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A German Catastrophe? German Historians and the Allied Bombings, 1945-2010 Von Benda-Beckmann, B.R

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A German Catastrophe? German Historians and the Allied Bombings, 1945-2010 Von Benda-Beckmann, B.R UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A German catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010 von Benda-Beckmann, B.R. Publication date 2010 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): von Benda-Beckmann, B. R. (2010). A German catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010. Vossiuspers - Amsterdam University Press. http://nl.aup.nl/books/9789056296537-a-german-catastrophe.html General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:06 Oct 2021 rug A GERMAN CATASTROPHE GERMAN HISTORIANS AND THE ALLIED BOMBINGS I 1945- 2010 As one of the major symbols of German suffering, the Allied bombing war left a strong imprint on German society. To a much wider extent than is often claimed, the Allied bombings became part of German debates on the Second World War. In both the GDR as well as the Federal Republic before and after 1990 the air war became a topic of public and political interest as well as the subject of many historical accounts. Bas von Benda-Beckmann analyzes the German historiography BAS VON BENDA BECKMANN A GERMAN of the Allied bombings since 1945. He explores how German historical accounts reflected debates on post-war German identity, and whether the history of the air war formed a “counter-narrative” against the idea that the Germans as a collective were guilty of the Nazi crimes. CATASTROPHE? bas von benda-beckmann is historian at campus the hague – leiden university. ? his book is based on his phd-research at the university of amsterdam. GERMAN HISTORIANS AND THE ALLIED BOMBINGS I 1945- 2010 BAS VON BENDA BECKMANN UNIVERSITEIT VA N AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITEIT VA N AMSTERDAM A German Catastrophe def.indd 1 rug 31-08-2010 12:10:46 A German Catastrophe? ISBN 978 90 5629 653 7 NUR 686 © Bas von Benda-Beckmann / Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press, 2010 Lay out: Anneke Boekhoudt Cover design: Bart Heideman All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. A German Catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010 Academisch proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op woensdag 20 oktober 2010, te 12:00 uur door Bastiaan Robert von Benda-Beckmann geboren te Zürich, Zwitserland Promotor: Prof. dr. F.W. Boterman Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Table of contents 7 Preface Introduction: 11 German historians and the Allied bombings Chapter 1 Putting the Allies on trial Historical accounts of the Allied air war in 31 the early Federal Republic, 1945-1970 33 1.1 West German historical culture and the Allied bombings in the early Federal Republic 49 1.2 West German historiography and the air war in the 1950s and ’60’s 72 1.3 Finding facts and arguments: Nazi propaganda and foreign texts 95 1.4 The Allied bombing and German guilt 105 Conclusion Chapter 2 Dresden and the Cold War East-West Debates on the bombing of Dresden, 109 1945-1970 2.1 East German historical accounts of the attack 112 on Dresden 140 2.2 East-West debates on Dresden 154 2.3 Parallels between East and West 165 Conclusion Chapter 3 A Past becomes History The professionalizing of military historiography of 169 the air war in the Federal Republic since the 1970s 179 3.1 Dresden im Luftkrieg: Götz Bergander 186 3.2 Horst Boog and the professionalizing of “mili- tary history” 212 Conclusion Chapter 4 “Imperialist Air War” East German historiography and the work of Olaf 215 Groehler, 1965-1995 217 4.1 Part of the system: Olaf Groehler 256 4.2 Debates with the West 265 Conclusion Chapter 5 Breaking taboos Jörg Friedrich and the “rediscovery” of the Allied 271 bombings in the United Germany 277 5.1 Jörg Friedrich’s Der Brand 5.2 Der Brand and the new public interest 298 in the Allied bombings 314 5.3 Der Brand and recent German historiography 335 Conclusion Conclusion 339 The Allied bombings as a German catastrophe 361 Nederlandstalige samenvatting 367 Abbreviations 369 Bibliography Pref ace The World War II Allied bombings continue to puzzle and challenge anyone who takes a serious interest in them, as a historical and moral problem. In this book I analyze the way German historians have written about the Allied bombings. I critically reflect on their often one-sided moral judgments against the Allied lead- ers and especially on those historians who have taken the Allied bombings to bal- ance German responsibility for the Holocaust. However, my critical position does 7 not mean that I feel that the bombing of German cities is not problematic from a moral point of view or that I am not affected by the horrible stories of suffering I have encountered while reading these accounts. Because I have personal ties to this history, I am familiar with the stories and memories of people who experi- enced the bombings. As a small child visiting his grandparents, my father together with his older brother and sisters witnessed the large-scale attack on Kassel from a bomb shelter in October 1943. However, this book avoids drawing conclusions on the morality of the Allied air attacks. While the reader might readjust or nuance his or her moral view on the Allied bombings after reading about the debates and conflicting perspectives, this is not my primary aim. The present study is motivated by a strong interest in the way Germany has attempted to come terms with Nazism and the Second World War and sees this historiography as an important and very interesting case from which a new light can be cast on this process. This book is based on a PhD project, which I started in October 2005 at the Uni- versity of Amsterdam. The result would not have been possible without the many inspiring exchanges of thought and comments on my research I received from colleagues and friends. In the first place I want to thank my professor Frits Boter- man, who has guided me with his wise advice and has kept me sharp and inspired throughout the years. I would also like to express my gratitude for the inspiring exchanges I have had with different colleagues in the history department of the University of Amster- 8 dam, at the DIA Graduiertenkolleg and various conferences. Among the many, I would especially like to name Ugur Üngor, Vincent Kuitenbrouwer and Willem Melching, with whom I discussed many ideas during lunch, coffee and hallway chats. For their intensive and critical comments on earlier papers, articles and draft chapters of this study, I would especially like to thank Joes Segal, Krijn Thijs, Jörg Arnold, Malte Thiessen and Dietmar Süß. I also thank my dear friend Bart Heideman for designing the cover of this book and Kate Delaney for her editing and correction of the text. While this study is for an important part based on published material, it would not have been completed in this form without the support of different archives. For their cooperation I thank the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, the Archiv der der Berlin- Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Bundesbeauftragte für die Unter- lagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republic and the Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv in Koblenz and Freiburg. For their hospital- ity, time and the interesting conversations I thank Horst Boog and also Mathi-as Neutzner, who has also given me valuable access to his personal archive. I am also grateful to the family of Olaf Groehler, especially his son Kersten Groehler, who has granted me access to Olaf Groehler’s personal archive. Finally, I would not have been able to write this book without the loving care, humor, and the serious and less serious comments on my work by my loved ones: my brother Sander; my parents, who long ago awakened my curiosity in history and social issues; Viola, who has been an incredible support in taking care of Alma when I had to work extra hours; my friend Sicco, with whom I can engage in end- 9 less conversations over anything, and the history of Nazism in particular; and of course my dear Lies and Alma, who are always there to remind me what I do this for, and little Roosje, who has joined us recently. Bas von Benda-Beckmann, Haarlem, April 2010 Introduction: German historians and the Allied bombings The Allied strategic bombing campaign against Germany has often been described as a “German catastrophe”.
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