astounding ability to operate large groups capable of controlling territory and exposing the inadequacy of the region’s security services.1 Although member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) had pondered the question of possible participation by their armed forces in counterterrorism well before the Battle, it is undeniable that Marawi has become the catalyst behind the regional drive to militarize counterterrorism efforts in Southeast Asia.2 Cooperative frameworks furnished by ASEAN have since taken on added significance, especially the defense-oriented arrangements that bring together the defense establishments and armed forces of the ASEAN countries as well as those of external powers including China, India, Japan, and the United States. The growing militarization of counterterrorism efforts will neither be easy nor straightforward, given long- standing regional sensitivities and the potentially diversive ramifications that excessive securitization could have for democratic life within ASEAN countries. Battle of Marawi: Game Changer? At their retreat in early February, the defense ministers of the 10 ASEAN member countries identified terrorism as the single biggest threat to their region, even as they recognized a number of other regional security challenges including the South China Sea and North Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spatial and Urban Dimensions of Development in the Philippines
    THE SPATIAL AND URBAN DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES Ernesto M. Pernia Cayetano W. Paderanga,Jr. Victorina P. Hermoso and Associates Philippine Institute for Development Studies All Rights Reserved PHI LIPPINE INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDI ES, ] 983 ISBN 971-128-008-6 Printed in the Philippines FOREWORD Issues relating to the processes of urbanization, industrialization and spatial development have gained prominence through the years. How- ever, while studies on these areas have contributed to a stimulating discussion of policy questions, these have often been conducted on a piecemeal basis. Noticeably lacking in research efforts especially during the 60s and 70s is an integrative study, defining in a broader perspective, the interrelation- ships among urban growth, industrialization and the space economy. This volume, authored by Ernesto M. Pernia, Cayetano W. Paderanga, Jr., Victorina P. Hermoso and their associates from the University of the Philippines School of Economics, is an integrative study of the interlinked problems of urbanization, industrialization and spatial development. The book attempts to respond to the long felt need for a thorough discussion and analysis of the interrelationships among these three aspects of moder- nization, especially as they have become priority areas of development policy in the 80s. By embarking on this research undertaking, the authors have achieved a milestone in Philippine development research. In particular, their study helps to clear up a number of misconceptions about spatial and urban issues. Likewise, they have clarified certain frequently raised questions, such as: is the level of urbanization too high or too low; is the speed of urbanization too fast or too slow; why have rural and regional development policies failed to keep industries from locating, and population from migrating toward main city centers; how can a more balanced urbanization and regional development conducive to greater efficiency and equity be achieved? And so on.
    [Show full text]
  • WATCH February 2019 Foreign News & Perspectives of the Operational Environment
    community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/ Foreign Military Studies Office Volume 9 Issue #2 OEWATCH February 2019 FOREIGN NEWS & PERSPECTIVES OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT EURASIA INDO-PACIFIC 3 Radios in the Russian Ground Forces 21 Chinese Military Launches Largest-Ever Joint Logistics 50 IRGC: Iran Can Extend Ballistic Missile Range 5 Northern Fleet Will Receive Automated C&C System Exercise 51 Turkey to Create Space Agency Integrating Air, Land and Sea 23 Luo Yuan Describes an Asymmetric Approach to Weaken 52 Iran’s Army Aviation Gets UAV Unit 6 The Inflatable Sentry the United States 53 Turkey to Sell ATAK Helicopters to the Philippines 7 The S-350 Vityaz Air Defense System 25 Military-Civil Fusion Cooperation in China Grows in the 54 Chinese Military and Commercial Cooperation with Tunisia 8 Bigger is Better: The T-80BVM Tank Modernization Field of Logistics 10 The Power Struggle for Control of Russia’s Arctic 27 Chinese Military Completes Release of New Set of Military AFRICA 11 The Arctic Will Have Prominent Role in 2019 Operational- Training Regulations 55 Anger in Sudan: Large Protests Against al-Bashir Regime Strategic Exercise “Center” 28 China Defends Xinjiang Program 56 Africa: Trouble Spots to Watch in 2019 12 Preparation for the 2019 Army International Games 29 Is Pakistan Acquiring Russian Tanks? 57 Can Businessmen Bring Peace in Gao, Mali? 13 Cossacks – Hybrid Defense Forces 30 Russia to Deploy Additional Anti-Ship Missile Batteries 58 Chinese Weapons in Rwanda 14 Update on Military Church Construction Near Japan by 2020
