A CHINESE WEEKLY OF NEWS AND VIEWS

September 15,1986

Prospect for US-Soviet Arms Race SPOTLIQHT

Archers of Yunnan Province with their coach.

A Glimpse of Chinese Ethnic Minority Sports pifi^il

Women's 15-kilometre horserace.

A game of wooden ball. VOL. 29, NO. 37 SEPT. 15 1986 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK CONTENTS

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Deng on Sino-Soviet and Sino-US Relations Making the Most of Investment In China • Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, in an interview with Mike Wallace of the United States' CBS television network, hoped EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 the Soviet Union would urge Viet Nam to end its aggression in Deng on Sino-Sovietv Sino- Kampuchea, and advised the United States to take a wiser US Relations spproach to the Taiwan question. In this way both superpowers Reform Now an Historical Trend could show they are serious about improving their relations Daya Bay: Safety First with China (p. 5). China: A Summer of Rain and Flood

INTERNATIONAL lO-tS CMteia's Labour System to be Changed Harare: NAM in the Prime of Life Pakistan: Call for Peace and • A major reform of China's labour system is under way, Democracy aimed at eliminating the defects of the "iron rice bowl" practice. New Caledonia; Dispute Over The present job-for-life is being replaced by a labour contract Independence system that will give workers some freedom in selecting their Technical Barriers: A New Trend in jobs and the enterprises, the decision-making powers in Trade Protectionism employing workers. Insurance schemes are also to be introduced for the unemployed and the retired (p. 16). Prospects for Superpower Arms Race 14 Labour Reform: Making a Dint in Making Right Investment Choices iron Rice Bowl' 16 Minorities Sports Games • Overseas investors run wholly-owned enterprises or take part in joint or co-operative ventures in China in order to make Colourful 18 a profit. Bui only when the investment is placed where it is most Will China's Typhoon-Disasters needed can it bring good returns. Prospective investors may Blow Over? 21 benefit from a few "tips" given by one of our editors (p. 4). China's Young and Promising Composers 23 Peace vs. Arms Race FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 26-27 • A general review of the arms race between the two BUSINESS/TRADE 28-29 superpowers: its history, motives, and prospects (p. 14). CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-31 SPORTS 32 Minorities Compete in Traditional Sports BOOKS 33 LETTERS 34 • Tug-of-war played not with the hands but with the neck? This was a keenly contested event at a recent competition. The COVER: Horse-race at national minori• 10-day tournament showed that despite flourishing modern ty sports games. ethlctics, traditional, often exotic, sports are still very much Min Tixuan alive among China's 55 ethnic minorities (p. 18).

PubKsiwd •very Monday by Obtributed by CMiNi Iwfmwlfcmal ••ok I prices (1 year)t »ajlNG REVIEW TrmMnc &M p«riilliiin (GUOJI SHUDIAN), A.3i 22.00 USA USS22M 24 Baiwanzhuong Rood, B«qin« P.O. Box 399, toqing, China Now Zealand... NZ.$n.QO UK...... £tZM The P«opt*'t RapubDc o( China ... Con. $21.00 NOTES FROM THE E

Making the Most Of Investment in Cliina by Zhang Zeyu

verseas investors run wholly Chinese counterparts in feasibility Oowned companies or take part studies and, perhaps more import• in joint or co-operative ventures in antly, to follow closely world and China in order to make a profit. Chinese market trends. Their Chinese partners have In an interview with a group of uppermost in their minds the visiting foreign businessmen and interests and needs of their bankers early last month,.Premier country's socialist development. Zhao Ziyang said that while Their co-operation is therefore continuing to promote all-round based on a desire for mutual co-operation with the rest of the — Enterprises that call for benefit. world in various ways during the technology which, though advan• It is probably known to all Seventh Five-Year Plan period ced, has already been imported overseas entrepreneurs that China (1986-90) and the subsequent five elsewhere; industries suffering sponsors these enterprises to help years (1991-95), China hopes that from overproduction or a near- provide the capital it needs to keep co-operation in monetary affairs saturated market, or whose the modernization drive going. in particular will flourish, to products cannot all be exported, The advanced technology and enable more companies to invest among them colour TV sets, management expertise imported and operate enterprises. With its refrigerators and other household in the process are used to correct limited foreign exchange reserves, appliances; imbalances in China's industrial he said, China is handicapped by a — Businesses which do not need setup and improve its product mix low repayment ability, making it advanced production and man• and promote the re-tooling with difficult for overseas investors to agement expertise or are unable to new technology of existing enter• remit their profits out of China. increase exports to earn much prises. This will in turn help He suggested that both Chinese sought-after foreign exchange, increase exports as an important and overseas partners work such as colour photo processing means of striking a balance in together to find ways and means and taxi services; and of tackling this problem. China's foreign exchange budget. — Ventures whose products are Overseas investment brings According to the premier, subject to state export quotas, durable returns only when it is preferential treatment will be such as garments. placed where it is most needed — granted to direct foreign invest• The few banned categories wrong choices lead to financial ment in China, especially to listed in the Reguladons on the losses. SeUing components to be projects generating exports, or Implementation of the Law on assembled for sale in China, for which sell their products on the Joint Ventures Using Chinese and instance, may be lucrative for a Chinese market but reinvest their Foreign Investment include those time but it will not be so for long profits in China. Detailed policies that are detrimental to China's because it syphons off large sums are in the making and a Hst of sovereignty, violate Chinese law, from the state's foreign exchange ventures in which foreigners are do not contribute to the needs of reserves without benefiting China encouraged to invest will be China's national economic devel• with sophisticated production published soon. opment or tend to cause expertise. If such ventures are environmental pollution. allowed to grow unchecked, they Drawing on the lessons of the It is believed overseas investors will become too much of a burden past, the Chinese business world is will see better days ahead with the for China. becoming more choosy as to implementation of policies To make the right choices, it is where overseas capital is channel• favouring them, and with the therefore necessary for overseas led. Some investment is dis• further improvement of the investors to co-operate with their couraged, for example: country's investment climate. • 1

4 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 37 Deng on Sino-Soviet, Sino-US Relations

eng Xiaoping, chairman of the obstacle in Sino-Soviet relations is important issue in the negotiations DCentral Advisory Commission removed, I will be ready to break on the establishment of Sino-US of the Chinese Communist Party, the rule and go to any place in the diplomatic relations." has said that if Soviet leader Soviet Union to meet Gorba• Deng said with regret, "During Mikhail Gorbachev urges "Viet chev," he said. the later period of the Carter Nam to end its aggression in administration, the US Congress Kampuchea and withdraw its "I believe," Deng said, "a adopted the Taiwan Relations troops from there, I myself will be meeting like this would be of great Act, which has become an ready to meet him." significance to the improvement of immense obstacle in Sino-US At the same time, the Chinese Sino-Soviet relations and the relations." leader urged US President Ronald normalization of Sino-Soviet state Reagan to do something useful for relations." Recalling his "cordial and bringing about Taiwan's reunific• Deng said that without Soviet frank" talk with President Reagan ation with the mainland. As a first backing the Vietnamese could not during the latter's visit to Beijing, step, he asked the US to persuade go on fighting in Kampuchea for a Deng expressed the hope that Taiwan to open up postal, trade single day. during his term of office. President and shipping services with the Gorbachev evaded the question Reagan will bring about further mainland. of Kampuchea in his Vladivostok progress in Sino-US relations, Deng called on Gorbachev to speech in which he proposed including some effort in respect to "take a solid step towards the easing tensions, Deng said. China's reunificafion. removal of the three major "There was something new in "I believe that the United - obstacles in Sino-Soviet rel• Gorbachev's speech and that is States, President Reagan in ations." In addition to the why we have expressed cautious particular, can accomplish some• Vietnamese aggression against welcome to what was new and thing with regard to this Kampuchea, there are Soviet positive in it," he said. question," he said. troops in Afghanistan and on the "However," he pointed out, "The United States can en• Chinese border and in Mongolia. "Gorbachev's remarks also show courage and persuade Taiwan first Deng made his remarks in an that he has not taken a big step. to have 'three exchanges' with us, interview with Mike Wallace of Soon after Gorbachev made his namely, the exchange of mail, the US television programme "60 speech, an official from the Soviet trade and air and shipping Minutes" scheduled for broadcast Foreign Ministry also made a services," Deng added. by the CBS network on Sunday speech that was different in tone. "Contacts of this kind can help evening. "This shows that the Soviet enhance mutual understanding He said that of the three major authorities have yet to decide between the two sides of the obstacles to improving Sino- among themselves what China Taiwan Straits, thus creating Soviet relations, the main one is policies to pursue, and so we still conditions for them to proceed to Vietnamese aggression against have to wait and see," he added. discuss the question of reunific• Kampuchea. It has put Sino- Advising the United States to ation and ways to achieve it." Soviet relations in a "hot-spot" take a wiser approach to the When asked what Taiwan had situation — a state of confront• Taiwan issue, he said, "There has to do to bring about reunification, ation that takes the form of pitting been talk in the United States to Deng said, "First of all, it is a Vietnamese armed forces against the effect that the United States national quesdon, a question of China, he said. has taken an attitude of 'non- national sentiment. "If the Soviet Union can involvement' on the question of "All the descendants of the contribute to the withdrawal of China's reunification, namely, the legendary Yan Emperor and Vietnamese troops from Kampu• Taiwan question." Yellow Emperor want to see chea, this will remove the main "This is not true," Deng said. China reunified. The present obstacle in Sino-Soviet relations," "The fact is that the United States division runs counter to our he said. has been involved all along. national will. So long as Taiwan is "Once this problem is resolved, "In the 1950s, MacArthur and not reunified with the mainland, I will be ready to meet Gorbachev. Dulles regarded Taiwan as an Taiwan's status as part of Chinese Now I am over 82, already unsinkable aircraft carrier of the territory will remain uncertain. advanced in years. I have long United States in Asia and the No one knows when Taiwan will accomplished my historical task of Pacific. Therefore the Taiwan be taken away again," Deng said. making overseas visits. If this question has been the most Deng reiterated that the for-

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 Reform Now An Historical Trend

hina's reform has become an clear in a report by Premier Zhao Qinghai is a sparsely populated C historical trend that cannot be Ziyang on the work of the province. With rich but untapped reversed, said Hu Yaobang, government that a leasing system natural resources, it has an area of General Secretary of the Commu• should be promoted among small 721,000 square kilometres. The nist Party of China, during an enterprises, many areas recoiled inhabitants of Qinghai are of inspection tour of Qinghai, a from this policy last year. various nationalities includinng northwestern province of China. However, he said, things had Hans, Tibetans, Huis and other Hu Yaobang visited Qinghai taken a turn for the better this year ethnic minorities. While stressing from August 19 to 30. This was his after warnings from the central the importance of reform, the second visit to this remote area, government. General Secretary also en- the first being in July 1983. On August 27 at a meeting attended by provincial Party and govern• ment cadres and PLA officers, the General Secretary made a speech. Hu said China's rural economic reform had been very fruitful. There had been a good start to economic reform in the cities too. But the results should not be overestimated. The problem is that some leading comrades in some areas and certain govern• ment departments are always slow to act because they lack a correct understanding of the situation. As a result, some decisions made by 'the Party Centrel Committee and the State Council are not being implemented. For instance, Hu said, though it had been made mula of "one country, two government made the decision building nuclear power plants. systems" will be adopted in after much careful and serious Detailed measures concerning reunifying the country. thought, and has taken into full safety have been taken. The "Socialism will continue to be consideration the safety of the principle of developing, nuclear practised on the mainland," he residents in Hong Kong and those power in an active and proper way said, "while Taiwan will practise living near the station," said Jiang was confirmed at the 16th Session capitalism. This will neither bring Xinxiong, minister of the nuclear of the Standing Committee of the changes to Taiwan and the life• industry at a press conference on' Sixth National People's Congress style of the people there nor cause September 5. held in June. The decision to build losses to them." • "The Chernobyl nuclear disas• the Qinshan and Daya Bay ter in the Soviet Union on April 26 nuclear power stations was taken has attracted worldwide concern by the Chinese government with about the safety of nuclear the utmost caution and after Daya Bay: plants," added the minister. "The lengthy study," the minister said. Chinese government also attaches Safety First great importance to it. The State When asked to comment on Council held a special meeting to public anxiety in Hong Kong ur government has not discuss the country's nuclear about the construction of the Ochanged and will not change power programme, and has stated nuclear power plant at Daya Bay, its decision to build a nuclear definitely that safety and quality Minister Jiang said: "The public power station at Daya Bay. The must always be put first in concern in Hong Kong has drawn

