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El Llanito! El Uso Del Cambio De Código Entre El Español Y El Inglés En Gibraltar

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El Llanito! El Uso Del Cambio De Código Entre El Español Y El Inglés En Gibraltar Examensarbete Magisternivå ¿Qué lengua are you speaking? - ¡El llanito! El uso del cambio de código entre el español y el inglés en Gibraltar Författare: Marta Suchora Handledare: José Gamboa Examinator: Carlos Henderson Ämne/huvudområde: Spanska Lingvistisk inriktning Poäng: 15 hp Examinationsdatum: 2020/04/16 Abstract: In this study the linguistic situation of Gibraltar has been investigated, especially the phenomenon of the Llanito, that is, a linguistic variety that is the result of the intense contact between the English and Spanish languages in this bilingual territory. An attempt has been made to answer the following questions: When and why do Llanito speakers change languages? Is it about mixing or alternating code? Which of these two phenomena is the most frequent? How is the situation of Llanito today? In order to achieve the objectives of the study, an analysis of 10 interviews conducted within the oral history project Bordering on Britishness has been done using the qualitative method with some elements of the quantitative method. Based on the analysis, it can be seen that Llanito is in good condition in Gibraltar. The interviewees used Llanito in many different situations, among others, to talk about the circumstances of some events they were describing or to tell anecdotes. Regarding the code change, code mixing is more frequent than code alternation. The interviewees change the language very easily and naturally. One can see that the whole process is normal for them. Llanito remains the foundation of Gibraltarian identity and the differentiating element before the English and the Spanish. Keywords: bilingualism, code-mixing, code-switching, English, Gibraltar, language contact, Llanito, Spanish 2 Índice 1. Introducción y objetivo .................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Introducción .............................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Objetivo e hipótesis de estudio ............................................................................... 6 2. Marco teórico .................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Gibraltar – un territorio británico .......................................................................... 7 2.2. Gibraltar – un territorio bilingüe ............................................................................ 9 2.2.1. Las lenguas en contacto ................................................................................. 9 2.2.2. El bilingüismo ................................................................................................ 10 2.3. El llanito – un fundamento de la identidad gibraltareña .................................... 11 3. Método ............................................................................................................................. 12 3.1. Método cualitativo .................................................................................................. 13 3.2. Método cuantitativo ............................................................................................... 13 3.3. El proyecto Bordering on Britishness ......................................................................... 14 3.3.1. Sobre el proyecto ........................................................................................... 14 3.3.2. Las entrevistas seleccionadas ....................................................................... 14 3.3.3. Los informantes y los temas tratados ......................................................... 15 4. Resultado y análisis ......................................................................................................... 17 4.1. El empleo del llanito .............................................................................................. 17 4.2. El cambio de código ............................................................................................... 21 4.2.1. La mezcla de código (MdC) .......................................................................... 21 4.2.2. La alternancia de código (AdC) ................................................................... 25 4.3. El llanito en la actualidad ....................................................................................... 28 5. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................... 29 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................. 32 Enlaces a las entrevistas seleccionadas para este estudio ................................................. 