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Sin Título-1 #52 La selección de originales para publicación, se someten de manera sistemática a un informe de expertos externos a la entidad editora de la revista y a su consejo de editorial. Estos informes son la base de la toma de decisiones sobre su publicación o no, que corresponde en última instancia al Consejo de Redacción de la revista y a la Dirección de la misma. BIBLIOTEQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE número 52 noviembre 2013 Eikasia Foto portada: An Egyptian Green Schist Votive Cubit Rod of Mery-Ptah, Royal Scribe and Majordomo, late 18th Dynasty, circa 1330-1250 B.C. #52 S U M A R I O | N Ú M E R O 5 2 | N O V I E M B R E 2 0 1 3 Ciudad Número coordinado por: Armando Menéndez Viso y Francisco Javier Gil Martín Armando Menéndez Viso y Francisco Javier Gil Martín Presentación. 9 1. Eduardo Mendieta La literarura del urbicidio: Friedrich, Nossack, Sebald y Vonnegut. 11 2. Alberto Hidalgo Tuñón Coordenadas espacio-temporales de la distinción entre urbe y ciudad. 33 3. Asunción Herrera Guevara La ciudad japonesa, sus casas y sus objetos: espacio y tiempo manchados de sombra y silencio. 59 4. Manuel F. Lorenzo Ciudad “háptica” versus Ciudad “para la vista” en Juhani Pallasmaa. 69 5. Noelia Bueno Gómez La muerte en la ciudad. Una reflexión filosófica sobre el modo actual de morir. 85 6. José Antonio Méndez Hacia la consideración actual de la ciudad. 99 7. Jan Canteras Zubieta Deshilando la urdimbre urbana. El turismo y la construcción simbólica de la ciudad. 111 8. Cristina Morales Saros La herida entre ciudad y filosofía. Sobre las posibilidades de la filosofía en la ciudad o el concernir a lo bello de los asuntos humanos. 121 9. Pablo Huerga Melcón Nota para una fundamentación antropológica de la Globalización.. 133 Armando Menéndez Viso – Francisco Javier Gil Martín | Presentación Pensar la ciudad hoy Presentación Armando Menéndez Viso Francisco Javier Gil Martín Los editores de este volumen, impulsado por el Departamento de Filosofía de la Universidad de Oviedo, quisimos dedicarlo al estudio de las ciudades contemporáneas, puesto que en ellas parecen encontrarse muchas de las claves para entender el mundo de hoy. Como este mismo mundo, las ciudades son entidades complejas, sobre las que cabe hacerse multitud de preguntas. ¿Qué son? ¿Cómo las concebimos? ¿Cómo las queremos y vivimos? Los artículos que aquí se presentan plantean y responden cuestiones relacionadas con estas desde una perspectiva fundamentalmente filosófica, pero también desde los puntos de vista de otras disciplinas. La urbanización creciente es un fenómeno planetario y los seres humanos somos hoy más urbanos que nunca. Según las Naciones Unidas, más de la mitad de la población mundial vive actualmente en ciudades, y esta cifra continúa incrementándose. Como lugares físicos, las ciudades han alcanzado su mayor extensión hasta la fecha. El espacio que llenan y forjan de una manera peculiar es el objeto de la geografía, el urbanismo y la ordenación del territorio. Estas disciplinas han cobrado protagonismo en la política (que, según su etimología, consiste en la gestión de la polis, y también en la reflexión sobre la ciudad) de tiempos recientes, de manera que la cultura geográfica y urbanística de la ciudadanía contemporánea es probablemente la más amplia de la historia. Tal vez eso se deba a que los planes urbanísticos suponen, donde los hay, albergue de una intensa participación ciudadana, fuente de conflictos de todo tipo y, por desgracia, nido de corrupción frecuente. Pero, en todo caso, el estudio de la ciudad desde el punto de vista físico recibe un constante atención por parte del público en general. Los elementos que componen ese todo físico que es una ciudad también han ganado en reconocimiento. Arquitectos y arquitectas como Rafael Moneo, Norman Foster, Frank Ghery o Zaha Hadid son tratados como verdaderas estrellas internacionales y los gobiernos municipales de medio mundo se preocupan por conseguir para sus ciudades construcciones que las identifiquen y les otorguen un puesto en el imaginario colectivo mundial. También las ciudades como ayuntamientos humanos y centros de actividad merecen hoy una atención mayor. Las comunidades de profesionales de la sociología, la economía y la antropología han conseguido que miremos a las ciudades como núcleos de producción, con necesidades de abastecimiento, de distribución, de circulación, con activos y pasivos, con dinámicas sociales y demográficas propias ... La reciente concesión del Premio Príncipe de Asturias de Ciencias Sociales a Saskia Sassen o el éxito editorial de Edward Glaeser constituyen meros botones de 9 muestra del interés que suscitan las ciudades en la academia contemporánea. NOVIEMBRE 2013 Fecha de entrada: 24-09-20123 Fecha de aceptación: 02-10-2013 Presentación | Armando Menéndez Viso – Francisco Javier Gil Martín Las ciudades como objetos materiales reciben, por tanto, miradas numerosas y autorizadas. Pero las urbes que habitamos son además entidades inmateriales (estructuras sociales, imágenes, estilos, tradiciones o atmósferas) que no se dejan