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 couraged the Qinghai people to Bureau, and described it as the with M3I0 pressurized water carry out their own reform programmatic document guiding reactor imported from France and programme in a flexible and China's reform of the political it was very safe and quite different creative way. As a multi-national system. from that at Chernobyl in the area, Qinghai's special local Soviet Union. This type of reactor General Secretary Hu also conditions deserved to be-taken is advanced in technology, safe'to made suggestions on Qinghai's fully into consideration. The operate and easy to control. economic development. First, the reform of the commercial and "If by any chance a serious provincial government should pay medical care systems in this accident occurs at the Daya Bay more attention to animal hus• province, for instance, should not plant, what would be the bandry. Secondly, it should make foHow the same pattern as that of aftermath?", asked a good use of its rich resources such the interior areas. correspondent. as oil, gas, lake salt and Hu admitted that over- hydroelectric power. With the Jiang replied that melting of the concentration of power is a serious help of the government, he said, core of this kind of reactor was the problem in China's administrative the province could build a number most serious possible accident. system, but central authorities of major projects, attracting both Even in that case, residents living were seeking ways to combine the domestic and foreign capital and more than 10 kilometres away reform of the political system with advanced technology. Thirdly, the from the plant need not be that of the economic system. After General Secretary hoped the evacuated. The Three Mile Island quoting Deng Xiaoping's 1980 province would open its doors accident in the United States was speech "On the Reform of the wider to other provinces of China of this kind, and the greatest System of Party and State as well as to foreign countries, in rediation effect on local residents Leadership" {Beijing Review, No. order to draw in more funds, there was estimated as no more 32, 1986, p. 15), Hu said, technology and specialists. than that of a conventional X-ray "Without getting rid of over- Before he ended his speech, the check. concentration of power, without General Secretary told the local streamlining administrative set-up officials that one of the tasks of the At the press conference. Mini• and decentralizing decision• forthcoming Sixth Plenary Session ster Jiang also spoke about the making powers, it will be hard to of the 12th Central Committee will history of China's nuclear indus• further the economic reform and it be to examine and approve the try and disclosed measures for will not be easy either to preserve principles guiding the country's nuclear safety in the future. He the results achieved." Hu re• cultural and ethical development. said, "It is 30 years since we iterated the importance of Deng's A decision will be made at the started our nuclear industry. Now speech, which had been discussed meeting, Hu said. • a complete industrial system has and approved by the Political by Shang Rongguang been set up, and we have a contingent of highly qualified nuclear workers. We have design• ed and built in all a dozen reactors, attention from our state leaders, finally decided in September 1983 some for production, some for and they think it is understan• after a careful study which began research and others for nuclear- dable. It is a basic principle of our m 1979. Within an area of 50 powered submarines. By August nuclear power development pro• square kilometres around the 1986, we had accumulated altog• gramme to protect the health and selected site, the geological ether 160 reactor-year experience safety of staff and the nearby conditions are stable and no deep in the operation and management residents. The Daya Bay pro• faults exist. There has been no of nuclear reactors, a fact not gramme is based on rigorous earthquake for 1,000 years known to many. We always scientific research, and safety is exceeding the seventh grade in advocate extensive international always emphasized as of first intensity. Nevertheless, to be on co-operation and supervision. The importance in choosing the the safe side, the Daya Bay plant government has decided to make location and the type of reactor, has been designed to withstand the Daya Bay station one of the ordering equipment, and setting earthquakes of the eight grade. nuclear stations for safety supervi• criteria for safety, training person• Situated by the sea, coolant water sion from the International nel, management and intern• is easily available. "The site is Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), ational co-operation. Safety can ideal," said Jiang. be ensured so long as the station is with whom China is also willing to co-operate in setting nuclear operated in a strict and scientific When asked about the type of way," safety standards, and safety reactor the Daya Bay plant will evaluation." • use and the safety standards, Jiang The location of the plant was said the station will be installed by Li Rongxia

SEPTEMBER 15. 1986 7 China: A Summer Of Rain and Floods

'loods are subsiding in Fnortheast China. But during the summer, more than 3 miUion hectares of farmland were damaged and 179 people killed, an official of the Central Flood Control Headquarters told Beijing Review-. Among the three northeast provinces. Jilin was most severely hit, suffering 12 heavy storms from mid-July to August. The Songhua and Dongliao rivers, as well as the Taohe, Yinma, Hun- jiang and Huifa rivers — all tribu• taries of the Dier Songhua River— overflowed their banks and nearly half of the surrounding land was under water until mid-August. Seven million people were affected by the disaster, with over 400,000 homes destroyed and direct losses estimated at 4.5 billion yuan (US$1.2 bilhon). People, nevertheless, faced up to the disaster with fortitude. When the turbulent Dongliao River smashed a village's wooden bridge on July 30, some soldiers jumped into the chest-deep water, propping up the bridge with bare shoulders to evacuate the more than 2,000 villagers. On August 3, Baicheng Pre- fectural Party Committee decided to breach two dykes to divert the Troops help reinforce a dyke on the Taohe River in the Baicheng Prefecture of Jilin surging water and save the Province. Changchun-Baicheng railway and highway, the Fuyu Oilfield, the Changshan Chemical Fertilizer Liaohe, Liaoning province's lar• In general, northeast China had Plant and a thermal power plant. gest river, was one-third higher heavier floods this year than last. This meant that several villages than last year. However, the But damage was less thanks to would be submerged along with damage was much more bearable precautionary measures. These their crops and businesses. The because people had reinforced included clearing away obstacles local peasants showed immediate river embankments and were to river courses; reinforcing dykes understanding. One of them told better prepared for the emergency. and organizing effective defences officials with tears in his eyes: This year Liaoning lost 1.35 beforehand by sending high- "Just do it if it is for the good of billion yuan (US$365 million), ranking officials to the "front the country," though his heart was against 4.8 billion yuan last year. line." bleeding as he saw water pouring In Heilongjiang Province, the Qiao Shi, member of the through their homes. Songhua River was the most Political Bureau of the Party By comparison, Liaoning and swollen for 29 years but Harbin, Central Committee and vice- Heilongjiang provinces were not the provincial capital that sits on premier of the State Council, so badly hit. Water level along the its bank, stood unharmed. inspected the endangered dykes of

8 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. .^7 the Songhua River on August 21 torms submerged thousands of and congratulated soldiers and hectares of rice paddies and swept civilians on their victory in away many houses. In mid-July, News in Brief fighting the floods. Yang Zhen- Shanghai and Zhejiang were hit by huai, secretary-general of the the biggest tornado since 1956. In Central Flood Control Headquar• Shanghai 4,800 houses were torn ters and vice-minister of water apart, leaving 24 dead and 554 hina's National Defence resources and electric power, injured, with direct property losses CUniversity held its open• inspected Jilin, where the damage estimated at 18.4 million yuan ing ceremony in Beijing on was most serious. Provincial (about USS5 million). In Sichuan September 1. More than 400 leaders also played their part. and Anhui provinces, the disaster students, mostly senior army Elsewhere, a typhoon hit slruck in the form of a series of olTicers, were enrolled in Guangdong and Fujian provinces hailstorms. ^ three departments -basic in August and in Guangxi Zhuang military science, defence Autonomous Region, heavy rains• by Chen Dongjing research and advanced studies.

hanghai authorities have Sdecided to levy a sur• charge on poor quality products manufactured with obsolete equipment. A spokesman said the ultimate aim of the move is to edge outdated products out of the market and encourage the development of new products.

contract was signed on A September 4 between the Po Ltn Monastery in Hong Kong and the China Astro• nautics Science and Tech• nology Consultant Corpor• ation" (CASTCC) of the Ministry of Astronautics, for the construction of what will be the largest bronze statue of Buddha in the world. The project will combine the best of Budd• hist sculpture, traditional bronze craft technique and modern technology.

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 9 MMMMMIM

ation and by the quest for spheres HARARE of infiuence... all of which has led to military, political and economic NAM in the Prime of Life pressures and foreign intervention against non-aligned countries." The 8th non-aligned summit meeting was the largest so It also said: "The extension of far, and full of vigour, showing that the non-aligned the East-West confrontation to movement (NAM) has now come to maturity. local and regional disputes complicates them further, renders their resolution difficult and endangers world peace." All this reveals the fact that the e 8th summit of the non- Pretoria, and to take steps to contest between the two super• rahgned countries which repre• accelerate Namibia's indepen• powers is the root cause of many sents approximately 100 states dence. A solidarity fund for the of the world's problem situations. with populations totalling 2 frontline states will be set up to With regard to conflicts be• billion people, came to a successful extend emergency or long-term tween non-aligned countries, the conclusion in Harare, capital of loans to them. leaders were unprecedentedly Zimbabwe, on September 7. The vigorous actions of the vocal in urging parties concerned After a week of enthusiastic leaders at the summit will "to abide strictly by the principles discussions, and also heated undoubtedly contribute to the of the United Nadons Charter and debate, non-aligned leaders issued final uprooting of colonialism and of peaceful coexistence." and to political and economic decla• the complete liberation of Africa. "refrain from the threat or use of rations, and also a special Another focal point of the force in international relations." declaration on southern Africa, summit was the scramble between Many leaders expressed deep indicating how the non-aligned the two superpowers in intermedi• concern about the armed conflicts movement (NAM) views the ate areas that have given rise to a and wars between member major issues of the world today series of wars affecting non- countries, especially the Iran-Iraq and what its positions are on them. aligned countries, even leading to war. Kuwait proposed the cre• Both the conference and its outright military intervention. ation of a committee composed of documents show that the situation Many countries, notably Pakis• the heads of state of non-aligned in southern Africa was the tan, Singapore and Malaysia countries to mediate in the war. question uppermost in the minds denounced the military occup• of the leaders, who almost without ation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Morocco and Cyprus said they exception severely condemned the Union, and of Kampuchea by Viet were willing to accept solutions to racist regime in Pretoria. Nam with Soviet backing, either the questions of the Western The selection of Zimbabwe, a mentioning or without mention• Sahara and Cyprus that were in neighbour of South Africa, as the ing the name of the aggressors. accordance with the relevant venue of the summit was in itself a • Cuba, Libya and Syria and a United Nations resolutions. sign that the leaders were to few other countries denounced the Economic issues also came up launch a crusade against the United States for its interference for discussion, taking up about Pretoria regime, the last bastion of in Nicaragua's internal affairs, its one half of the length of speeches colonialism and racism in the backing for Israeli expansion in and conference documents. world, in order to lend a hand to the Middle East, and its refusal to The conference's economic the 20 million black people in that find a solution to the Palestine declaration stressed that all forms part of Africa in their battle for question. of racial discrimination, foregin emancipation. The charges against both the aggression, occupation, domin• The leaders cited Pretoria's Soviet Union and the United ation, hegemony, expansionism, crimes in practising apartheid, States were to be found in the exploitation and destabilization slaughtering African resisters, political declaration in the sec• constitute fundamental obstacles blocking Namibia's independence tions on the situafion in specific to the economic liberation of and committing acts of aggression regions. developing countries." It went on and subversion against the The political declaration also to say that "the unjust and neighbouring frontline states. had this to say: "The security and inequitable international In the special declaration independence of non-aligned economic system constitutes a released by the conference, the countries are being increasingly major impediment to the develop• leaders called on the international threatened by colonialist policies, ment process of non-aligned and community to apply comprehens• by great-power and bloc rivalries, other developing countries." ive, mandatory sanctions against by imperialist policies of domin• Pointing to the inter-

