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Refeg 8/2020 REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS FRONTERIZOS DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR REFEG (NUEVA ÉPOCA) ISSN: 1698-1006 GRUPO SEJ-058 PAIDI 48 ESTADO DE LOS MECANISMOS JURÍDICO- POLÍTICOS TENDENTES A FAVORECER EL RETORNO DE GIBRALTAR A LA SOBERANÍA ESPAÑOLA GUILLERMO SALVADOR SALVADOR Graduado en Derecho. Máster en Derecho Parlamentario UCM [email protected] REFEG 8/2020 ISSN: 1698-1006 GRUPO DE INVESTIGACION SEJ-058 CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES SOCIALES Y MIGRATORIAS DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR SALVADOR SALVADOR REFEG 8/2020: 1-24. ISSN: 1698- 1006 0 REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS FRONTERIZOS DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR R ESTADO DE LOS MECANISMOS JURÍDICO-POLÍTICOS TENDENTES A FAVORECER EL RETORNO DE GIBRALTAR A LA SOBERANÍA ESPAÑOLA GUILLERMO SALVADOR SALVADOR Graduado en Derecho. Máster en Derecho Parlamentario UCM [email protected] ESTADO DE LOS MECANISMOS JURÍDICO- POLÍTICOS TENDENTES A FAVORECER EL RETORNO DE GIBRALTAR A LA SOBERANÍA ESPAÑOLA SUMARIO: I. INTRODUCCIÓN. CIA O IMPRACTICABILIDAD DE II. EL RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO-POLÍ- LOS POSIBLES REGÍMENES ADMI- TICO ACTUAL DEL GIBRALTAR NISTRATIVOS ESTANDARIZADOS BRITÁNICO. 1. BREVÍSIMA RELA- APLICABLES A GIBRALTAR EN EL 1 CIÓN DE LA CONFORMACIÓN DE CASO DE QUE SE REINTEGRARA A LA INSTITUCIONALIDAD GIBRAL- ESPAÑA Y ANDALUCÍA. IV. CON- TAREÑA. 2. GIBRALTAR DESDE CLUSIÓN: ¿QUÉ GANARÍA Y QUÉ 1969 HASTA NUESTROS DÍAS. LA PERDERÍA UN GIBRALTAR ESPA- ORDEN CONSTITUCIONAL DE GI- ÑOL INTEGRADO DENTRO DE BRALTAR DE 2006. III. INSUFICIEN- ANDALUCÍA? V. BIBLIOGRAFÍA. RESUMEN: El presente artículo Andalucía, con la pretensión de determi- pretende abordar la Historia institucional nar si realmente el Estado y la Autonomía de Gibraltar, desde su captura por los bri- están preparados para el desafío que su- tánicos en 1704 hasta nuestros días. Para pondría la reincorporación del Peñón a la ello, invita al lector a hacer un recorrido realidad española y andaluza. que echa a andar en 1704 (o, más propia- mente, en 1817, con la aparición de la Ex- PALABRAS CLAVE: Instituciones change and Commercial Library, que se con- de Gibraltar; descolonización; democracia; vertiría en la primera institución oficiosa Derecho local español; Derecho local an- nacida de la iniciativa de la propia sociedad daluz. civil llanita) y termina en nuestros días, ABSTRACT: This article is intended marcados por la consolidación del régi- to address the institutional History of Gi- men político gibraltareño a raíz de la apro- braltar, from its capture by the British in bación de su actual Orden Constitucional 1704 to the present day. Whit this objec- de 2006. Terminado ese recorrido, se tive, it invites the reader to take a tour that abordará sumariamente el régimen local de began in 1704 (or, more properly, in 1817, España y de la Comunidad Autónoma de with the appearance of Exchange and SALVADOR SALVADOR REFEG 8/2020: 1-24. ISSN: 1698-10060 REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS FRONTERIZOS DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR R ESTADO DE LOS MECANISMOS JURÍDICO-POLÍTICOS TENDENTES A FAVORECER EL RETORNO DE GIBRALTAR A LA SOBERANÍA ESPAÑOLA Commercial Library, which would become addressed, with the aim of determining being the first informal institution born whether the State and Autonomy are really from the initiative of the Gibraltarian civil prepared for the challenge that the rein- society) and ends in our days, marked by corporation of the Peñón would suppose the consolidation of the Gibraltarian po- to the Spanish and Andalusian reality. litical regime as a result of the approval of its current Constitutional Order of 2006. KEY WORDS: Gibraltar institutions; After completing this journey, the local re- decolonization; democracy; Spanish local gime of Spain and the Autonomous Com- law; Andalusian local law. munity of Andalusia will be briefly I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1713, no ha dejado de estar en manos El día 23 de junio de 2016 el Reino Unido británicas ni un solo día desde que cayera en votó sorpresivamente a favor de abandonar la manos inglesas. España cuenta a favor de sus Unión Europea (separación que formalmente reivindicaciones con la legitimidad moral e se consumó el 1 de febrero de 2020). Esto dio incluso geográfica, y a éstas añade una tercera inicio a un proceso de negociaciones aún no legitimidad, más importante en el orden concluido en virtud del cual habrá de práctico: las reivindicaciones de España sobre 2 determinarse bajo qué condiciones el Peñón se ven suficientemente avaladas por continuará Gran Bretaña relacionándose con el Derecho Internacional. Pero este artículo sus antiguos socios en el futuro inmediato. A no pretende esclarecer si el Brexit va a crear España y a Andalucía el Brexit les interesa por sí solo una situación que favorezca el seguramente por muchas razones, pero no retorno de Gibraltar a España ni de qué parece ser controvertido que el aspecto en el modo habría de hacerlo. que más directamente les interesa