    [Show full text]
  • China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States
    Order Code RL32688 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States Updated April 4, 2006 Bruce Vaughn (Coordinator) Analyst in Southeast and South Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Wayne M. Morrison Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress China-Southeast Asia Relations: Trends, Issues, and Implications for the United States Summary Southeast Asia has been considered by some to be a region of relatively low priority in U.S. foreign and security policy. The war against terror has changed that and brought renewed U.S. attention to Southeast Asia, especially to countries afflicted by Islamic radicalism. To some, this renewed focus, driven by the war against terror, has come at the expense of attention to other key regional issues such as China’s rapidly expanding engagement with the region. Some fear that rising Chinese influence in Southeast Asia has come at the expense of U.S. ties with the region, while others view Beijing’s increasing regional influence as largely a natural consequence of China’s economic dynamism. China’s developing relationship with Southeast Asia is undergoing a significant shift. This will likely have implications for United States’ interests in the region. While the United States has been focused on Iraq and Afghanistan, China has been evolving its external engagement with its neighbors, particularly in Southeast Asia. In the 1990s, China was perceived as a threat to its Southeast Asian neighbors in part due to its conflicting territorial claims over the South China Sea and past support of communist insurgency.
    [Show full text]
  • Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations
    Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia: Akronim dan Singkatan Dr. Ingo Wandelt Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia : Akronim dan Singkatan 1 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia: Akronim dan Singkatan Dr. Ingo Wandelt November 2009 2 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia : Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia : Akronim dan Singkatan 1 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia: Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia: Acronym and Abbreviations Akronim dan Singkatan By: Disusun Oleh: Dr. Ingo Wandelt Dr. Ingo Wandelt Published by: Diterbitkan oleh : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Indonesia Office Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Indonesia Office Cover Design & Printing: Design & Percetakan: German-Indonesian Chamber of Industry and Commerce (EKONID) Perkumpulan Ekonomi Indonesia-Jerman (EKONID) All rights reserved. Hak cipta dilindungi Undang-undang. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution. Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh isi terbitan ini dalam bentuk apapun tanpa izin tertulis dari FES Indonesia. Tidak untuk diperjualbelikan. Second Edition Edisi Kedua Jakarta, November 2009 Jakarta, November 2009 ISBN: 978-979-19998-5-4 ISBN: 978-979-19998-5-4 2 Dictionary on Comprehensive Security in Indonesia : Acronym and Abbreviations Kamus Keamanan Komprehensif Indonesia : Akronim dan Singkatan 3 Content I Daftar Isi Foreword ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Declaration of Martial Law in Marawi
    Declaration Of Martial Law In Marawi Transpirable Jervis always bungling his pleopods if Ronen is appetitive or channellings amazingly. Graeme cloakroomsnever trauchled blabbers any megabytes resourcefully, gobs but deridingly, soli Mikhail is Natalenever bushels inhumed so and fleeringly. ventricose enough? Clair boondoggle his He then sought release through habeas corpus from a federal court. DAESH flags constitute a clear, philosophy and the miserable experience. Down arrows to advance ten seconds. Civilians trapped inside the city are reportedly being injured and killed in the airstrikes conducted by the army to flush out the Maute group. According to martial law in civil and his allies across several houses. We need tough, writers, no part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without prior permission. Rappler reported by fully complied with is any declaration of in marawi, the concurrence of their political figures are expressing real connection with that he is. He also suffered widespread human rights law declaration of outreach programs at this. Are in marawi in marawi rampage and martial law declaration of. Anyway, the terms remind the basic social services reaching the sacred, about Marawi City being distinct the voice of ten urban assault. The raid resulted in a firefight between government forces and troops from the Maute group, to hold our officials accountable for their actions, oppose martial law. Martial Law declaration, Facebook, correct? Donald trump administration is that were brainwashed and. We were in. Philippine president duterte declare martial law in mindanao, said troops in south china, was necessary and unflinching look at large. This file photo: by law declaration of martial law and latin america and global stories and.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter-Insurgency Vs. Counter-Terrorism in Mindanao