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 dependence between economies in be seen from the turbulence in was just and fair, and that another the world, the declaration urged southern Africa and Central premature general election was developed countries to adopt "an America, the foreign military unnecessary. It stated clearly that integrated approach" and to occupation of Afghanistan and it would not resign until 1990, "enter into serious negotiations" Kampuchea, the annual US$1,000 when the next general election is with developing countries on the billion of military spending due. issues of money, finance, debt, worldwide, and the approximately As Independence Day on trade and development. US$1,000 billion of debt shoul• August 14 approached, the The document also stressed the dered by the developing countries. Pakistan Muslim League, the "importance of collective self- Nevertheless, the summit con• ruling party, and the MRD, which reliance" through South-South ference achieved positive results. is composed mainly of PPP co-operation. It showed, too, that This is added proof that NAM, members, both announced that the non-aligned countries have after 25 years of growth, has they would call mass rallies on identified the heart of their reached maturity and is buoyant Independence Day. This produced economic troubles and the way with vitality. No force whatsoever anxiety among the Pakistani out of them. can arrest its advance. But when people who feared that direct one looks at the summit's final clashes might take place between The documents of the confer• documents, it is not difficult to the two, and many of them ence also discuss disarmament, find many issues that have been appealed to the government to international security and the dealt with at preceding summits. It take necessary measures to world's "flash-points." is no easy job to do away with the prevent such incidents. On the The summit meeting was called world's evils and NAM's journey evening of August 11 Prime at a time when the non-aligned is bound to be long. Minister Junejo declared in a countries are faced with a great • nationwide televised speech that many difficult problems. This can by Chen Shengtao his Pakistan Muslim League had decided to cancel its own August 14 rally in order to avoid conflict and to preserve the PAKISTAN dignity of Independence Day. He also called for the opposirion's co• operation. The authorities in Call for Peace and Democracy Lahore and other cities then The arrest of Benazir Bhutto and other opposition proclaimed a state of emergency, leaders caused riots and bloodshed in Pakistan, but there banning all political rallies and demonstrations on Independence • are now fresh signs of hope. Day. But the M RD ignored all this and resolved to implement its original plan. Finally the police he Palcistani government had of the Pakistani people have been detained some opposition leaders, Tdecided to release all political gradually restored and political including Benazir Bhutto, on activists in detention, including parties have been allowed to August 13 and 14. The police leaders of the Movement for the become active. In April this year action aroused strong feelini!>of Restoration of Democracy Benazir Bhutto, leader of the RPP, anger among opposition sup• (MRD), and to hold talks with all the largest opposition party in porters and resulted in a number political parties, including the Pakistan, ended her life of exile of protests and riots with some Pakistan People's Party (PPP), in and returned home. Within a casualties. an attempt to solve the current month she travelled through the political crisis, a high-ranking four provinces of the country and For the time being the Pakistani official said in Isla• took part in more than 20 big mass government is in full control of the mabad on September 4. rallies and demonstrations, ad• situation and peace has returned With the ending of martial law vancing two political demands— to the riot-torn areas. But people at the end of last year, the the resignation of President Zia do not feel easy at all. The Pakistani people had been looking UI-Haq, and fresh elections to be fundamental conflict still exists. forward to a return of peace and held this autumn — both flatly The opposition parties not only democracy. Yet the violent clashes rejected by the Junejo civilian refuse to give up their political of the past two months have, to a government which assumed power demands but are growing stron• great extent, dashed their hopes. after a general election held in ger. The government in turn is As military control has given February last year. The govern• showing no sign of giving way. way to democracy, the basic rights ment insisted that that election The people need democracy, not

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 II lONAL

violence; peace, not riots. They are demonstrated many times in our down in favour of new Caledonia deplored by this setback to country's history...". The Pakis• remaining a French territory. Pakistan's democratic process tani people yearn for a democratic Native Caledonians account for which had only begun to take political system under which the only 43 percent of the territory's shape. As an airline employee put national economy can develop population. The rest are either of it, "The direct victims of the and living standards can improve. European descent (37 percent), or politics 6f violence are the • people of Asian and Pacific origin. common people. This has been by Shi Zhongxin But Chirac insisted that all Caledonians take part in the referendum. "No one can claim the right to determine the destiny NEW CALEDONIA of everyone." he argued. How• ever, he has shown an apparent Dispute Over independence shift towards the Kanak "provi• Afraid of being edged out of the South Pacific, French sional government," saying it Prime Minister Jacques Chirac recently made a four-day could be taken into consideration from a legal and political point of visit to the French colony in the South Pacific, view. French Minister of Overseas reasserting the French presence there. Departments and Territories Ber• nard Pons had earlier planned to outlaw the "government." ew Caledonia, a tiny island sional government of the Kanak Chirac also back-pedalled on a with a population of 145,000 Republic." While admitting N decision made by President and a French overseas territory for French sovereignty over the Francois Mitterrand last January over a century, has just received a island, the FLNKS has expressed to strengthen French military visit by French Prime Minister its wish to talk with the French facilities in Noumea, capital of Jacques Chirac. government on the issue of New Caledonia. The Prime independence. Local residents have been Minister said the issue should be quarrelling over the issue of Chirac's visit came at a time studied further. In addition, he independence since the end of when pressure is mounting from invited the mayors of the 32 1984. The turmoil has resulted in South Pacific countries for France municipalities of New Caledonia an increase in the number .of to grant independence to New to Paris so that he could listen to French soldiers stationed there. Caledonia and end its military their advice on the Caledonian Several people have died in clashes presence in the region, including issue. between local Mclanesians, who its controversial nuclear tests. demand independence, the pro- But despite his overtures, politi• France European descendants During his stay in New cal analysts say Chirac took a and the police. Under pressure, Caledonia, Chirac met local rather cautious approach and did Paris decided that a referendum be leaders of different political not mention any specific solu• held before the end of 1987. complexions, including those of tions. The dispute over indepen• dence will continue to grow. Who To ensure a continued French the PLNKS, who have proposed knows whether the referendum economic and military presence in that only indigenous Melanesians next year will turn out to the the South Pacific region, Chirac participate in the referendum. satisfaction of all sides? • toured the island in the hope of This demand results from a fear by Xiao Lin relaxing racial tensions and that the referendum will come pacifying discontent. Because the island is of vital importance to France, President Francois Mit• TECHNICAL BARRIERS terrand has pledged to guarantee the "strategic existence and A New Trend in Trade Protectionism influence" of France in the region. The technical harriers to trade put up hy the developed However, local Mclanesians will not tolerate French rule and- countries have had unfavourable effects on the foreign are struggling for their trade of developing countries. independence. On December 1, 1984, the Kanak Socialist Na• tional Liberation Front raditional trade protectionism technical barriers to trade have (FLNKS), a New Caledonian Tmainly takes the form of tariff gradually become the thorniest political party, set up a "provi- barriers. But in recent years problem in internatonal trade and

12 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 37 are now the principal means of the European markets. by developing countries. At the new trade protectionism. Techn• In most cases technical barriers end of 1983 the United States put ical barriers are of many kinds and take on a legal form. In order to forward more than one hundred rather complex. They have had protect consumers' interests and extra requirements for textiles very unfavourable effects on the the environment, many countries imported from developing coun• foreign trade of developing issue ever more strict safety, tries, greatly restricting the export countries and have severely hygiene and environment- of textiles from those countries to damaged their economies. protecting regulations. For the US. According to statistics, There are two kinds of obstacles example, "Regulation on the developing countries' exports are to international trade, namely, Handling of Food, Medicines and restricted three and a half times as tariff barriers and non-tariff Cosmetics," "Regulation on the much by technical barriers to Import of Milk," "Regulafion barriers. After frequent negoti• trade as those of developed Governing the Inspection of countries. It is nothing new for the ations by the General Agreement Imported Vegetables and Fruit," exports of developing countries to on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), "Regulation for Limiting Toxins be seized as damages, lowered in tariff in various countries have in Products," "Regulation on price or refused entry. All this been reduced to some extent. But Flammable Fabrics," "Regu• seriously affects the economies of non-tariff barriers, especially lation Governing the Safety of developing countries. technical barriers, have become Consumer Goods," "Regulation The "Agreement on Technical the most serious > obstacle to on the Limitafion of Noise" etc., international trade. The old trade Barriers to Trade" prepared by all issued by a few developed GATT is intended to remove, or at protectionism restricts imports countries, lay down strict criteria mainly by high tariffs and import least to reduce, technical barriers for the inspection of imports. As to international trade. This quotas. their economies slump, or when agreement has played a positive The new trade protectionism is imported goods affect consumers' role in preventing the exploitation harsh, complex and appears interests, laws on safety and by developed countries of dif• frequently in the form of changed hygiene are used as an excuse to ferences between standards and technical standards and restrict imports. certification procedures, as a regulations. The degrees of protection means of trade protectionism, and Technical barriers to trade technical barriers provide arc it also promotes international include all kinds of technical difficult to estimate. When standards. However, it does not regulations and standards pro• exporting goods to countries like help developing countries mulgated by central governments, the US, Germany and Japan, the overcome the technical obstacles local authorities and non• technical regulations to be fol• placed in their way by developed governmental organizations, pro• lowed are very complicated. Not countries. cedures to be followed in only central governments, but It is unrealisfic to place too examining whether or not the local authorities and non• much hope on a relaxation by the technical regulations and stan• governmental organizations issue developed countries of their tech• dards have been conformed to numerous technical regulations. nical requirements for imports. stipulations on packaging, label• Technical barriers to international Developing countries must rather ling and documentation, and so trade account for approximately develop their national science and on. 10% —30% of non-tariff barriers technology and improve the quali• Technical barriers are flexible and this proportion is rising ty of their products. At the same and changeable and it is difficult rapidly as levels of consumption time they must strengthen their for foreign firms to adapt to them. rise and high-sensitivity monitor• unity and carry out an unremitting To protect their own producers, ing technology develops. struggle against technical barriers some developed countries raise the to trade. • required standards for imports in Technical barriers have had by Ye Bolin order to restrict them. Britain, unfavourable effects on the France and West Germany foreign trade of developing recently signed an agreement on countries. Many developing coun• electronic components stipulating tries lack precise information on that the documentation issued by foreign technical standards and one of the three countries should also lack strict quality control. be valid in the other two, while Developed countries have for• CORRECTION: The caption to the products from other countries mulated harsh and even nit• picture on p. 21. No. 35. should read: "A must be subject to strict inspec• picking technical regulations and Buddhist Statue dating from about AD 500 tion. This made it difficult for US overelaborate inspection proce• at the Longnien Grottoes." electronic components to enter dures for products manufactured

SEPTEMBER 15. 1986 13 Prospects for Superpower Arms Race by Zhou Jirong, Huang Tingwei

ince the Soviet Union began to other. Rough military parity and grounds for mobilizing domestic S pursue a foreign policy of balance of power could preserve public opinion and to press world domination, the rivalry the status quo and maintain Congress to approve a greater between the two superpowers for stability. But the two superpowers military budget. The concept of global supremacy and the efforts do not rest content with mere national security in the US extends of other countries to oppose their maintenance of parity. One party to the whole of the Western rivalry have come to be the main inevitably seeks military superior• hemisphere as a sphere of features of contemporary intern• ity over the other if its situation at American influence, in which the ational relations. The super• home and abroad improves, US plays the role of protector of powers are engaged in an intensive especially when it is enjoying a allied countries. The US also arms race with the aim of securing faster rate of economic growth. wants to "protect" vast regions of strategic nuclear superiority. This Then the other party is forced to developing countries. The presents a great threat to world meet the challenge. As a Chinese Soviet Union, on the other hand, peace. saying goes, "a boat goes up when was at first kept within the bounds Now that both superpowers the river rises." Military strate• of its native territory and Eastern possess the capacity to annihilate gists in the West call this the law of Europe until the mid-1950s. But each other several times over, they reaction or reflection in the arms with the rapid increase in its need to decide the rules of their race. The Soviet Union and the military strength, and as it became endless game of military compe• United States are locked in a more ambitious, the Soviet Union tition in order lo move towards vicious circle of action and began to pursue a policy of mutual strategy security and to reaction. Generally speaking, hegemony, justified by such ideas avoid direct military clashes. That from the end of World War II to as those of "the socialist is why they have agreed to hold the end of the 1960s, it was the US community," "limited sovereign• disarmament talks. But the rivalry who set the challenges for the ty," and "the natural ally of the of the superpowers will, in our Soviet Union, but in the 1970s the non-aligned countries," which view, undergo a long-term evo• situation was reversed. However, served as pretexts for Soviet lution. Hence the arms race and in the 1980s it is again the United expansion. the disarmament talks between States who is setting the pace. Moscow and Washington will be Deep-seated suspicion is ano• A further motive force of the with us for a long time to come. ther important motive force of the arms race is the relation, both in arms race. Both the Soviet Union the US and the USSR, between and the United States accuse each science and technology and the Arms Race: The Dynamics other of posing a grave threat to defence industry, in which each the other. So both sides have a promotes the other. In the The arms race has intensified strong sense of insecurity and allocation of funds, materials, steadily since the end of World claim that they must build up their equipment and experts, priority is War II as both countries have military strength to safeguard ; given to the defence industry. The increased their military strength to their national security. An inde• development of advanced back up their pursuit of world pendent country has a right to weapons stimulates the progress domination. Although each gives establish its own forces to of science and technology. In turn, different reasons for its military safeguard the integrity of its by applying the new achievements build-up, both have common territory and its national security. of science and technology to the motives for engaging in the arms But the term "national security" defence industry the arms race is race. It has been clearly shown in the superpowers' vocabulary is raised to a higher level. Since the over the past 40 years that the taken beyond its proper meaning. 1970s the rapid advance of science balance, or imbalance, of military Undoubtedly, each considers the and technology has shifted the strength represents their relative other a major threat to itself and emphasis from quantity to quality, positions of strength, which in uses the threat as the excuse for a both sides vying to develop a new turn determines to a great extent huge military budget. For the past generation of strategic offensive their postures in the struggle for few years a monograph called weapons with multiple-warheads hegemony. Both sides seek to "The Military Strength of the and intercontinental ballistic mis• redress the imbalance, each trying Soviet Union" has l>een published siles of small size, high precision to catch up with and overtake the annually in the US to serve as the and flexible mobility. The Soviets