es por la afectación que éste pueda producir al estatus Más bien lo que se pretende es aclarar si de Gibraltar (que aún hoy no se sabe a ciencia España y Andalucía pueden hacer algo desde cierta en qué situación quedará una vez el la perspectiva de su propia organización Reino Unido concluya un acuerdo con la política y administrativa para reducir en la Unión Europea que regule de manera Roca el profundo y visceral rechazo que duradera sus relaciones con la misma, y su produce entre los llanitos su hipotética frontera con España se convierta en reintegración a España. Sería razonable extracomunitaria). El Peñón, ocupado por las esperar que un retorno del Peñón a manos a fuerzas del Almirante Rooke el 4 de agosto de España implicara también su reintegración a 1704, sigue siendo a día de hoy una colonia la realidad andaluza, pues no ha de olvidarse británica. Cedido formalmente en virtud de que históricamente el de Gibraltar ha sido las disposiciones del Tratado de Utrecht de concebido como problema español, pero 1 también andaluz y gaditano . Antes de esbozar ni siquiera una respuesta a esta 1 Idea presente desde los orígenes del andalucismo Gibraltar de 1918”, Revista de Estudios Regionales, político, como puede comprobarse acudiendo a LA- nº77, 2006, págs. 265-274. COMBA, J.A., “La reivindicación andalucista de SALVADOR SALVADOR REFEG 8/2020: 1-24. ISSN: 1698-10060 REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS FRONTERIZOS DEL ESTRECHO DE GIBRALTAR R ESTADO DE LOS MECANISMOS JURÍDICO-POLÍTICOS TENDENTES A FAVORECER EL RETORNO DE GIBRALTAR A LA SOBERANÍA ESPAÑOLA pregunta, analizaremos, a la luz de la Ministro Principal Adjunto de Gibraltar, evolución histórica de la política y de las Joseph García (número dos del Gobierno instituciones democráticas gibraltareñas (que llanito) como de Carmen Antón Guardiola tan poco interés han despertado en España (Doctora por la Universidad de Alicante)3, durante décadas2), si España y Andalucía hemos de dar comienzo a este resumen de la están o no provistas de herramientas útiles a Historia institucional llanita con la toma de la fin de promover esa reintegración, e ciudad en 1704. En ese primer momento, y intentaremos determinar si es posible un uso hasta que se concluyó el Tratado de Utrecht, de las mismas en un escenario como el actual Gibraltar no fue más que un territorio que ayude a vencer el apasionado rechazo que ocupado por las armas inglesas sin aval los llanitos sienten por la retrocesión de la jurídico de ninguna clase, y aún este punto Roca a España, y que correlativamente está en discusión4. A partir de 1713, queda favorezca que comiencen a tomar la idea en oficializada la dominación británica del consideración. enclave, convertido en base militar (la “ciudad y castillo de Gibraltar” según afirma el art. X II. EL RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO-POLÍTI- del Tratado de Utrecht, o “ciudad y fortaleza CO ACTUAL DEL GIBRALTAR BRI- de Gibraltar en el reino de España”, TÁNICO conforme a la fórmula empleada para la ceremonia de toma de posesión del 1. Brevísima relación de la conforma- Gobernador O’Hara en 1795). Durante este ción de la institucionalidad gibraltareña largo periodo de más de un siglo, el desarrollo de Gibraltar desde el punto de vista jurídico- Ateniéndonos principalmente, aunque no político e institucional fue prácticamente 3 en exclusiva, a la información que se contiene nulo5. Fue declarado Colonia de la Corona en la Comunicación que en 2009 hizo sobre Británica (Crown Colony) en 1830, lo cual tuvo la evolución política del Gibraltar colonial el como consecuencia lejana en el tiempo que historiador llanito Tito Benady, y a los en 1947 el Peñón quedara sometido al apuntes que respecto de dicha materia nos Capítulo XI de la Carta de las Naciones proporcionan las Tesis tanto del actual Unidas en calidad de “territorio no 2 DEL CAMPO URBANO, S., “Presentación”, En ser reconocido como el Rey Carlos III de España, e torno a Gibraltar. Biblioteca Nueva, edición digital, Ma- incluso parece que en 1707, con la guerra aún en mar- drid, 2014, pág. 17: «Durante bastantes años después cha, llegó a ser nombrado como Gobernador el maris- de 1969, la atención prestada por España y por los es- cal de campo Antonio Ramos, quien abandonó su tudiosos a la cuestión de Gibraltar fue escasa […].» puesto por causas desconocidas. Sobre ello se puede leer en VIDAL DELGADO, R., “Conferencia: Gi- 3 BENADY, T., “Una aproximación al desenvolvi- braltar, espina clavada en el costado de España”, Foro miento de la forma en que Gibraltar se regía después para la Paz en el Mediterráneo, 13/02/2014, págs. 7 y de 1704”, Almoraima: revista de estudios campogibraltareños, 8 (en https://foroparalapazenelmediterraneo.es/?tag nº38, 2009, págs. 209 y ss.; GARCIA, J., The Modern =campo-de-gibraltar). Political and Constitutional Development of Gibraltar, 1940- 1988, University of Hull, octubre de 1991; ANTÓN 5 GARCIA, J., “Introduction”, The Modern Political and GUARDIOLA, C., “Capítulo Primero: La controver- Constitutional Development of Gibraltar, 1940-1988, Uni- sia sobre el territorio cedido […], Sección 1ª: La cesión versity of Hull, octubre de 1991, pág.
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