33 3 1. Introducción y objetivo 1.1. Introducción Hoy en día vivimos en un mundo que evoluciona rápidamente. Las grandes migraciones humanas y el proceso de globalización son unos de los motivos que provocan más cambios en nuestra sociedad. En consecuencia, actualmente, más gente vive en una realidad bilingüe o multilingüe, donde dos o más lenguas permanecen en contacto, que en una realidad monolingüe (Montrul, 2013: 15). Uno de los más claros ejemplos de una sociedad bilingüe es Gibraltar. Este territorio británico está situado en el sur de la península ibérica y fronteriza con España. Actualmente, en Gibraltar habitan alrededor de 38.000 personas de diversa procedencia. Entre los habitantes de la Roca1 encontramos a británicos, españoles, genoveses o judíos sefarditas, entre otros. Esta mezcla de nacionalidades que conforman al pueblo gibraltareño desde hace los principios de su existencia y la cercanía al territorio hispanohablante tenía y todavía tiene una gran influencia en la situación lingüística del Peñón2, que presenta un caso del bilingüismo muy interesante (Bordering on Britishness, Investigación). Los habitantes de Gibraltar son habitualmente bilingües en inglés y en español, pero también hablan el llanito, es decir, una variedad lingüística que surgió como resultado del intenso contacto entre estos dos idiomas. El inglés es la lengua A, o sea, la lengua del dominio público y el español es la lengua B, es decir, la lengua del dominio privado (García Martín, 1998: 483). Hay que señalar que la situación lingüística del Peñón siempre ha sido complicada. Durante el siglo XX aconteció un considerable cambio lingüístico, que se inició con las emigraciones de los habitantes del Gibraltar al Reino Unido y a otros territorios caribeños angloparlantes durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Antes de ese acontecimiento, la mayoría de los gibraltareños hablaba solo español. Adicionalmente, el sistema educativo era monolingüe, impartido en castellano (Bordering on Britishness, Investigación), lo que cambió en los años cuarenta cuando se adoptó el sistema de educación británico, siendo este monolingüe en inglés, pasando el español a ser una de las asignaturas (García Martín, 1998: 486). En los siguientes años aumentó la creciente pérdida del dominio del español causada por la menor cantidad de matrimonios entre gibraltareños y españoles, los conflictos de la dictadura 1 La Roca – es uno de los términos, con el cual se puede denominar al Gibraltar, empleándolo como el sinónimo (García Martín, 1998: 23). 2 El Peñón – es el otro sinónimo, que puede ser usado para denominar al Gibraltar (Montero Sánchez, 2010: 12). 4 franquista, y sobre todo debido al cierre de la frontera durante el periodo de trece años. Todas estas circunstancias influyeron en los cambios lingüísticos, que principalmente ocurrieron a lo largo del siglo XX, cuando los gibraltareños mejoraron sus competencias lingüísticas en inglés y empeoraron notablemente en el uso del español (Bordering on Britishness, Resultados). A pesar de todo lo mencionado anteriormente, hay que destacar que “los gibraltareños, en su mayoría no son monolingües en inglés o en español, sino que habitualmente son bilingües, hablando ambas lenguas simultáneamente en lo que coloquialmente se conoce como llanito” (Bordering on Britishness, Investigación). Como describe Levey en su libro Language Variation and Change in Gibraltar, citado por María Vázquez, el llanito es “fundamentally a spoken Spanish-dominant variant, which incorporates English lexical and syntactic constituents as well as some unique local lexical items” (Levey, 2008: 724 en Vázquez, 2018: 325). Los rasgos lingüísticos característicos para el llanito son “la mezcla de código (code-mixing), la alternancia de código (code-switching) y el uso de los anglicismos” (Vázquez, 2018: 325 - 326). En el empleo del llanito el cambio de código tiene una gran importancia para el sentimiento de la identidad gibraltareña. Es una “forma de expresión autóctona” y ayuda a los habitantes de la Roca a “diferenciarse, distinguirse de británicos y españoles”, y por este motivo, “la alternancia tiene prestigio” en Gibraltar (Calvo Pérez, 2001: 107). Tomando en cuenta la complejidad, pero también la excepcionalidad de la situación lingüística de Gibraltar, destacando el interés por la lengua española, ha sido interesante investigarla. Sobre todo, ha sido fascinante estudiar el fenómeno del llanito, es decir, el resultado del intenso contacto entre el inglés y el español en la Roca. Además, esta cuestión parece ser importante desde el punto de vista de la sociolingüística, y entre otros, por el hecho que hasta el momento no fue muy estudiada, es decir, todavía hay muchos aspectos por descubrir y describir. Por ejemplo, sabemos que en Suecia no se escribió
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