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 also started in the late 1950s and the gap with the United States. Union has achieved parity with the Americans in the 1960s to Therefore it has decided that the the United States in particle beam develop strategic defensive development of its national weapons, and in high energy laser weapons, but progress was slow as defence must be subordinated to weaponry it has the edge, but in the technological barriers were too that of the national economy as a advance computer technology it numerous to break through. The whole. With this in mind Moscow lags behind the United States 10 to Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) is trying its utmost to prevent the 15 years. In the development of a programme initiated by President SDI programme from materializ• comprehensive space defence Ronald Reagan is the inevitable ing in arms control talks with system, the US therefore enjoys a outcome of the rapid progress of Washington. However, realizing definite advantage over the Soviet high technology. that the SDI programme is not a Union. Notwithstanding all this, bargaining chip, the Soviet Union neither the United States nor the is now being forced to meet the US Soviet Union could build an over• challenge. According to the action all defence system by the end of the New Round of Arms Race and reaction formula, the two 20th century. Nuclear deterrence superpowers will continue to will remain effective for a long Starting with the early 80's, the engage in an all-round arms race, time to come. arms race between the super• but now centred on the struggle powers has witnessed a shift from for superiority in space. The early nineties will be critical a strategy of nuclear offensive to for both the Soviet Union and the one of both offensive and With regard to the SDI United States, when a new defensive. programme, it is thought that generation of nuclear weapons are The Reagan Administration has certain aspects of it are feasible, as to replace existing ones. The been pursuing a strategy of non- it is based on long-term research deployment of US MX, Midget- flexible response aimed at meeting into new and sophisticated science man and Trident strategic nuclear the challenge of Soviet military and technology. The US govern• missiles will be completed by the growth. According to the US ment is in a position to finance end of this decade. Without an Secretary of Defense Caspar W. SDI in its initial stages, and on the arms reduction agreement, 572 Weinberger's annual report to political front supporters inside INF's will be deployed in 1988. On Congress for the fiscal year 1987, the US outnumber its oppo• the Soviet side, a fifth generation "This administration has pro• nents, while the number of the of ICBM's, SS-24's, SS-25's and a moted the search for competitive US's allies opposed to it is new type of strategic bomber will strategies at every level in our decreasing. Progress has already be operational. The number of SS- defence programme. Competitive been made on one item of the 20's will be further increased. strategies capitalize on our long- programme, but there are many According to a US news report, term strengths in ways that exploit technical problems to be the Soviet Union is embarking on Soviet long-term weakness. The overcome if the US is to build an large-scale nuclear expansion. hallmark of this Administration's effective defence system that could Without a nuclear limitation defense programme in the second stand the test of time. Moreover, agreement, the number of Soviet term will be the search to identify there still exists a strong force nuclear warheads could increase and implement competitive inside the US opposed to the SDI from the present 10,000 to 30,000 strategies for deterrence." The US plan. Recently the US Senate by the early nineties, and the SDI programme challenges the issued a report questioning its number of ground-launched mis• Soviet Union to a new round of feasibility. The implementation of siles from 6,000 to 22,000 by 1995. over-all military competition. The the SDI plan would also be All this will undoubtedly damage US hopes to be the first country to prohibitively expensive. It is US-Soviet relations and increase establish its own strategic defence estimated the research costs will political tension between them. system and hence render the hit 90 billion dollars by the mid- However, for the time being and Soviet offensive strategic weapons nineties. In its efforts to reach a in the foreseeable future, neither obsolete. balanced budget by the 1990s, the superpower can break the balance US Congress will place many Since Mikhail Gorbachev came of strategic forces and neither dare obstacles in the way of SDI. to power, the Soviet Union has take the risk of launching war. made a reappraisal of its domestic The Soviet Union is countering And more significantly, the forces and international positions and the SDI programme by vigorously for peace in the world are growing has made the necessary adjust• developing its own defence stronger and stronger, and we are ments in its foreign policy. It has system. There are over 10,000 confident that world peace can be adopted a so-called "accelerated Soviet scientists and engineers won through the concerted efforts development strategy" to rebuild engaged in research work on of all peace-loving people the the Soviet economy and to close sophisticated weapons. The Soviet world over. •

SEPTEMBER 15. 1986 15 ARTICLES

LABOUR REFORM Making a Dint in the Iron Rice Bowl'

On September 9, the State Council promulgatedfour sets ofregulations on reforming China's labour system. "Beijing Review" interviewed He Guang, Minister of Labour and Personnel, on the aims and content of the reform.

defective that it must be changed. freedom in the selection of jobs. Since 1982, Minister He said, Moreover, an enterprise is given China has carried out reforms on a the necessary decision-making trial basis in a number of cities powers in the deployment of its of varying sizes and has work force. The new practice will gained a certain amount of therefore promote the movement experience in this respect. The of workers within and between recent government decision covers work places in a rational way. the following four areas.

Examination System SI* Contract System A few years ago Chinese cities With the reform Chinese were overloaded with job-seeking enterprises will operate a labour young people who had graduated ccording to Minister of contract system in recruiting from middle school but had failed A Labour and Personnel He workers. On the basis of to get into a college or university. Guang. the reform of the labour negotiations conducted on an In this situation some state system is aimed at eliminating the equal footing, the enterprise and enterprises took on the children of defects of the "iron rice bowl" the would-be worker will sign a workers and staff to take their practice, placing the relationship contract that sets out the length of place when they retired, even between workers and enterprises his or her employment, as well as though they were less qualified on a rational basis in order to meet the obligations, responsibilities, than some other young job the needs of a planned commodity rights and interests of both sides. hunters. economy. Anyone who violates the contract In future, state enterprises will The existing system of labour will be held responsible for the advertise openings for new relations at state-owned enter• consequences. The relationship workers, and recruit from the prises was introduced soon after between worker and enterprise public those who have been the founding of the People's ends on the termination of the proved qualified physically and Republic in 1949. Its main feature contract, which can, however, be morally. In this way workers will was the centralized assignment of renewed if both sides agree. be able to find jobs they want by labour in urban areas. Once a Under the contract system, sitting in an examination, and person was given a job in a factory, workers and staff enjoy the same enterprises will be able to recruit he or she would remain with that rights and economic benefits as workers they need most. This new factory for the rest of his or her workers under the old system. The practice will give full play to the life, receiving wages and insurance only changes are that wages enthusiasm of workers and also benefits according to state regul• include bonuses for above-quota improve enterprise management. ations. This system, which was work done, and labour insurance benefits have been trimmed back. commensurate with a highly Power to Dismiss Worl

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 has authorized enterprises to The retirement insurance social position of workers depends dismiss those who continue to scheme will also apply to new upon who owns the means of violate work rules after being workers from the time they are production. The contract system warned and disciplined. The State recruited. Money for pensions will will merely cement the relation• Council has also laid down be largely derived from enter• ship between workers and enter• provisions and procedures con• prises, at a rate of 15 percent of prise by means of a contract. It will cerning the dismissal of workers. their total wage bill. Contract not touch public ownership of the This move is aimed at strengthen• workers will also have to pay into means of production. On the ing labour discipline, maintaining the fund 3 percent of their monthly contrary it will contribute to normal production regimes, while wages. reinforcing public ownership and clarifying and protecting the Unemployment benefits will be facilitate the implementation of interests and rights of workers and avaiable to help four categories of distribution to each according to his work. It is therefore socialist in staff If a dismissed worker people — workers of bankrupt nature. Like workers with fixed disagrees with the decision to enterprises, workers released by dismiss him or her, he or she may- jobs, contractural workers are enterprises on the point of appeal to a tribunal of the labour masters of society and receive a bankruptcy as a way of improving department concerned which will fair share for their labour. their productivity, workers dis• adjudicate according to relevant missed for violating work rules, The minister also said that in the regulations on labour disputes. and workers whose contracts have past many people regarded the The state will adopt appropriate expired. Insurance funds will be superiority of socialism as consist• measures to deal with people who ing in the "iron rice bowl" labour are laid-off and will provide them collected from enterprises at a rate of 1 percent of their wage bill. system, and distribution by with certain benefits until they "everyone eating from the same have found new jobs. While waiting for new jobs, laid- off workers will receive 50-75 big pot." This is obviously a distorted understanding. "From percent of their previous wages. each according to his ability" is Those who have spent five years in the basis of "to each according to their job will receive unemploy• his work." Minister He said that Two Insurance Systems ment pay for two years. Those people should make a contri• who have worked for less than five China is to bring in two systems bution first before getting some• years will receive benefits for up to of labour insurance for the thing in return. "Our policy is one year. This is aimed at unemployed and retired to geared to rewarding the diligent encouraging jobless workers to underpin the contract system and and punishing the lazy. As the find new jobs again. the two regulations on the 'iron rice bowl' and 'big pot' dismissal of workers for violating When asked whether the practice has the completely work rules, and deal with contract system will erode the opposite effect, they must be done problems arising from enterprises position of workers as masters of away with," Minister He added. going bankrupt. society. Minister He said that the •

Beijing Review cS' sc aOe '11 (mi Please Ciller my subcriplion to Beijing Subscription Rates Review for ye>ir(s). Cauniry year 2 years 3 yeats I enclose in payment thereof. 52 Nami! USA lussi 22 V

fngland It) 1? V 30

Rest of Europe (USSl t6 11 37 Job lillc Ausuaha |AS| 22 37 52 Address New Zealand (NZSI 30 52 72

Canada ICS) 7\ 36 50

Swii/erldnd (SH 45 11 lOB

W. Germany (DMl 50 90 125

Country Aiisina (Schl 330 560 780

iialy (LoBl ?9 00l) 49,000 68,000

to vour local dealer or either of the following ,. 399 Br OKv\"y! B?:'ini) RBV P4 ?4 Bi'ivar/huaii^ Road saat ia Ba i!l;i Hpv"(! A i\l [;(!Si:ii t'ttiLf':

SEPTEMBER 15. I9S6 17 Minorities Sports Games Colourful by Our Correspondent Dai Yannian

he Third Chinese National newly added sheep vying and team Team cracker contest, or TMinorities Traditional Games cracker contest aroused the Chinese-style rugby scored a hit at were held August 7-17 in Urumqi, greatest excitement. the games. It originated in capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Guangxi in south China about 500 Autonomous Region. More than Slieep vying, a folk sport popular years ago. The game is divided 700 athletes from the 55 minority in northwest China, especially into two 20-minute halves during nationalities competed in the with the Kazakhs, Khalkhas, which 10 players take the field. eight-day games which featured seven events — flat horse racing, target archery, crossbow archery, wrestling, swinging, sheep vying and the team cracker contest as well as colourful traditional dis• plays. China is a multinational country, and all of her 55 ethnic groups have their own forms of sport. To encourage the sporting development of the Chinese ethnic minorities, the state government started a series of national minori• ties games events in the early years of Chinese liberation. The first games were held in 1953 in Tianjin. Only a dozen ethnic minorities took part in five competitive events. At the 1982 Second National Minorities Games, only two competitive "Sheep Vying." WU WENBIAO events of target archery and Uygurs and Tajiks, is a cross During the game, the cracker — wrestling were held in Hohhot, between basketball and an iron ring wrapped in red silk — capital of the Inner Mongolian horsemanship. is launched 10 metres into the air Autonomous Region. The Two teams of six horse riders by a miniature cannon at the Chinese State Physical Culture each play in an oval field, 330 centre of the field (60 metres by 50 and Sports Commission gave the metres at its longest and 150 metres). At each end is a scoring event a boost by making games metres at its widest. The game is area six metres wide. Once a player into a quadrennial event. The next played in two 25-minute sessions reaches the scoring area with the games are scheduled to be staged with a 10-minute break in cracker his team scores a point. in Nanning, capital of the between. At each end of the field But since the cracker is only five Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous there is a basket, 2.7 metres above centimetres in diameter it can be Region, in 1990. the ground and 1.5 metres in easily hidden in a palm. Winning a diameter. The players, all on game, therefore, depends not only horseback, start from the middle on strength and toughness but New Events of the field, and compete to grab a also on quick guess work. sheep carcass, beheaded and Despite three referees and two The Third Chinese National eviscerated, and try to throw it score judges, the play can be Minorities Traditional Games into their own basket. Once the rough, with bleeding noses and were a grand gathering for the carcass is in the basket a point is scratched faces. Anyone who Chinese minority nationality scored, the winner is the team with kicks or bites though, is yellow- people from northwest, south• the higher score. In this case the booked and sidelined for two west, northeast and south China. tournament winner was a Xinjiang minutes while anyone who causes Of the seven major events, the team. intentional injuries is sent off.