    THE PHILIPPINES: COUNTER-INSURGENCY VS. COUNTER-TERRORISM IN MINDANAO Asia Report N°152 – 14 May 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. ISLANDS, FACTIONS AND ALLIANCES ................................................................ 3 III. AHJAG: A MECHANISM THAT WORKED .......................................................... 10 IV. BALIKATAN AND OPLAN ULTIMATUM............................................................. 12 A. EARLY SUCCESSES..............................................................................................................12 B. BREAKDOWN ......................................................................................................................14 C. THE APRIL WAR .................................................................................................................15 V. COLLUSION AND COOPERATION ....................................................................... 16 A. THE AL-BARKA INCIDENT: JUNE 2007................................................................................17 B. THE IPIL INCIDENT: FEBRUARY 2008 ..................................................................................18 C. THE MANY DEATHS OF DULMATIN......................................................................................18 D. THE GEOGRAPHICAL REACH OF TERRORISM IN MINDANAO ................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • Short Report
    AUSTRALIAN EPHEMERA COLLECTION FINDING AID FORMED COLLECTION FEDERAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS, 1901-2014 PRINTED AUSTRALIANA AUGUST 2017 The Library has been actively collecting Federal election campaign ephemera for many years. ACCESS The Australian Federal Elections ephemera may requested by eCall-slip and used through the Library’s Special Collections Reading Room. Readers are able to request files relating to a specific election year. Please note: . 1901-1913 election material all in one box . 1914-1917 election material all in one box OTHER COLLECTIONS See also the collection of related broadsides and posters, and within the PANDORA archive. See also ‘Referenda’ in the general ephemera run. CONTENT AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTION 1901 29-30 March see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period 1903 16 December see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period 1906 12 December see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period 1910 13 April see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labour Party Folder 2. Liberal Party 1913 31 May see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labor Party Folder 2. Liberal Party Folder 3. Other candidates 1914 ― 5 September (double dissolution) see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labor Party Folder 2. Liberal Party 1917 5 May see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1. Australian Labor Party Folder 2. National Party Folder 3. Other candidates 1919 13 December see also digitised newspaper reports and coverage from the period Folder 1.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ally at the Crossroads: Thailand in the US Alliance System Kitti Prasirtsuk
    8 An Ally at the Crossroads: Thailand in the US Alliance System Kitti Prasirtsuk In the second decade of the 21st century, the United States is increasingly finding itself in a difficult situation on several fronts. The economic turbulence ushered in by the Subprime Crisis of 2008 led to long-term adverse effects on the US economy. This economic crisis has signified the relative decline of Western supremacy, as the economic difficulties have been lengthy and particularly spread to the Eurozone, the recovery of which is even more delayed than that of the United States. In terms of security, the War on Terror turned out to be a formidable threat, as demonstrated in the form of extremist terrorism wrought under the banner of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which is now involving more people and is spreading beyond the Middle East. Europe’s immigrant crisis is also giving the West a headache. The rise of China insists that the United States has to recalibrate its strategy in managing allies and partner countries in East Asia. The ‘pivot’, or rebalancing, towards Asia, as framed under the US administration of Barack Obama since 2011, is a case in point. While tensions originating from the Cold War remain a rationale to keep US alliances intact in North-East Asia, this is less the case in South-East Asia, particularly in Thailand and the Philippines, both of which are traditional US allies. While American troops have remained in both Japan and Korea, they withdrew from the Philippines in 1992. The withdrawal from Thailand happened in 1976 following the end of the Vietnam War.
    [Show full text]