reducir a su expresión arquitectónica. Jerusalén y Atenas, Roma y La Meca, Chicago y Calcuta, Venecia y Samarcanda, Hiroshima y Dresde, San Cristóbal de la Laguna y Potosí, Toledo y Damasco, no representan sólo lugares geográficos, sino ideales, símbolos, prototipos, modelos, proyectos, historias. Incluso como lugares, las ciudades pueden convertirse es destinos personales que poco tienen que ver con su aspecto físico: para la turista, que requiere de ellas una disposición monumental y ociosa (Salamanca, Florencia, San Petersburgo, Estambul...); para la artista o deportista, que las considera faro anunciador de sus triunfos (Nueva York, Milán, París ...); para la trabajadora, emprendedora o negociante, que las ve como suelo y abono de sus anhelos materiales (São Paulo, Hong Kong, Singapur, Londres ...); incluso para la enferma que acude a ellas con la esperanza de la curación (Houston, Baltimore, La Habana ...). A veces las ciudades también se constituyen en objetivos de colectivos que las pretenden capitales o plasmaciones de su comunidad ideal. Como símbolos, las ciudades pueden ser la encarnación de sujetos poderosos, a quienes atribuimos las más duras acciones y decisiones, como Bruselas, Washington o Pekín, o la proyección de nuestros sueños, como la Atlántida o El Dorado. Debido a su significación, han llegado también a transformarse, hace solo un siglo, en objetivos bélicos. En abstracto, la ciudad es estandarte de lo civilizado, lo moderno, lo dinámico, frente a lo salvaje, lo primitivo y lo estático. Lo urbano se opone a lo rural y lo natural, que va siendo engullido o superado. Si falta la ciudad, el país, el lugar y sus gentes, se quedan destartalados, sin referencia. Las ciudades forjan la identidad comunitaria y reflejan sus aconteceres. La historia y la estética nos dejan entender las anhelantes catedrales góticas, las medinas tortuosas, los bloques totalitarios, los mares de favelas, las repetitivas hileras de adosados, y con ellos las modas, los miedos, los poderes y los modelos de sus habitantes, que así perciben su individualidad en permanente tensión con sus posibles adscripciones colectivas. Nuestras ciudades conforman una parte sustancial del mundo humano y del modo humano de ver el mundo. De las ciudades surgen la ciudadanía, la política, la urbanidad y el civismo. Ellas son la realización de la sociedad humana, de los mayores de sus males y de los más admirables de sus bienes. Por eso la ética y la filosofía, que culminaron en ellas, no pueden dejar de contemplarlas, de seguir reflexionando sobre ellas. En este volumen coinciden, como en una calle, textos de personas con rumbos, actividades e intereses diferentes, unidas circunstancialmente en el espacio y en su aprecio filosófico de la ciudad como el lugar, físico o ideado, en el que la humanidad alcanza su urdimbre más rica y, con ella, su más íntima perplejidad. Esperamos que su lectura contribuya a que, quien nos honre con ella, ahonde su curiosidad y conocimiento sobre el entramado urbano en el que, probablemente, haya 10 encontrado estas líneas. NOVIEMBRE 2013 Eduardo Mendieta | La literatura del urbicidio: Friedrich, Nossack, Sebald y Vonnegut La literarura del urbicidio: Friedrich, Nossack, Sebald y Vonnegut Eduardo Mendieta Stony Brook University2 Pero los bombardeos estratégicos no habían ganado la guerra. Como mucho, habían facilitado algo el trabajo de las tropas de tierra que sí lo hicieron. La aviación, los grupos de combate y las bombas usadas en la campaña habían costado a la economía americana mucho más en producción de lo que le habían costado a Alemania... Uno o dos párrafos finales escritos por Henry Alexander habían sobrestimado bastante la contribución de las fuerzas aéreas al resultado sin alterar los hechos básicos. Una mayor dramatización del descubrimiento del fracaso hubiera sido más útil al propósito de la historia y de la política del futuro, pues nos habría preparado mejor para la costosa inefectividad de los bombardeos en Korea y Vietnam y, de este modo, nos podíamos haber ahorrado el reproche de la opinión civilizada (John Kenneth Galbraith, 1981, pág. 226-7). Es imposible sostener guerra alguna de una manera completamente humana. En muchos aspectos, los aliados occidentales hicieron gala de una encomiable caridad en su forma de hacer la guerra total contra un enemigo carente de sentimientos civilizados. Los ataques aéreos, sin embargo, fueron la excepción. Era ésta una política muy alejada del espíritu con el que los americanos y los ingleses conducían sus esfuerzos bélicos. Lo remoto de los bombardeos hacía tolerables a ojos de los líderes políticos occidentales y de sus mandos militares, por no mencionar a las tripulaciones aéreas, acciones que hubieran parecido repugnantes y probablemente insoportables si los aliados hubieran confrontado de cerca las consecuencias. (Max Hastings, 2004, pág. 308). Como descubrieron rápidamente las tripulaciones de los bombarderos, su primera línea en el cielo ya no guardaba más parecido con los combates individuales de los gladiadores de lo que lo hacían las trincheras de Flandes.
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