18 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 Teams from five provinces and autonomous regions took part in the 10-round tournament, the Guangxi team carried off the championship.

Folk Sports Events

During the Urumqi national minorities games, a total of 115 exhibition performances was given, 47 more than at the last games. A spokesman for the organizing committee said these ethnic displays of colour and skill added elements of wonder and entertainment to the thrill of the competitions. Rope walking, or "Dawazi" in Uygur, is a traditional Uygur event handed down from ancient time. The rope extends from the ground at an angle of 45° to the top of a 30-metre-high mast. A barefoot teenage girl, carrying eight porcelain bowls on her head and holding a balancing pole, walks to the sound of Uygur music. up and down the rope. Very often she will do the "Flying bird spreads her wings" movement, or the "Golden chick handstand." A legend tells that the art began when a youngster invented "Dawazi" to move up into the air to fight and kill a demon which lived there. As the flag on top of the mast flutters in the wind, nothing in the world seems more gripping, or more intricate than the girl's motions.

Lions climb golden mountain is another moving demonstration of skill. The golden mountain is composed of 17 layers of benches, the top layer being 8.5 metres above the bottom layer. Two or four players in "lions' hides" and with silvery bells around their necks, climb layer by layer as the audience looks on agape. leader, in ancient time his wheeled the lions out amid the din The performance by the team hometown was haunted by of gongs and drums and scared the from Tianyang County, Guangxi monsters during the harvest. monsters away. The people of Zhuang Autonomous Region, was People wove images of the lion, later generations perfected the lion the most exciting. According to supposed to be the king of beasts, display to celebrate their ances• Huang Zuoquang, the team out of bamboo fragments. They tors' triumph. Now in Tianyang

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 19 TICLES

County, Huang said, most of the villages have lion dancing teams and the "Lions climb golden mountain" was worked up especially for the sports meet. The Miao nationality players imitated cocks fighting and bulls in combat with musical accom• paniment; the Gaoshan nation• ality players performed "Bamboo- basket ball," with the men throwing balls into bamboo- baskets carried by attractively dressed girls in front of them—a sport which evolved from the wooing habits of the Gaoshan nationality living on both sides of the Taiwan Strait; the "Tug-of- war" performed by Tibetan players, was played not with the hands but with the neck! Of the exhibition events, 80 percent were competitive.

fVlodsrn and Traditional Sports Modern sports games began to find favour with young people of minority nationalities with the founding of the People's Republic, and many minority nationality sportsmen and sportswomen "Dawazi" CHEN ZONGLIE became good and successful. They include Li Ning of Zhuang nationality, who won the rings bore rifle shooting in 1975; Luo breaststroke three times in championship at the 1984 World Zhihuan of Korean nationality, succession. Gym Tournament and three gold who won the 1,000-M speed The flourishing of modern medals at the 23rd Olympic skating championship in a world sports among the minority Games; Jin Dongxian of the contest; and Mu Xiangxiong of nationality peoples does not mean Manchu nationality, who broke the Hui nationality, who broke the the withering of traditional events. the world record of 200-M small- world records for the 100-M On the contrary, they are seen as part of the various traditional cultures including the national A scrum at the "Team Cracker Contest." CHEN ZONGLIE sports culture as a whole, and are developed accordingly. Minority nationality traditional sports games, along with single- event contests or performances, have been held in various provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. This has helped spread these sports and boost their development among the minority nationality people. At present, physical culture departments are working to discover more about ethnic traditional sports. •

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 Will China's Typhoon-Disasters Blow Over? by Our Correspondent Yang Xiaobin and Guest Correspondent Liu Nanchang very summer coastal provinces mitted from meteorological and help in the management of E in southeast China are hit by satellites. Everyday the Central natural disaster. typhoons from the Pacific. But the Meteorological Observatory re• typhoons that occurred this year ceives 10 cloud-charts from A Defensive System were fiercer than usual. In July this Japanese and American meteor• When the Guangdong Pro• year, for example, two force 12 ological satellites. According to vincial Disaster Headquarters typhoons struck Guangdong Pro• these cloud-charts, the weather received the typhoon warning vince. Of the 6 million people live forecasts from the American, from the Central Meteorological in the affected area, 200 died as Japanese and Hong Kong's Observatory last July, it alerted 200-400 mm rain fell each day, and Meteorological Observatories and the coastal areas of Guangdong 2 billion yuan's worth of damage other measurements, China can about the disaster right away was sustained. make accurate typhoon forecasts. through the standard command and message-transmission system. According to Ling Botang, At the end of 1985 at an in• In the three days they had the deputy-governor of Guangdong ternational symposium on trop• disaster control groups at different Province and head of the ical climtes in Thailand, Chinese levels mobilize 10,000 cadres to Provincial Disaster Headquarters, experts' ideas and their achieve• fight the disaster. More than I it was the worst disaster since ments in weather forecasting were million people, including the local liberation in 1949. "We did our well received by the other experts. soldiery, worked for several days best to minimize the losses. Now Recently China has developed a to protect dikes and reservoirs; production and people's lives new method of analysing the about 10 million people helped have returned to normal. The cloud-charts, Fan added. The bringing in the rice harvests, and violent typhoons tested our ability signals from the meteorological more than 100,000 civilians moved to control disasters and showed up satellite are processed into 16 from old houses before the our weaknesses in handling water colour-charts which mark the typhoon struck. Emergency control," Ling said. A great deal typhoon's centre, intensity materials including straw sacks, goes into protecting an area from and track very clear. The cement, timber, steels, food and the danger of a typhoon. Central Meteorological Observa• medicines were sent to the disaster Prompt Forecasting tory has also discovered some new areas. methods of weather forecasting, I he coastal areas of Guang• On July 8, the Central including the dynamics forecast, dong Province were hit very hard, Meteorological Observatory sent statistics forecast and numerical in some places the rainfall out a warning through TV, radio forecast. In two years China will averaged more than 750 mm a and local meteorological stations launch a new meteorological that a violent typhoon would hit day. Although many people had satellite, and a synchronous Guangdong in 72 hours. The worked for several days to protect meteorological satellite before precious hours gave people there the dikes and dams. The flood and 1990. It is very clear that the some time to prepare for the sea tide breached the defence in modern weather forecasts will onslaught. Some 10,000 fishing 15,000 places. Lin Ruo, an official strengthen the defence capability vessels were brought back before of the Provincial Disaster Head- the typhoon struck. In August, Farmers in Jieyang County, Guangdong Province repairing a dyke breached by the Ling Botang went to the Central flood. Meteorological Observatory him• self to express his heartfelt thanks for its timely forecast. Fan Yongxiang, of the Central Meteorological Observatory, said, "Now China's typhoon forecasts have reached general world standards. Our prediction was within 200 kilometres of the point where the typhoon hit land." Since the 1970s. China has mastered the technology of analysing the cloud-charts trans-

SEPTEMBER [5, 19S6 ARTICLES

quarters and Secretary of Guan• lost more than 1,000 yuan, but damage caused by the typhoons gdong Provincial Party Commit• that was only a small proportion was unexpected and exceeded the tee, then ordered more than of his property. limited ability to fight it. Most 510,000 people, who were coastal areas were struck by the stranded by floods, to be sent to In Punin County, the typhoon two force 12 typhoons and high safety in time. The Central Flood damaged Li Zhenguang's hectare tides, but many dikes could only Control Headquarters, on behalf of bananas. But he received over resist force 10 typhoons and their of the State Council, later sent 10,000 yuan in compensation accompanying high tides. At the Guangdong a congratulatory from the local insurance company. same time many dikes and dams telegram for the work done. An official of the provincial had not been repaired for a long insurance company said his time, so many of them were company had paid out 11.3 breached. The worst effects were million yuan in damages to 500 in the Meijiang and Hanjiang Disaster Relief units and persons by the end of River valleys. July, and would have an estimated People in the typhoon stricken total of 25 million yuan to pay. Liu Kang added that in recent areas in Guangdong plunged into years the drainage system had Lin Youxin, a farmer in Lufeng reconstruction of their homeland been neglected throughout the County, did not take out soon after the typhoons were over. country. Last summer the Liaohe, insurance and lost 100,000 yuan The Ministry of Civil Affairs the major river of northeastern on his 10-hectare banana orchard earmarked 2.5 million yuan for China's Liaoning Province, through this natural disaster. Guangdong Province and the flooded and alerted people to the When Guo Rongchang, deputy provincial government provided general danger. Tian Jiyun, vice- secretary of the provincial Party another 10 million yuan for premier of the State Council, had committee, expressed sympathy disaster relief. This does not on many occassions warned for him, he said that he could build include the relief funds allocated against possible crisis caused by up his family fortunes again if the by local municipal and county the negligence. This prompted government provided him with a governments. But the funds were Guangdong Province to begin loan. The county department not enough to cover all the losses, repairing its major water-works agreed to give him the loan at and for the most part the people last winter. This timely repair once. According to the Provincial relied on their own strength. helped reduce some of the Agricultural Bank, the three cities typhoon damage. "The people's ability to fight the of Shantou, Huiyang and Meixian disaster was much greater than have received 60 million yuan in At the time many people were expected," said Zhang Yanming, loans from the government. unrealistically optimistic, but now secretary of ;.he Meijiang District the need to maintain the drainage of Meixian City. The heavy By the end of July, 60,000 system has been brought home to downpours affected 1,000 hectares hectares of early rice had been all. of farmland and damaged 1,700 reaped in the disaster-affected dwellings in the district. But areas. At the same time, the The provincial government has nobody asked for the relief fund farmers expanded the area of late decided to regard water manage• from the district government, all rice under cultivation. The reason ment as a high priority and has they requested was rice seeds. By that the agricultural production prepared to adopt some important now the farmers have bought has been so soon resumed is measures to improve it. It plans to 50,000 kilogrammes of seeds, connected with the responsibility increase investment in water- enough for this year. system in the countryside which management system to at least 180 An old man showed us the has allowed farmers to save up million yuan, the highest annual chest-high watermark on the wall "for a rainy day." According to water management allocation in of his grocery shop and said that the Nanfang Daily, by the middle the province's history; to co• he was over 70 and had experienc• of this year the total rural savings ordinate irrigation and electricity- ed four floods in Meixian, but this in Guangdong Province had generating; to establish a water was the worst. The first one was in reached 11.12 billion yuan, up 2.05 administration structure and to 1925. Although he was only nine billion yuan from the end of the collect fees on the use of water at that time, he had to previous year; this represents per- from the farmers and apportion leave his home. In 1960, Meixian capita savings of225 yuan, up 41.5 them the various repair tasks. The was hit by another flood. The yuan. provincial government plans to hold a meeting on water- government provided his family Liu Kang, of the Water management and assign the with relief grain. The next was in Resources and Electric Power building work for this winter and 1970, and it was his friends who Department of Guangdong Pro• next spring. • helped him. This time his grocery vince, said that the extent of the

22 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 China's Young and Promising Composers

by Song Xin

group of young composers flute create a sound that is full of studying the violin. A year later, Aschooled inWestern theories of emotion and colour. The move• he was accepted as a viola player music and techniques are blaz• ments alternate in tone in such a for the Guiyang Beijing opera ing new trails in contemporary way as to demonstrate harmony, troupe, where he worked until music in China by blending simplicity and classic elegance. 1978 when he was admitted to the traditional Chinese instrumental Tan Dun also composed a work conservatory. compositions with modern mus• for Chinese wind and percussion Most of Qu's pieces are clear ical ideas from the West. The instruments, again blending folk and uncluttered and evoke images resulting works are at once music and melodies with his home of the countryside. Mountains are innovative and distinctly Chinese. town's ballads. The result is a one of the recurring themes in The first achievements of these piece that is jubilant and cheerful. Qu's works and are particularly new composers were made in the Tan Dun, a native of Hunan evident in works such as "The late 1970s. During that period, Province, began studying the Mountain Song," "Girl of the some used the Western twelve- violin and conducting in primary Mountain," "the Mountain and tone system in music for ancient school. He worked in the Native Customs," "Valley" and Chinese poems. Some others paid countryside for two years after "String Quartet." Each of these more attention to the progress and graduation from middle school. works is based on either folk songs changes in Western music and There he was deeply fascinated by or inspired by nature. Qu has used its theories to express folk music. Then he tried to set received numerous awards for his Chinese themes. Hunan's Huagu (flower-drum) music. "The Mountain Song," a opera to music and was later In 1983, China for the first time piece for cello and orchestra, won employed as a violinist for a first prize in the Chinese Music sent young composers to the Beijing opera troupe. In 1978, Tan international Weber Chamber Compositions Contest sponsored Dun entered the Central Conser• by the Tcherepnin Foundation in Music Compositions Competition vatory. He said his music idols in Dresden, the German Democ• the United States in 1982. The include Nie Er (1912-35), the following year, Qu's "Girl of the ratic Republic. The four pieces composer of the national anthem, chosen for the competition were Mountain," a piece for vioHn and who. Tan Dun said, had a flair for orchestra, also won first place in a unique combinations of modern art and was major innovator. Tan Western techniques and Chinese Central Conservatory compo• also respects Johannes Brahms sitions contest. In the National musical traditions. China's piece (1833-97), whose works, he said, for string quartet, composed by Chamber Music Composition "are profound and full of wit." He Competition in 1985, another of Tan Dun, a 29-year-old student said George Frederick Handel from the Central Conservatory of Qu's works was awarded for its (1685-1759) was capable of originality. Music in Beijing, placed second "inspiring heroism and noble among the 82 selections con• feelings in people," and that he Typical of Qu's recent works is a tributed by musicians from 25 regards Ludwig Van Beethoven piece that Qu infuses with what he countries and regions. This piece, (1770-1827) as a blend of Brahms calls man's most primitive sounds. entitled "Feng, Ya and Song" — and Handel." Tan is, however, He said he wanted the work to the ballads, dynastic hymns and devoted to musical geniuses from explore the tranquility and peace sacrificial songs from the three the past, very much in favour of of primitive humans and nature. different sections of the Chinese breaking from tradition and Qu chose the Xiin, a Chinese wind 3,000-year-old Book of Songs — experimenting with new ideas. instrument first used 5,000 to was composed in three move• 6,0{X) years ago and the Danxian, a ments especially to showcase the single-string instrument popular talent, skill and adept orchest• Qu Xiaosong, 33, another with the Jing nationality in south ration of China's national music student of the Central Conserva• China, and an assortment of through modern techniques. tory, was born in Guiyang, percussion instruments. Qu Tan later wrote another vari• Guizhou Province. He was said he was trying to recreate ation for the Guzheng (a 7-stringed assigned to work as a farmer in a the harshness of early man's plucked instrument) and Xiao (a mountainous village and settled sound. He said he wanted to vertical flute), in which the melody there after graduation from create a virgin domain where of the Guzheng and the tone of the middle school. In 1973, Qu began the audience could feel the

SEPTEMBER 15. 1986 23 ARTICLES simplicity, the primitive dynamics Qu, who also teaches at the In 1985, when he was 30 years and tranquility of the earth conservatory, is now expanding old, Ye wrote a symphony entitled centuries ago. "I sought a pri• his repertoire. His most recent "Horizon," which he said was mitive world where the relation• two-part concerto eulogizes the meant to extol the strength and ship between man and nature was countryside of north China: awakening of the people. In harmonious. Because this rel• plains, desert, sunshine, stone- December 1985, the debut of this ationship has been ruined in the carvings, pottery figurines, paper- piece was a success and demon• course of mankind's evolution and cuttings and folk theatres. The strated Ye's sound understanding many good things have been lost, harshness of the suona, the of life and society. I hope they can be recovered." rumblings of drums and gongs and the crisp ensemble of strings "1 think, some Western musical In his earliest work "Valley," and other wind instruments, techniques and methods that have Qu began with these words: together suggest the author's disrupted the balance of rhythms, "When you hear yourself in the devotion to folk culture. intensified variation of tone and stillness of mountains, time stressed performing techniques extends into the infinity of the past Ye Xiaogang, born into a family are similar to those found in and future." Qu said he attempts of musicians, expresses more Chinese folk music," Ye said. to give all his works a simple feel. personal thoughts in his compo• "Assimilating some of these Qu emphasizes that although he sitions. Ye also took part in the methods, therefore, should im• has been influenced by Bela 1982 Tcherepnin Foundation prove the Chinese national Bartok (1881-1945) and Igor Chinese Music Compositions music." Stravinsky (1882-1971), he does Contest in the United States. He "However." he added, "1 have not intend to desert Chinese won first prize for a piece learnt much more tYom national traditions. "I only wish to foster involving the Cniqin and the cello, folk music than from Western new works from them," he said. entitled "Chinese Poem." music." Chen Yi, a postgraduate of the Central Conservatory, spent eight years with the Beijing opera troupe in Guangzhou as the first violinist. She said she is not only interested in the folk music but in opera as well.

After her first solo recital, which was held in Beijing in May 1986, a member of the audience said her piece, "Budding," "was full of a woman's charms," and that it had a "feeling of universal love." "Budding," which is a string concerto, was written in three parts, and the polyphony tech• nique was used to suggest drifting illusion, Chen said. Another 'of Chen's pieces, a piano concerto, won first prize in the 1984 Nafional Musical Compositions Competition. Chen said the concerto is based on a Tan Dun receives second prize at the 1983 International Weber Chamber Music traditional dance of the Done Competition for Composers from the mayor of Dresden.

WAr^G TiNGYIf^G minority from south China. She produce the desired effect with said she was fascinated by the modern methods. unique ceremony the Dong people "At the conservatory I learnt use to welcome their guests. She many of the rules guiding musical said she discovered the ceremony composifion." Chen said. "But, I when she went to a remote village only apply those principles that in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonom• are helpful to my creations." ous Region to collect folk songs in Last June, these young Chinese 1980. The ceremony, she said, composers took part in the first requires one to be the guest who Contemporary Chinese Com• will sing extemporaneously while posers Festival in Hong Kong, the rest echo in harmony and where they met and exchanged slowly dance around the visitor. experiences with many other She said she tried to inject all the Chinese artists from other parts of simplicity and warmth of the the mainland. Hong Kong and welcome ceremony into the overseas. concerto. Later, she said she In comparison with their reworked the piece for strings. In predecessors, these young musi• the new piece, Chen said, the cians are working in an environ• mood is intensified with colourful ment more conducive to musical intonations and its layers unfold creativity. They have the chance to freely showing both national and learn from diverse cultures. They modern musical infiuences. are also maturing as a generation Chen's viola concerto was and constantly trying to improve inspired by a folk music popular in their works so that they refiect Chaozhou in south China. She China's singular national quality said she used a cadenza to and the spirit of the time. In so highlight the viola, and called up doing, these and other young each of the other instruments to Chinese artists are advancing play the same element with China's golden era of musical different tempos and dynamics to creation. ..

SEPTEMBER i5. 1986 25 Wan Li removed the restriction. More Power to Factory Directors This is undoubtedly very impor• tant for perfecting and developing China's socialist democracy. responsibility for profits and Past experience has borne out "HONG Ql" I ' losses. the fact that political issues have (Red Flag) Directors thus serve as both always been intermixed with ' administrative heads of enter- academic ones. In studying ; prises and as their legal represen- historical problems or current system whereby factory ! tatives accountable to the social phenomena, academic is• A directors alone take full ' state, to the enterprise and to its sues can hardly be separated from responsibility for production and employees. Since directors are political ones. Some academic management is essential for the I responsible for production and issues involve, or even include reform of China's economic : management, they must clearly political issues, some others are structure, and to boost produc• ^ have full authority for making themselves political issues. tion. The kernel of what is known I management decisions, directing as the director responsibility i production and choosing their Why then should it be deemed system is the strict responsibility i assistants. necessary to distinguish political assumed by directors and theI The new system has made it issues from academic ones since it principle of combining this I possible to overcome the draw- is almost impossible to do so? This responsibility with certain power. ! back of the old system, which was is because a premise has been The new system has been tried out ^ to separate decision-making established. That is, only in 27,000 enterprises throughout ' powers from the right to direct academic issues can be studied, the country since 1984. i production. It has introduced discussed and debated, but , initiative-based responsibility, political issues cannot. It seems The old system of directors that those who dare to study, taking responsibility under the and hence unified management and improved job efficiency. The discuss and argue over political leadership of Party committees issues are committing a great was brought in with the founding right of directors to choose their : assistants is essential to decision• offence and are politically of New China in 1949. The major questionable. drawback of this system was the making. Under the new system, lack of clear division of work , directors can appoint deputy The premise is obviously between the Party and directors, as well as workshop and absurd. In the old society, it was government. \n chiefs according to their not strange for the people to be As part of China's continuing actual needs. warned against "talking about state affairs," as they had no economic reform, the functions of While introducing the director power. In socialist new China, the the government are being sep• responsibility system, it is also people have become the masters of arated from those for enterprise necessary to improve the workers' the country, and there is no reason management, and the ownership i congress and other democratic to prohibit them from studying, of enterprises is being separated management systems, so that discussing and debating political from the right to manage them. As trade unions and workers can issues that have much to do with a result they will become relatively have a say in examining major their own interest. independent commodity pro• policy decisions, supervising the ducers and dealers, with both full leadership and protecting their All power belongs to the people; authority for management and the own rights and interests. the people administer the affairs of the country, according to the provisions of the law, through various channels and in various Debate of Political Issues Encouraged forms; citizens enjoy freedom of speech and the press. All this has been solemnly prescribed in the Constitution. The Constitution On the "gate" of political issues, vests in every citizen the sacred "RENMIN RIBAO" there seemed to be an official and inalienable right to air his or (People's Daily) notice: Hold your tongue, please. her views on political issues, and Terrified, many people had to discuss and argue over them. he argument that a demarc• skirt around it. Of course, political issues cover Tation should be drawn between In his speech at the recent a wide field. Some relate to policies political and academic issues has national conference on social and need to be decided on. They prevailed in China for a long time. science, however, Vice-Premier can be discussed before decisions

26 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 are made. When relevant leading observed. It is required by these encouraged and offered opportun• departments make decisions, all principles, however, that people ities to express their views on should follow in implementing should be allowed to discuss state political issues. We must foster these decisions. If differing views affairs. Moreover, it is not enough this new idea on the way to arise, these can only be aired merely to allow the people to talk building a high level of socialist within certain limits and through about state affairs; they should be democracy. • certain channels. This is understandable. The reason stated here is by no means obscure. At the time when More Financial Lawyers Needed the "leftist" guiding ideology prevailed, during the "cultural So how to remedy the revolution" in particular, the "JINGJi RIBAO" (Economic Daily) inadequacy of financial lawyers? socialist principles of democracy 1. Legal advisers' offices were scrapped and trampled on. A should assign lawyers to enter• strange phenomenon therefore prises to be their legal advisers, to occurred: Whoever raised differ• ith the growing number of W contacts between different sign contracts and handle ent opinions on political issues or economic disputes. In big enter• engaged in any studies or enterprises, financial disputes are on the increase. Moreover, with prises, legal advisers' departments discussions of political issues was should be set up to train their own considered politically question• the more frequent economic contacts with foreign countries, lawyers to handle their economic able and subjected to investigation affairs. or worse. many problems have to be solved by legal means. 2. In addition to selecting The Third Plenary Session of According to incomplete stat• lawyers from among university the Party's 11th Central Commit• istics, 30,000 enterprises have and college law graduates, we can tee in 1978 opened a new stage for invited lawyers to act as their legal train a number of competent building socialist democracy. advisers. Some have their own financial workers to become Only then was political freedom legal departments. In some places qualified lawyers. restored to its original sense, being non-legal workers have become 3. Financial lawyers should be changed from a concern of just a qualified part-time lawyers after few statesmen to that of millions given adequate salaries so they will training, making important be happy to undertake the work. upon millions of people. But the contributions to enterprise man• view that discussion of political agement and in other directions. issues is not allowed still holds However, the number of sway. A few comrades are still competent financial lawyers fails accustomed to picking out a to meet the needs of the current phrase or two from others' economic reform. The total speeches or articles, arbitrarily number of full-time and part-time turning academic matters into lawyers in China is no more than political matters, or even labelling 20,000. But how many industrial them as "opposing the four basic and commercial enterprises are principles (referring to adherence there in China? About 1 million to Communist Party leadership, state-owned and 3.6 milhon the socialist road, the people's collective-owned industrial and democratic dictatorship and commercial establishments. If Marxism-Leninism and Mao there were one lawyer to every 10 Zedong Thought)." To them, enterprises, 460,000 lawyers whoever dares to offer different would be needed. If 20 enterprises views on actual political issues is share one lawyer, then 230,000 committing a grave offence. lawyers will be needed. Most full- If such views are not changed, time lawyers at present are law and if such practices are not done graduates of the 1950s and early away with, how can a lively 1960s who stopped practising political atmosphere be fully during the "cultural revolution" created? and have picked up their The four basic principles must profession again only since the late be adhered to, and Party 1970s. Many of them lack discipline and state laws must be knowledge of economic affairs.

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 27 Consultancy Services Doing Well

t would be better for China to sions are mostly accepted by the Beijing Review that his company is i import aluminium than pro• state policy makers. Its evaluation the only all-round economic duce it itself. It would be still of Shanghai's sewage treatment agency in Shanghai which accepts better to run our aluminium works project helped save 100 million foreign business. To date, it has abroad." This is the conclusion of yuan on the sewage discharge provided services to some 100 the China Investment Consultants outlet and US$20 million on projects without a single failure. Co. in its 10-year development a hydropower plant, both of One third of Shanghai's 180 joint plan for China's non-ferrous which were designed by Aus- ventures have enlisted its service. metal industry. trahan and American experts. (2) Consultancy in all China's trade organizations: The largest one is the China Foreign Trade Consultants Co. Recently it helped decision makers stop excessive imports of fried potato chip production lines. The Shanghai Industrial Con• sultants (SIC) is doing brisk business. Tao Zuji. its general manager, told Beijing Review that his company is a private business with 42 employees. Since its establishment in 1982, its volume of business has increased by 80 percent every year. Its total income over these four years amounts to 1.65 million yuan, with net profits of 0.68 million yuan. SIC has organized an People from a consultancy institution report to the leaders of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the State Council. information network, covering 4,000 domestic and foreign clients. Consultancy started in China in The oldest and most famous It has collected data on 100,000 1980. To date, there are some internationally is the China firms in 93 countries and has 10,000 agencies, with 100,000 full International Economic Consult• recommended 1,000 foreign time and part time consultants. ants, Inc. (CIEC). Its policies of clients to more than 40 Chinese Guangzhou has 345 consultancy "independence, fairness and ob- factories. institutions, with staffs of 3,700; jectiveness " have gained CIEC a (3) Accounting and finance: The Shanghai has 246, with 2,000 long clients' list including the China Consultants of Accounting members; Tianjin has 100 and Sino-US Shanxi Pingshuo Coal and Financial Management Inc., Beijing has several hundred. One Mine, the Sino-Japanese Jiangsu- under the Ministry of Finance, is third of these specialize exclusively Suntory Food Co. and the Sino- the nation's largest of its kind. In in foreign trade consultation, and Japanese China Nantong Rikio the development of China's another third have such expertise Co. Ltd. It won the confidence of petroleum resources it has pro• as part of their services. one of its latest clients, Sino-US vided auditing services to 90 China's consultancy agencies joint venture China Tianjin Otis percent of foreign companies that fall into four categories. Elevator Co., with its market have participated. (1) Comprehensive: The 10 studies, feasibility studies, and (4) Law: The C and C Law most influential agencies which advice on accounting, auditing Office, China Global Law Office. undertake consultation on major and legal affairs. China Legal Offices Co. and projects are included here. The Shen Junpo, president of the Hualian Law Office for Economic China International Engineering Economic, Legal and Social Trade are the four largest law Consuling Corp. under the State Consultancy Centre of the Shan• offices dealing with foreign Economic Commission, is the ghai Academy of Social Sciences, economic relations. China's fore• nation's largest, and its conclu- which was begun in 1980, told ign relations law offices employ

28 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. .17 500 full-time workers and 1,000 components were imported and Hungary, part-time workers. only the casing and electric static Today, the Yingkou Washing Last August, representatives of spraying were done by the Machine Factory is China's 13 large companies in Beijing, Yingkou factory. By the end of foremost enterprise equipped with Tianjin, Shanghai and Guangz• 1985, the whole washing machine advanced technology. Among its hou met in Beijing to discuss the was being made in China. 3,405 employees, 158 are technical establishment of a consultancy During the process of assimilat• personnel. The factory has 45.9 service association. Its prepara• ing foreign techniques, the fiictory million yuan worth of fixed assets tory committee will soon hand in conducted two large-scale techn• including 509 pieces of equipment. its first application to the National ical upgradings, and set up 22 • People's Congress Standing Com• computerized production lines by Li Rongxia mittee and the State Council which turn out one top-quality asking that consultation services twin-tub washing machine every to all engineering projects on the 38 seconds. Qingdao Imports mainland be offered wholly or in The Yingkou factory has Embroidery Machine part to Chinese consultancy produced 7 models of washing agencies. • machines, single and twin-tub, by Yue Haitao which sell well on the domestic hirty-five electronic embroid• market. It has exported 60,000 Tery machines imported from Factory Uses machines while contracts for .lapan by the Qingdao Embroid• another 60,000 have been signed ery Factory will go into operation Foreign Technology for 1986. next January. An American firm he Yingkou Washing Machine The Yingkou factory has has already asked for exclusive TFactory in Liaoning Province received the "Good Enterprise sale rights to their products. grew from a small-time affair to Management" prize from the Situated in the coastal city of one that produces 500.000 wash• Ministry of Light Industry and the Qingdao, the factory exports 70 ing machines annually, achieving "Technical Upgrading with Im• percent of its products to more an effect Premier Zhao Ziyang ported Equipment" prize from the than 50 countries in Europe, acknowledged as the "Yingkou State Economic Commission. Its North America and Southeast way." products have received the top- Asia, as well as Hong Kong and A small producer of air coolers, quality product certificate from Macao, with half going to the the collectively owned factory the government. At the re• USA. Last year, at a Yugoslav switched to washing machines in commendation of the Ministry of exposition Qingdao's machine 1980. In 1982 itwent into technical Light Industry, Yingkou washing embroidered pieces drew great co-operation with the National machines were on display at seven interest for their unique designs, Electric Co. of Japan and international fairs held in the variable stitches and superb assembled twin-tub washing ma• Soviet Union, Poland, Pakistan, technique. Two years ago, the chines. Some 95 percent of the Democratic Germany and factory sent a group of technicians to stay in San Francisco An assembly line In the Yingkou Washing Machine Factory. ZENG QINGNAN permanently and design and trial- produce new products for North America. Since then, it has received orders worth US$1 million. The factory's output for the first six months of 1986 was worth 6.12 million yuan, 28 percent up over the same period in 1985. Exports have also seen drastic increases. Jiang Xianfa, director of the factory, said the company is preparing to open a branch factory at Qingdao's Huangdao Economic Development Zone, which will be equipped with the most up-to-date technology and special after-treatment processes to improve product quality further. •

SEPTEiyiBER 15. 1986 29 Novel Extols 'Ordinary' People

ne of the three Mao Dun letting others know. This man has residents are ordinary people, who O Literature Awards was con• a son who is already engaged and play a significant role in the ferred on Liu Xinwu, a 44-year- studying abroad. Another girl, capital's development." This, Liu old writer, for his new novel Drum however, comes to his home, said, is what led him to write this and Bell Towers, which is a because her father and this man novel, which runs to 300,000 modern tale about a group of used to be close friends and had words, and involves 40 characters Beijing residents. The other two promised once to be in• of several generations. prizes were given to authors Li laws. . ..The novel delves into each The author singled out no one Zhun and Zhang Jie for their of the different stories and paints a character as central to the story's works. More than 450 novels believable portrait of modern life development. The older gener• published from 1982 to 1984 were in Beijing. ation in the book has gone competing for the prize. The book also describes many through hardships and miseries, The Mao Dun Literature of the physical features of this and their memories make up the Awards, which are given every ancient capital, how people's lives centre of their spiritual lives. three years, is named after the late have changed, wedding and Among the middle-aged group is a giant of modern Chinese literature funeral ceremonies, and other shoe repairman, an editor, and a and president of the Chinese aspects of city life. It also gives leading cadre. Those in their 30s Writers' Association. Before his readers an inside look at the lives and 40s include a career woman, a death in 198L Mao donated of Beijing's artists, writers and technical information station 250,000 yuan to reward good performers and how "history" has master, an engineer, an actress's writers and promote the develop• affected them, other people and husband and a doctor. The ment of Chinese literature. The social values in general. younger generation includes a first Mao Dun awards was Under the tranquil surface are university student, a newly rich captured by six novelists in 1982. changes, movement, problems, farmer, and a student. By Because China has not yet joy and sorrow. Drum and Bell describing these and other "ordi• established a state literature prize, Towers tries to show how different nary" people of diverse back• the Mao Dun Literature Awards aspects of life and society have grounds and interests, the author filled that role. affected its characters, and how gives the readers a realistic picture Some literary critics have through care, respect and under• of the lives of today's Beijing acclaimed Drum and Bell Towers standing people grow. residents. for its realistic portrayal of the Drum and Bell Towers deals Liu Xinwu said his contact with lives of Beijing people. The with the everyday problems of life, people like his characters is what distinct aspects of the novel have and stresses interpersonal re• gave his novel its believability. The appealed most to its readers. lationships. Although the story shoe repairman, he said, is The whole novel is set in a I takes place during only one day, modelled on a real repairman in typical Beijing courtyard on a the author makes it seem much Beijing. "One day I watched him single day from 5 a.m, to 5 p.m. longer. He has also broken with working for about two hours and During the day people gather tradition by describing the events then we began chatting," Liu said. there to attend a wedding in a less personal and more "Later we came to know each ceremony. The day is jammed with objective way. other quite well. I often went to his events: The mother-in-law gives home to drink and chat." The the bride a watch, which is later acquaintance with the man, Liu stolen; the cook who works at a said, helped him get a closer look small restaurant comes to give a Kaleidoscopic Characters at the lives of Beijing residents. hand; a Beijing opera actress who plans to accompany the bride to "Besides the highrises and many the groom's home quarrels with places of interest, Beijing has Distinctly Beijing her husband and does not come, countless old lanes, which is where and her place is taken by a kind- I focused my attention," Liu said. The characters and happenings hearted and frank woman;- a I "Many of the nation's important in the story are so ordinary and veteran worker buys a new watch I people live in the capital. real that many readers have said to replace the lost one without \, most of Beijing's they could identify with one or

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 more of the characters. character with brilliance as he i Experiments on 66,000 hectares The story is interwoven with poignantly acts out the fate of of paddy fields in southern much information about Beijing's Chinese intellectuals over the past Sichuan over the past three years geography, folic customs and decade. The character of the hero showed that the per hectare yield history, and adds life and beauty Zhao is reminiscent of Luo Qun in was at least one ton more than on to the portrayal. The author the film The Legend of Mount farmland cultivated by the maintains that all people are Tianyun and of Xu Lingjun in The traditional method. important to contemporary urban Herdsman. All three underwent a Developed by 82-year-old Hou civilization. This thought, he said, transformation through adversity. I Guangjiong, a professor at the is what prompted him to write Zhao is the product of the Southwest China Agricultural Drum and Bell Towers. With the Confucian culture, and the "left" University, the method is based on writer's adept arrangement, 40 policy imposed on intellectuals his theory of maintaining soil characters come alive to tell their destroys his former self. Obviously fertility through bacterial action. different stories in a very personal intellectuals with this kind of According to the theory, high manner. They speak in the typical cultural psychology cannot shoul• and stable output depends on a Beijing dialect, and it is as if they der the task of modernizing China, I sound soil structure formed were talking directly to you. and may serve to teach the Chinese naturally. The professor believes Although the book is heavy on nation how important it is to that ploughing damages this historical information, and some refresh and improve its culture, structure. of its plots are hard to believe. and to condition its quahfied Under the new method, furrows Drum and Bell Towers is still a personnel to be ready for the four are dug and filled with water to good novel that can help readers modernizations. The style of the retain the structure as well as the understand society, history and film technique itself is distinctively \, air and manure. Rice life. inventive. By combining realistic seedlings arc planted on ridges. and stylized surrealistic passages, Previously, local farmers used it experiments with narrative to revitalize the fertility of the soil forms and presents its ever more i by submerging fields with water in 'Black Cannon' sophisticated film-going audience winter. Now they grow an with a new challenge. additional wheat crop in this Makes Its Move Not everyone is convinced season. however. Some have dismissed the Scientists said the method is of ien hardworking engineer, film by saying that some details great importance, as in Sichuan Wtranslator and chess fan, are unrealistic, are invented at alone, about 667.000 low-yielding Zhao Shuxin, falls under suspicion will. Zhao is a distortion of the : hectares of paddy fields need of espionage as he tries to retrieve image of intellectuals, and oblite• improvement. his lost "black cannon" chess rates the implementation of the Hou developed his theory and piece, his life becomes a night• Party's intellectual policy during method over more than 20 years. mare. He is replaced at work by a the new historical period. less adequate translator, who The style has also come in for causes a huge loss to his firm criticism. Its use of realism and through his mistranslations, and super-realism make the film messy Zhao's life is never the same again. and difficult to understand. Some This is the plot of a newly- critics have branded the film a released film adapted from the failure. • well-known writer Zhang Xianlian's novel The Romantic Black Cannon and directed by Huang Jianxin at the Xian Film Ecological Studio. The film has received mixed reviews. Most audiences are Method Developed profoundly struck by the boldness of the subject matter which is still relevant today during China's farming method which four modernization drive. The A increases output through portrayal of a typical Chinese keeping the ecological balance VANG YAN intellectual is also impressive. between soil and crops has been Mountains and Water in SIchuang. developed by a soil scientist in (traditional Chinese painting) Liu Zhifeng, who plays the role Sichuan Province, southwest of Zhao, carries off Zhao's China.

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 31 VlU

China's Soccer Roots in Dalian

s Beijing's football fans ! against one defeat. At the end of workers' games in 1955, the A become somewhat indifferent 1984, when all its top players were shipyard team scored 38 straight towards their own teams, fans in I included in the national team, the goals. At those games each of the the Northeastern city of Dalian ] Dalian team topped the group of other 12 football teams taking maintain an unshakable faith and secondary teams in the nationwide part also had players from Dalian. enthusiasm for their local squad. soccer tournament and squeezed Dalian's peasant football teams Fans are always seen crowding into third place in the group of top are undoubtedly the best in China. around the Dalian People's Sports teams in 1985. Since 1949, the The famous Qianguang Village Stadium debating soccer — the national team has always com• team won the first nationwide World Cup, the national team — prised one-third Dalian players "Depositing Cup" sponsored by but the most heated discussion and Dalian has also provided the China Agriculture Bank. centres on the Dalian team. 1,500 excellent kickers for various Wang Hui, a better-off peasant in It's true Dalian has been a prime teams across China. 15 of China's the Nanshan Village of Jinxian mover behind Chinese football for top coaches and most of the County, sponsored a city-wide the past 30 years and possesses national team's goalies arc from "Glory Cup" peasant football many stars of national calibre. Dalian. tournament last year. His family also formed a team to compete in During the First National Workers' soccer teams in the tournament. Football Tournament in 1951, the Dalian have also made their mark Young hooters in Dalian arc Northeast team, consisting mainly in China. The soccer team of the also to be reckoned with. On a visit of Dalian players, won the crown Dalian Shipyard, on a tour of to Qingdao and Beijing in 1955, by six victories to one draw, Beijing, Shanghai, Qingdao and under-15 young players pushed all scoring a record 31 goals in a row. Jinan in 1953, won 10 of the 12 their rivals aside. Most of that The national team formed after matches and drew with the squad later became major players this first tournament contained 10 national and army teams. They in national learn or other top Dalian players. However, only were described in the press at the teams. At China's first under-15 one year later, the Dalian team time as "a prairie fire sweeping football tournament in 1959, the beat the national team twice China." At the first Chinese Dalian team won the tournament by 10 goals to nil. In 1964 the team from the Dalian 12th Middle School football team, representing China's middle school students, won an international high school students' football tournament held in Europe for the first time. Two years ago, the under-15 Dalian team snatched two cups in the nationwide "Hopefuls Cup" and "Sapling Cup." In recent years, women's football has developed rapidly in Dalian and has produced national team players like Zhong Honglian. Early in 1964 Dalian was officially listed as one of the 10 key soccer cities in China by the state. In 1979 the State Physical Culture and Sports Commission honoured Dalian again as one of the 16 major soccer cities in China. There are 210,000 professional and amateur soccer players in Dalian now, justifying its title as "Soccer" City. •

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 37 Chinese Encyclopaedia Britannica Completed

lO-volume Concise Encyclo• The joint publication of the ceremony and a press conference A paedia Britannica (in Ciiinese) encyclopaedia was supported by on September 15 and October 6 in was published recently by the the Party leadership. In 1979 and Singapore and Washington re• Encyclopaedia of China Publish• 1980 Deng Xiaoping received Mr. spectively. The encyclopaedia will ing House in co-operation with the Frank Gibney, vice-chairman of be on sale abroad. • Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. of the board of editors of the by Xu Weizeng the United States. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., The first edition of Ency• and said on one occasion, "This is clopaedia Britannica appeared in a good thing... This work is 'China by the Year Edinburgh, Scotland in 1768. related to our four moderniz• Later editions were also released ations." On September 10, 1985, 2000' Completed in Britain until the early 20th when the first three volumes were century, when the copyright was published, Deng Xiaoping again said, "This book is a very useful transferred to the United States. China has completed a mam• book. It gives knowledge to the There have been 15 editions so far. moth research project to forecast readers. We are now working for Editions in French, Japanese, what China will be like by the end the four modernizations but we Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and of this century, according to the lack knowledge. We should Arabic have also been produced in Chinese nafional association of acquire knowledge from all side.'" co-operation with pubHshing science and technology. houses of other countries. On March 1, 1984, when Premier Over the past three years, Zhao Ziyang met Mr. Gibney, he In August 1980 an agreement 10,000 scientists have given their said, "I fully appreciate the efforts was signed between China and the forecasts in a set of 72 books for a of the Encyclopaedia of China American publishers on the series called "China by the Year Publishing House and the Ency• production of a Chinese version of 2000" More than 60 books have clopaedia Britannica Inc. in the Encyclopaedia. The American already come off the press, and the publishing the Chinese edition of side supplied the manuscripts and rest are now being printed. the encyclopaedia." When Mrs. other materials and the Chinese The series covers all fields of Thatcher visited China in De• did the editing, translation and work for China's modernization cember 1984, Party General printing work. To ensure that the I including systems engineering, Secretary Hu Yaobang presented encyclopaedia is authoritative and geology, medical sciences, com- her with a signed copy of the trial I objective, a joint review board was : munications, aviation, industry issue of the first volume. set up to examine the manuscripts i and agriculture. and to solve any problems that Thanks to the friendly co• I While analyzing how far China arose in editing and translating. operation between the Chinese I is behind developed countries in Chinese scholars were also and American sides and the hard each specific field, the authors responsible for editing and work of over 500 Chinese propose policies and other updating articles on China. The specialists, scholars, translators, measures to help the country catch work was translated, slightly editors, and printers, the first three up. • abridged, directly from the volumes were published in English edition in order to September 1985 and distributed preserve the style of the original. throughout China. The ency• Volumes 1-9 comprise the text, clopaedia is selling well and the and Volume 10 is a bilingual first three volumes are being index. An appendix includes 23 reprinted for the second time. The tables of statistics on each magnum opus is now on display at country's gross national product, the Beijing Internadonal Book industry, communications and Fair that began on September 5. A transport, trade, finance, educ• ceremony to mark the distribution ation, tourism, language, family of all its 10 volumes will take place and marriage. The encyclopaedia at the Shanghai national book consists of 71,000 entries of 29 exhibition on September 13. The million words with 5,000 pictures. American side will hold a similar

SEPTEMBER 15, 1986 33 Flexibility on IVIarxism many countries about the various in 1956. The "hundred school" areas of China is growing. policy should be continued as its In addition, I wish you could implementation in the scientific, With great interest I studied the review fewer books published in cultural and technological fields is series' "Modernization — the Chinese and more books pub• a good way of allowing the one Chinese Way," which you pub• lished in English and German in billion Chinese people to partici• lished recently in a pamphlet. the column "Books." pate in the reforms as is their The article about the develop• I am interested in the column desire. ment of agriculture by Lu Baifu "Events/Trends" and your special Hiditsugu Asano describes the very great changes features, because I find them Shimane, Japan which have taken place in Chinese inspiring. I hope Beijing Review agriculture. With great clarity the will make further advances. It is an article gives us the key aspects of important source of understand• West Europeans Wish the reforms which aim to speed the ing of China's position and Security development and modernization viewpoint. It also makes a of the countryside. contribution to the contacts Of all the policies and measures, between different people. I was interested to read your the responsibility system in the Olaf Siemes article "Western Europe's Role in countryside attracted my interest. Hamburg, West Germany US-Soviet Rivalry" in issue No. It, and the others, are correcting 31. Its analysis was very profound. the mistakes made before, namely The common concern of the the premature abolition of the West Europeans is security, as we small co-operative and individual Leaders Lectured on Law suffered badly in World War II. household as economic units, We hope to end the arms race for it believing that public ownership will be the ruination of Europe. was the only suitable form of I was moved by your article Francois Sannier ownership for a socialist state. "Leaders Lectured on Law" in Le Theil Sur Huisne, France The corrective policies being issue No. 29. 1 know that china is implemented now are an essential paying attention to the construc• part of the readjustment of the tion of the country's legal system balance between various forms of and to spreading legal knowledge production. They show that you among the people. But I still can't have drawn lessons from historical help marvelling at the serious experience and taken your own attitude of your leaders headed by way. You demonstrate that General Secretary Hu Yaobang. I Marxism is not a dogma, but a also offer my respect to their guide to action. extraordinary enthusiasm in the M. Bernal R. modernization drive. Sogamoso, Colombia China has a vast territory and a very large population. Without wise leaders, in my opinion, it More About Provinces would be impossible for the Chinese people to lead the stable 1 am very happy with the lives they enjoy today. changes in the cover of Beijing Chi Zu Hjizi Review, and also with the Kagayama, Japan improvement in your photos and layout. 'Hundred School' Policy May I suggest that your magazine open a new column to Acclaimed introduce the various provinces of China. I think it will benefit each I read your article "Hundred province's autonomy. With the School Policy: An Impetus to increasing number of Sino-foreign Science Development" in issue co-operative projects, such as No. 21. As I see it, China is facing those between some federal states the question of how to continue of West Germany and the various the socialist transformation after provinces of China, interest in the work was basically completed

34 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 37 Sculptures by Wang Tianzhu Wang Tianzhu, born in 1 939 in Henan Province, now works at the Shaanxi Sculpture Studio. He mostly produces city sculptures.

Ancient Musical Ensemble.

Hou Ji, the first man to plant millet and wheat, according to an ancient Chinese legend. Grand Bridge" Toothbrushes

in transparent boxes or in inset-type A containers, I "Grand Bridge" | toothbrushes are f made in tasteful colours and have elegant shapes for easy and comfort• able use. An export product with a history of almost 30 years, our toothbrushes sell well all over the world. Your orders are welcome!

China National Light Industrial Products Import & Export Corp., Hubei Branch. Address: 99 Shengli Street, Wuhan, China Cable: INDUSTRY WUHAN Telex: 40119 HBLIC CN